肖高鵬 李俞錦
【摘要】目的探討七氟醚對(duì)老齡血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙大鼠認(rèn)知功能的影響及作用機(jī)制。方法將60只6月齡雌性Wistar大鼠分為3組,每組各20只。A組大鼠為假手術(shù)組,B組大鼠實(shí)施右側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈結(jié)扎術(shù);C組大鼠實(shí)施右側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈結(jié)扎術(shù)后吸入2%七氟醚。采用穿梭箱和水迷宮試驗(yàn)評(píng)價(jià)大鼠的認(rèn)知功能,原位末端脫氧核苷酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶標(biāo)記法檢測(cè)海馬神經(jīng)元凋亡指數(shù),流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞的凋亡指數(shù)和鈣離子熒光指數(shù),ELISA檢測(cè)海馬組織和外周血炎性因子[血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF)、IL1β、TNFα]水平以及海馬神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞勻漿中線粒體呼吸鏈復(fù)合體Ⅰ~Ⅳ的活性。結(jié)果 穿梭箱試驗(yàn)中B、C組大鼠的電擊次數(shù)多于A組、主動(dòng)逃避次數(shù)少于A組、學(xué)習(xí)和記憶潛伏期較A組延長(zhǎng)(P均<001),而C組大鼠電擊次數(shù)較B組減少、主動(dòng)逃避次數(shù)較B組增多、學(xué)習(xí)和記憶潛伏期短于C組(P均<001)。B、C組大鼠海馬組織及外周血血清VEGF水平低于A組、IL1β和TNFα水平高于A組(P均<005);與B組比較,C組VEGF水平較高、IL1β和TNFα水平較低(P均<005)。大鼠血清VEGF水平與電擊次數(shù)、學(xué)習(xí)潛伏期、記憶潛伏期均呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P均<005),與主動(dòng)逃避次數(shù)呈正相關(guān)。IL1β水平和TNFα水平與電擊次數(shù)、學(xué)習(xí)潛伏期、記憶潛伏期均呈正相關(guān)(P均<005),與主動(dòng)逃避次數(shù)均呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P均<005)。A、C組大鼠的海馬神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡指數(shù)和鈣離子熒光指數(shù)均低于B組(P均<001)、海馬中線粒體呼吸鏈復(fù)合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ活性高于B組(P均<005),A、C上述指標(biāo)組間比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>005)。結(jié)論七氟醚干預(yù)可減輕老齡大鼠血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙,其機(jī)制可能與增加VEGF表達(dá)、減輕炎癥損傷有關(guān)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙;七氟醚;炎性因子;血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子
Effect and mechanism of sevoflurane on the cognitive function in elderly rats with vascular cognitive impairmentXiao Gaopeng,Li Yujin Department of Anesthesiology,the First Peoples Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650000, China
Corresponding author, Li Yujin
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the effect and mechanism of sevoflurane on the cognitive function in elderly rats with vascular cognitive impairment MethodsSixty male Wistar rats aged 6 months were divided into three groups (n=20 for each group) In group A, sham operation was performed In group B, rats were treated with unilateral carotid artery ligation In group C, unilateral carotid artery ligation was performed, followed by the inhalation of 2% sevoflurane The cognitive function of rats was evaluated by shuttle box and water maze tests The apoptotic index of hippocampal neurons was detected by TUNEL The apoptotic rate and calcium ion fluorescent index of neurons were measured by flow cytometry The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (VEGF, IL1β and TNFα) in the hippocampal tissues and peripheral blood and the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IIV in the hippocampal neurons were quantitatively detected by ELISA ResultsDuring the shuttle box test, the number of electrical shocks was significantly more, the number of active escape was considerably less and the learning and memory latency was significantly longer in groups B and C compared with those in group A (all P<001) In group C, the number of electrical shocks was significantly decreased, the number of active escape was considerably increased and the latency of learning and memory was significantly longer than those in group B (all P<001) In groups