瓜達爾兒童中心，考卡，哥倫比亞

建筑設計：丹尼爾·費爾德曼，伊凡·達里奧·基尼奧內斯

1 外景/Exterior view

瓜達爾是一項長達3年的參與式設計和施工的結果。項目在費爾德曼、基尼奧內斯與總統(tǒng)顧問早教辦公室的帶領下，由多學科專業(yè)人員的團隊實施。他們的目標是為飽受戰(zhàn)爭摧殘的里卡鎮(zhèn)的孩子們設計建造一座幼兒成長和公共聚會的新中心。在中心所需的標準空間 （教室、咖啡廳、藝術室、游樂場、辦公室）之外，它還有一個向公眾開放的文化設施：雖建在中心里，卻是對外的。這樣瓜達爾提供了一座公共戶外電影院、人行道和劇院廣場。這一切使這個地方成為一個公共文化集會的中心。

從內在來說，這個項目也是因地制宜的，因為它使用了本地材料和工人來創(chuàng)造針對特定場地的結果。這個中心不需要機械通風和照明，能收集雨水，使其做到環(huán)境友好。從教育上看，建筑是幫助幼兒成長的一種教學手段，它請學生去決定中心的行走路線和使用方式。所有空間都有多個入口，每個房間、露臺和衛(wèi)生間都是內部連通的。這樣孩子們就不得不決定他們要去哪兒和怎么去，從而打破了學校讓教師主導的固定結構模式，讓孩子們成為做決定的人?！酰ㄉ袝x 譯）

El Guadual is the result of a 3-year-long participatory design and construction process lead by Daniel Feldman, Ivan Quinones and the Presidential Advisor for Early Childhood Office along with a team of multidisciplinary professionals who sought to design and build a centre that would offer kids in the war-torn municipality of Villa Rica a new centre for early childhood development and also communal gathering. Besides the standard spaces that the Centre requires (classrooms, cafeteria, art room, playgrounds, offices) it also manages to offer open space to the public. In that way El Guadual offers a public outdoor movie theatre, a catwalk and a theatre plaza, all of which become the place of a cultural communal gathering centre.

Internally the project is also site-specific as it uses local materials and workers to create a sitespecific project. The centre doesn't need mechanical ventilation or lighting and collects rain water making it environmentally friendly. Educationally,the architecture works as a pedagogical tool for children's development by inviting students to decide how to navigate and utilise the centre.Offering multiple entrances to all spaces, internal connections between rooms, and patios &bathrooms in each room, kids are forced to decide how and where they want to break the mold of school as a fixed structure where teachers dominate without allowing kids to be the ones they want.□

2 外廊/Side corridor

項目信息/Credits and Data

地點/Location: 比亞里卡，里卡鎮(zhèn)，考卡，哥倫比亞/Villarrica, Villa Rica, Cauca department, Colombia

客戶/Client: 哥倫比亞家庭福祉研究所/Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar, ICBF.

主持建筑師/Principal Architects: Daniel Feldman

總顧問/Presidential Counselor: María Cristina Trujillo de Mu?oz

設計團隊/Design Team: Plan Padrino, Alta Consejería Presidencial para La Primera Infancia, Presidencia de la república de Colombia, Sandra Pineda, Gabriel Cano, Andrés Ortega, Eugenio Ortiz

制造商/Manufacturers: Guadua macana, Calypso,Metalinox, Lfalum, Reforplas, Acesco, Corona, Argos,Servimontajesy Suministros, Fiberglass Colombia

承建方/Constructor: Fundación Compartir

面積/Area: 1823.0m2

攝影/Photos: Ivan Dario Qui?ones Sanchez

3 外景/Exterior view

4 主立面/Main facade

5 A-A剖面/Section A-A

6 B-B剖面/Section B-B

7 C-C剖面/Section C-C

8 側立面/Side facades

9 側立面/Side facades

WA：建筑師和城市專家在項目中的作用是什么？

丹尼爾·費爾德曼（簡稱DF）：建筑師的作用是去理解所涉及的多個利益相關方的需求，通過滿足那些需求的干預設計追求更大的利益。

WA：最具創(chuàng)意和吸引力的解決方案是什么？

DF：創(chuàng)意和吸引力（與大多數其他衡量建筑的指標）是主觀的。找到絕對的答案是不可能的。不過，我的確相信建筑師應該能看出在哪里能給大多數人帶來積極的影響，而這在一定意義上是最具創(chuàng)意和吸引力的解決方案。

WA：這個過程中最困難的部分是什么？

DF：在追求社區(qū)參與的項目中，社區(qū)的實際參與是最大的挑戰(zhàn)——尤其是社區(qū)很脆弱，在沒有明確結果的開放過程中，無法專門為此投入時間。

WA：社區(qū)和人們的反饋是怎樣的？

DF：一切都取決于結果。從我的情況看，反饋一般都是積極的，因為項目改變了公共建筑在這個地方形成的方式，而社區(qū)的作用得到了加強。

WA：這個項目是如何提高人們的生活質量的？

DF：它提高了生活的質量，因為它提供了一個前所未有的教育機構。它還創(chuàng)造了這個地方過去沒有的文化活動與集會的空間。最后，它成為了一個讓人們相見、加強社區(qū)關系的城市新節(jié)點。□（尚晉 譯）

10 標準教室平面/Floor plan of typical classroom

11 標準教室剖面/Section of typical classroom

12 首層平面/Ground floor plan

WA: What is the role of the architects and urban experts in the projects?

