烏拉圭藝術(shù)：飛翔著色彩鮮麗飛鳥的河流

文本刊記者 陳思靜 CHEN Sijing

烏拉圭——Uruguay，在當(dāng)?shù)赝林Z言里的意思是“飛翔著色彩鮮麗飛鳥的河流”，這個(gè)與中國遠(yuǎn)隔重洋的熱情國度，其天涯之遙為我們的想象、猜測罩上了朦朧的神秘感。2018年恰逢中華人民共和國和烏拉圭東岸共和國建交30周年，由中國美術(shù)館、烏拉圭前哥倫布土著藝術(shù)博物館和烏拉圭駐華大使館共同主辦的“烏拉圭的瓜拉尼藝術(shù)展”于4月20日至5月5日在中國美術(shù)館舉行，多個(gè)維度展現(xiàn)了烏拉圭多元、悠久的歷史沿革和獨(dú)樹一幟的文明特征。

展覽主要展出17世紀(jì)以來的烏拉圭的瓜拉尼藝術(shù)。瓜拉尼人是15世紀(jì)西班牙和葡萄牙在南美洲建立殖民統(tǒng)治之前，居住在南美洲的主要原住民族群，今天分布在烏拉圭、巴拉圭、巴西和阿根廷各地。瓜拉尼人在烏拉圭是最為主要的土著族群，是今天烏拉圭人口主要的組成部分，也是目前烏拉圭領(lǐng)土上唯一保留其原住民生活習(xí)俗的族群。烏拉尼人善于制作手工藝品，他們通過風(fēng)格質(zhì)樸的手工制品，傳達(dá)樸素的原始信仰。

精美別致的彩色木雕柱子，色彩鮮艷、以幾何圖案裝飾的編筐，用南瓜、種子、羽毛串成的項(xiàng)鏈，造型獨(dú)特又別具民族特色的皮革雕塑……展覽分為瓜拉尼巴洛克藝術(shù)、烏拉圭的姆比亞-瓜拉尼人民間藝術(shù)、烏拉圭的當(dāng)代民間藝術(shù)三個(gè)部分，云集了來自烏拉圭全國博物館、私人收藏家、機(jī)構(gòu)、匠人和姆比亞-瓜拉尼群體的158件（套）瓜拉尼人的手工制品，包括巴洛克-瓜拉尼風(fēng)格雕塑18件、馬黛茶具12件（套）、傳統(tǒng)姆比亞-瓜拉尼民俗藝術(shù)作品43件（套）、烏拉圭當(dāng)代民俗藝術(shù)85件（套）（包括日常用品、服裝和配飾等），立體展現(xiàn)瓜拉尼人的民間藝術(shù)傳統(tǒng)及其當(dāng)代轉(zhuǎn)化。

馬黛茶容器（18世紀(jì)至今）Container of Mate Tea (18th century to the present)

Uruguay, in the local indigenous language means "rivers with flying colorful birds, is an ardent country separated from China by oceans and its distant horizons are covered with mystery through our imagination and speculation.The year of 2018 marks the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the People's Republic of China and the Eastern Republic of Uruguay. The "Guarani Art Exhibition of Uruguay" co-organized by the National Art Museum of China,the Pre-Columbian Museum of Uruguay and the Uruguayan Embassy in China was held at the China Art Museum from April 20th to May 5th, demonstrating Uruguay's diverse, long history and unique civilization via multiple dimensions.

The exhibition mainly shows Guarani art of Uruguay since the 17thcentury. The Guarani were the main group of indigenous people who lived in South America before the establishment of colonial rule in South America in the 15thcentury by Spain and Portugal.Today they are distributed throughout Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil,and Argentina.Guaraní is the most important indigenous group in Uruguay. As the major part of Uruguay’s population today, it is the only ethnic group in the country that currently retains its indigenous customs. They are good at making arts and crafts,conveying their plain primitive beliefs through simple handmade products.

Exquisite and unique colored wooden pillars, colorful baskets decorated with geometric patterns, necklaces made of pumpkins, seeds and feathers, leather sculptures with unique shapes and national characteristics...The exhibition is divided into such three parts as the Guarani Baroque art, the Umbra Mbia-Guarani people's folk art, and Uruguay's contemporary folk art, bringing together 158 pieces (sets) of Guarani handicrafts of the group from Uruguayan national museum, private collectors,institutions, tradesmen, and Mbia-Guarani groups, including 18 Baroque-Guarani style sculptures, 12 Mate tea sets, and 43 pieces of traditional Mbia-Guarani folk art works (sets), 85 pieces (sets) of Uruguay contemporary folk art (including daily necessities, clothing and accessories, etc.), displaying Guarani folk art tradition and its contemporary transformation in a threedimensional manner.