B and C, the expression levels of VEGF in hippocampal tissues and peripheral blood were significantly lower, whereas the expression levels of IL1β and TNFα were significantly higher than those in group A (both P<005) Compared with group B, the expression level of VEGF was evidently higher, whereas the expression levels of IL1β and TNFα were significantly lower in group C (all P<005) The expression level of serum VEGF was negatively correlated with the number of electrical shocks, learning and memory latency (both P<005), whereas positively associated with the number of active escape The expression levels of IL1β and TNFα were positively correlated with the number of electrical shocks, learning and memory latency (all P<005), whereas negatively correlated with the number of active escape (P<005) In groups A and C, the apoptotic index of hippocampal neurons and calcium ion fluorescent index were significantly lower (both P<001), whereas the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex ⅠandⅡ was considerably higher (both P<005) than those in group B No statistical significance was noted in these parameters between groups A and C (all P>005) Conclusion Sevoflurane intervention can alleviate vascular cognitive impairment in aged rats, which is probably correlated with upregulating the expression of VEGF and mitigating inflammatory injury
【Key words】Vascular cognitive impairment; Sevoflurane; Inflammatory cytokine;
Vascular endothelial growth factor
血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙是血管或血管相關(guān)因素引起的認(rèn)知功能障礙,與血管性炎癥性損傷密切相關(guān),常發(fā)生于麻醉和(或)手術(shù)后[12]。高齡患者耐受麻醉和手術(shù)的能力低,而且隨著肝、腎功能的減退,藥物在其體內(nèi)消除的半衰期也延長(zhǎng)。七氟醚對(duì)心率影響不明顯、氣道刺激小,為臨床常用麻醉藥物。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,七氟醚能激活線粒體中的相關(guān)信號(hào)通路,減少炎性因子的生成,從而緩解術(shù)后腦損傷[3]。然而,4%七氟醚吸入誘導(dǎo)約2 min患者意識(shí)即可消失,麻醉過(guò)深時(shí)有誘發(fā)全身痙攣的可能。目前有關(guān)七氟醚用于血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙的效果尚有爭(zhēng)議,因此本研究著重探討七氟醚對(duì)老年血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙大鼠認(rèn)知功能的影響及其作用機(jī)制,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
材料與方法
一、實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物
60只6月齡雌性Wistar大鼠,體質(zhì)量250~300 g,購(gòu)自中科院上海實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,飼養(yǎng)于SPF級(jí)動(dòng)物房,本研究對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的處置均符合中華人民共和國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)部頒發(fā)的《關(guān)于善待實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的指導(dǎo)性意見》。
二、主要試劑和儀器
七氟醚購(gòu)自江蘇恩華制藥有限公司,血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF)、IL1β和TNFα檢測(cè)試劑盒購(gòu)自南京碧云天公司,戊巴比妥鈉和伊文思藍(lán)購(gòu)自北京雷根生物公司,原位末端脫氧核苷酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶標(biāo)記(TUNEL)試劑盒購(gòu)自北京雷根生物公司;貝克曼庫(kù)爾特Cyto FLEX流式細(xì)胞儀。
三、方法
1實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物分組
60只大鼠按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為A、B、C組,每組各20只。A組大鼠為假手術(shù)組;B組大鼠為血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙模型,實(shí)施右側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈結(jié)扎術(shù),結(jié)扎時(shí)間為1 h;C組大鼠實(shí)施右側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈結(jié)扎術(shù)后吸入2%七氟醚(每日2 h,共計(jì)5 d)[4]。
2大鼠認(rèn)知功能檢測(cè)
穿梭箱試驗(yàn):成功造模3 d后實(shí)施,穿梭箱規(guī)格為60 cm×16 cm×25 cm。將大鼠置于穿梭箱中20 s后,開啟蜂鳴器,5 s后給予30 V 50 Hz電擊,總電擊時(shí)間為1 min,統(tǒng)計(jì)電擊和主動(dòng)逃避的次數(shù)。每只實(shí)驗(yàn)大鼠重復(fù)3次測(cè)試,結(jié)果取平均值。