Daniel Feldman (DF): The role of architects is to understand the needs of the multiple stakeholders involved and advocate for the greater good through the design of an intervention that caters to those needs.

WA: What is the most creative and attractive solution?

DF: Creativity and attractiveness (as most other measuring qualities in architecture) is subjective.Finding absolute answers is impossible. However, I do believe architects should be able to understand where positive impact can be achieved for the majority as the most creative and advocate for that solution.

WA: What was the most difficult part in the process?

DF: In projects where community participation is sought, the actual participation of the communities is the biggest challenge. Especially if communities are vulnerable and don't have the privilege of investing time in open-ended processes where results are not definite.

WA: What is the feedback from the people and the community?

DF: All depends on the results. In my case feedback has been generally positive as the projects change the paradigm of how public buildings are developed on the place, and the role of communities is strengthened.

WA: How does this project improve the quality of the people's lives?

DF: It improves the quality of life as it offers an educational institution which didn't exist before. It also created spaces for cultural events and gatherings which the place doesn't have, and finally it became a new urban node where people meet, and community relations are strengthened. □

13 標準教室細部詳圖/Detail drawing of typical classroom

15 二層平面/Floor 1 plan

14 標準教室剖面/Section of typical classroom

評論

石克輝：戰(zhàn)火蹂躪下的兒童心靈極其脆弱。埃爾瓜杜阿爾兒童中心為飽受摧殘的里卡鎮(zhèn)的幼兒提供了一個戰(zhàn)后恢復和健康成長的中心，孩子們自主選擇的流線設計和建筑使用方式，使孩子們成為了建筑真正的主人，也使建筑成為了一種教育手段，孩子們的自主、自信在這座建筑里得以建立和加強。

兒童中心同時也為里卡鎮(zhèn)的居民恢復正常的社交提供了一個公共聚會的場所。它的布局契合了當地建筑的特點，其在地性引起了當地居民的強烈共鳴，四通八達的平面布置讓居民與兒童在建筑內外自由地穿行；因地制宜的取材和當地的建造方式讓建筑做到了“環(huán)境友好”。

關飛：細讀施工圖紙你會發(fā)現(xiàn)，這不是一組如看起來那樣“低技術建造”的房子，埃爾瓜杜阿爾兒童中心采用的是鋼筋混凝土墻和鋼桁架屋面的結構形式。建筑師嘗試將葦席作為模板內襯材料，摻以赭石涂料讓鋼筋混凝土墻體呈現(xiàn)出一種“夯土墻”的表面質感，隱藏在竹梁上部的是深色鋼桁架，聚碳酸酯天窗將自然光線引入到室內，水泥自流平拋光地面下部采用了復合填充的保溫材料；鍍鋅鐵板的構造節(jié)點做為混凝土墻的壓頂防止了雨水對墻體的侵蝕。對于新舊技術的表達，建筑師顯然是非常智慧的：所有的技術努力都是在讓新技術消失，從而在視覺上讓使用者仿佛回歸到了埃爾瓜杜阿爾部落式的聚居場景里。在這里，“低技術建造”的表象后面是一種濃厚的人文關懷。

最有意思的還有那些墻上的圓洞，兒童可以混凝土墻間穿行、窺探，厚重的混凝土墻被建筑師賦予了濃濃的“童趣”。

16 外景/Exterior views

17 外景/Exterior views

18 主立面/Main facade

Comments

SHI Kehui: Children's heart is extremely fragile due to the torture of war. El Guadual Children Centre provides a post-war recovery and healthy growing centre for children of Villa Rica who endured the war. Children are able to make their own choices on the flow line design and utilisation modes of the construction. As a result,the children become real owners of the construction and at the same time, the construction becomes an education means, in which children's independency and self-confidence are established and further enhanced.

The children centre also provides a public gathering space for the residents in Villa Rica to regain their normal social life. Its layout matches with the characteristics of local construction and its locality arouses strong resonance among local residents. The all-directionthrough layout makes it easy for the residents and children to go through the barrier-free building, and the application of local materials and construction methods are realised by an "environment-friendly" construction.

GUAN Fei: If going through the details of the implementation blueprint, you will find that it is not a group of houses "constructed with low techniques" as in this case. The construction of El Guadual Children Centre applies a structural form composed of reinforced concrete wall and steel truss surface. The architect tries to apply reed mat in interior decoration together with the ochre coating to present a surface texture of loam wall on the reinforced concrete wall. What is hidden in the upper part of the bamboo beams is steel truss structure, with the polycarbonate windows introducing natural light into the interior space, while the lower part of the cement selfleveling polished ground is filled with heat preservation materials, and the structural nodes of the galvanised iron sheets prevent the erosion of rain water to the wall as the coping of the concrete wall. The architect is apparently very wise about the expressions of new and old techniques: all the technical efforts are intended to make the new techniques disappear so as to from vision level bring the users back to the gathering scene in the El Guadual tribes. Here, behind the appearance of "low technique construction", it is rich in humanistic caring.

The most interesting thing lies in the round holes in the wall, through which children can go through the walls and make their exploration. The thick concrete walls are endowed with profound "child fun" by the architect.

19 電影院/Movie theater

20 標準教室內景/Interior view of typical classroom

21 外景/Exterior view