帶孩子的圣母像（18世紀(jì)彩色木雕）Madonna with children (18th century colored woodcarving)

守護(hù)天使（18世紀(jì)彩色木雕）Guardian angel (18th century colored woodcarving)

圣羅克（17至18世紀(jì) 彩色木雕）Saint-Roch(17th to 18th century colored woodcarving)

大籃子（2017-2018年 編織籃筐）Large basket (2017-2018 woven basket)

受歐洲傳教士的影響，瓜拉尼人創(chuàng)作了大量具有鮮明瓜拉尼人審美樣式的宗教人物形象，被稱為瓜拉尼巴洛克風(fēng)格。但隨著18世紀(jì)中后期耶穌會(huì)的衰落，這種用于游行和節(jié)日慶典之用的木雕塑像，也隨之被毀壞和遺棄?，F(xiàn)在存世數(shù)量很少，只有在博物館和一些瓜拉尼人的家庭中，才能偶爾找到它們的蹤跡。

Influenced by European missionaries, Guaraní has created a large number of religious figures with distinctive Guarani aesthetic styles, known as the Guarani Baroque style.However, with the decline of the Jesuits in the mid-18thcentury,the wooden sculptures used for demonstrations and festival celebrations were also destroyed and abandoned, showing most few existence in numbers worldwide, which can be found only at museums and some Guarani families occasionally.

洗衣婦（18世紀(jì) 彩色木雕）Laundry woman (18th century colored wood carving)

姆比亞-瓜拉尼人是烏拉圭現(xiàn)存的瓜拉尼原住民中的一支。姆比亞-瓜亞瓜拉尼人的藝術(shù)是人人參與的，不同年齡的男女都參與制作純手工制品，用于各種日?；顒?dòng)，包括儀式慶典和貿(mào)易買賣。展覽展出的姆比亞-瓜拉尼人的手工制品種類繁多：裝飾獨(dú)一無二的編筐，形象生動(dòng)的美洲豹、烏龜、貓頭鷹、巨嘴鳥等軟木雕刻的動(dòng)物，以及風(fēng)鈴、項(xiàng)鏈等。

Mbia-Guarani is one of the existing Guarani aborigines in Uruguay. Their art illustrates comprehensive participation of these people. Men and women of all ages participate in the production of handmade products for a variety of daily activities, including ceremonial celebrations and trading. The exhibits by Mbia-Guarani people feature a wide range of hand-made products: decorated with exclusively-design woven baskets, lively cork-carved animals, such as jaguars,turtles, owls, toucans, and wind chimes, and necklaces amongst others.

烏拉圭的當(dāng)代民間藝術(shù)在一定程度上傳承了瓜拉尼傳教士的巴洛克藝術(shù)風(fēng)格，也沿襲了16至20世紀(jì)該地區(qū)手工制造的傳統(tǒng)。展覽展出的手工藝術(shù)品獨(dú)具特色，在材質(zhì)和制作工藝上尤為明顯，其手工制品以木料樹皮、皮革、南瓜、金屬為載體，涉及雕刻、浮雕、編織、針織和印染工藝。它們是當(dāng)代烏拉圭流行藝術(shù)的代表，曾在不同領(lǐng)域獲得國家工藝獎(jiǎng)。

Uruguay’s contemporary folk art has, to some extent,inherited the Baroque style of Guarani’s missionaries,and also followed the tradition of handmade in the region from the 16thto the 20thcentury. The hand-carved art exhibited at the event is very unique, particularly evident in materials and production processes. Its handmade products are made of wood bark, leather, pumpkin and metal as carriers,involving engraving, embossing, weaving, knitting and dyeing. They are representatives of contemporary Uruguayan pop art,winning great national craft prizes in various fields.

兩只手環(huán)（2012年 羊駝皮和角珠寶）Two bracelets (2012 alpaca and horn jewelry)

拼接油皮信封包（2017年 皮革）Splicing oil skin envelope bag(2017 leather)

大衣“日落”（2017年 羊毛紡織染色）Coat "Sunset" (2017 wool textile dyeing)

項(xiàng)鏈耳環(huán)套裝（2008年銀、生皮革和石頭）Necklace Earring Set(2008 Silver, Raw Leather and Stone)

姆比亞瓜拉尼人手工雕塑：美洲虎、美洲虎、蛇、鸚鵡、猴、凱門鱷Handmade sculpture of Mbyaguarani: jaguar,jaguar, snake, parrot,monkey, caiman

“犰狳”盒子（2017年 木頭和南瓜雕刻）"Armadillo" box (2017 wood and pumpkin carving)

羊毛外套“皇帝”（2018年 羊毛、紡織、染色）Wool coat "Emperor"(2018 wool, textile,dyeing)