水迷宮試驗(yàn):穿梭箱試驗(yàn)3 d后實(shí)施,第1~3日進(jìn)行定位航行訓(xùn)練,第4日以大鼠尋找并爬上平臺(tái)的時(shí)間為逃避潛伏期;第8日進(jìn)行空間探索實(shí)驗(yàn),以在原平臺(tái)Ⅰ象限游泳時(shí)間即空間探索時(shí)間為記憶潛伏期。
3大鼠海馬組織和血清標(biāo)本取材
水迷宮試驗(yàn)完成后,經(jīng)大鼠腹腔注射 2%戊巴比妥(50 mg/kg)進(jìn)行麻醉,取尾靜脈血后斷頭處死,夾閉腹主動(dòng)脈,灌注4 ℃ 4%多聚甲醛,速度先快后慢,共30 min,至右耳流出液體血色較淺且基本澄清為止,冰上分離腦組織,剝離雙側(cè)海馬。
4大鼠海馬神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡情況的檢測(cè)
每組取8只大鼠的海馬組織浸入4%的多聚甲醛溶液中,置4 ℃固定24 h,采用TUNEL染色,于顯微鏡下觀察海馬神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞的凋亡情況:每張海馬切片隨機(jī)選擇5個(gè)互相不重疊的視野,并選擇400倍熒光顯微鏡下觀察,陽(yáng)性凋亡細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞核呈綠色顆粒狀,計(jì)算凋亡指數(shù),凋亡指數(shù)=陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)/(陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)+陰性細(xì)胞數(shù))×100%。
5海馬神經(jīng)元鈣離子水平檢測(cè)
每組各取6只大鼠的海馬組織制作組織勻漿,2 000~3 000轉(zhuǎn)/分離心20 min,收集上清,應(yīng)用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè),以熒光指數(shù)反映胞漿鈣離子水平。
6炎性因子及線粒體呼吸鏈復(fù)合體水平的檢測(cè)
20只大鼠的尾靜脈血加入10% 01 mol/L檸檬酸鈉混合10~20 min后,2 000~3 000轉(zhuǎn)/分離心20 min,收集上清,應(yīng)用ELISA檢測(cè)大鼠血清中TNFα、IL1β和VEGF水平。每組取6只大鼠的海馬組織剪碎后加入DMEM培養(yǎng)基制成單細(xì)胞懸液,以ELISA檢測(cè)海馬神經(jīng)元中TNFα、IL1β、VEGF和線粒體呼吸鏈復(fù)合物Ⅰ~Ⅳ水平。
四、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
使用SPSS 210處理數(shù)據(jù)。計(jì)量資料均先行正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn),符合正態(tài)分布者以±s表示,多組比較用方差分析,組間兩兩比較使用LSDt檢驗(yàn);老齡大鼠血清炎性因子水平與認(rèn)知功能的關(guān)系采用Pearson相關(guān)性分析。P<005為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
結(jié)果
一、3組老齡大鼠的行為學(xué)測(cè)定結(jié)果
1穿梭箱試驗(yàn)結(jié)果
B、C組大鼠的電擊次數(shù)均多于A組,主動(dòng)逃避次數(shù)均少于A組(P均<001);而C組大鼠電擊次數(shù)較B組減少,主動(dòng)逃避次數(shù)較B組增多(P均<001),見表1。
討論
炎癥反應(yīng)是缺血性神經(jīng)元損傷的主要機(jī)制,微血管損傷誘發(fā)的缺血再灌注損傷的核心是炎癥反應(yīng)的活化,癡呆程度和炎癥與腦血管損傷有著直接的聯(lián)系,所以抑制炎癥是治療腦血管疾病的主要策略。TNFα 與 IL1β是腦缺血損傷炎癥反應(yīng)最早出現(xiàn)的細(xì)胞因子[57]。腦室注射IL1β抑制劑可改善大鼠空間學(xué)習(xí)能力的損害[8]。TNFα水平的上調(diào)與認(rèn)知功能障礙有關(guān)[9]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),麻醉藥物能夠抑制炎性細(xì)胞因子的過(guò)度產(chǎn)生,并能減輕由缺血誘發(fā)的神經(jīng)元凋亡[1011]。VEGF能夠促進(jìn)血管的生長(zhǎng)和側(cè)支循環(huán)的建立,是腦缺血性損傷的血管修復(fù)因子。局灶腦缺血的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,腦梗死后 3 d是最活躍的血管增生期,并可見明顯的VEGF表達(dá),提示應(yīng)激反應(yīng)能夠誘發(fā)VEGF表達(dá)的上調(diào),促進(jìn)神經(jīng)元功能的恢復(fù)[1213]。本研究顯示,與缺血、缺氧誘發(fā)認(rèn)知功能障礙的模型大鼠相比,吸入七氟醚的認(rèn)知功能障礙大鼠海馬組織及外周血VEGF水平上升,TNFα和IL1β水平下降,穿梭箱試驗(yàn)中其電擊次數(shù)較少、主動(dòng)逃避次數(shù)較多,水迷宮試驗(yàn)中其學(xué)習(xí)和記憶潛伏期較短,提示七氟醚對(duì)改善缺血、缺氧誘發(fā)的認(rèn)知功能障礙有一定的效果。
細(xì)胞凋亡是多階段且并非同步發(fā)生的進(jìn)程。急性腦血管病可導(dǎo)致機(jī)體產(chǎn)生大量的自由基,并導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞內(nèi)發(fā)生鈣超載,從而引發(fā)神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡[14]。多項(xiàng)研究顯示,神經(jīng)元缺血、缺氧后自由基明顯增多,其能持續(xù)開放線粒體的滲透性轉(zhuǎn)換孔,導(dǎo)致線粒體膜電位發(fā)生異常、細(xì)胞凋亡[15]。研究表明,大鼠的學(xué)習(xí)和記憶能力下降,與細(xì)胞超微結(jié)構(gòu)如線粒體的腫脹和功能障礙密切相關(guān)[16]。另有研究顯示,強(qiáng)應(yīng)激會(huì)導(dǎo)致海馬神經(jīng)元的樹突棘發(fā)生退縮乃至消失[17]。七氟醚能夠拮抗缺血誘發(fā)的海馬神經(jīng)元凋亡及減少神經(jīng)元的鈣超載狀態(tài)[18]。本研究中,經(jīng)七氟醚干預(yù)的認(rèn)知功能障礙大鼠海馬組織神經(jīng)元凋亡指數(shù)、鈣離子熒光指數(shù)、線粒體呼吸鏈復(fù)合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ活性均低于缺血、缺氧誘發(fā)認(rèn)知功能障礙的模型大鼠,與假手術(shù)大鼠相近,提示七氟醚能夠緩解由于缺血、缺氧所誘發(fā)的線粒體功能失常,發(fā)揮神經(jīng)元保護(hù)作用。
綜上所述,七氟醚能夠有效減輕缺血、缺氧誘發(fā)的認(rèn)知功能障礙,該保護(hù)機(jī)制與提高VEGF水平、減少IL1β和TNFα釋放、減輕炎癥損傷有關(guān)。此外七氟醚還能夠減輕海馬神經(jīng)元內(nèi)炎性反應(yīng)的程度,從而提高了線粒體內(nèi)呼吸鏈酶復(fù)合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ活性,減輕了海馬神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡,改善認(rèn)知功能障礙。
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