馮永明
在杭州城西教工路的浙江工商大學(xué)內(nèi),一處始建于上世紀(jì)90年代的并不顯眼的圖書館,是人流最密集的地方之一,每年有來(lái)自世界各地的約二三萬(wàn)名參觀者來(lái)到這里,吸引他們的是這座天下浙商共同的精神家園——浙商博物館。
自2013年10月建館以來(lái),全國(guó)各地乃至全球商科學(xué)生都把浙商博物館當(dāng)成一個(gè)重要的參觀學(xué)習(xí)之地。該館用生動(dòng)的故事展示全球1000萬(wàn)浙商的奮斗史。
首任館長(zhǎng)、1970年出生的楊軼清是浙商博物館的重要參與者與推動(dòng)者,是研究浙商的資深人士,一位善于挖掘故事的高手,他曾以記者的身份記錄了許多浙商的成長(zhǎng)。
楊軼清說(shuō):“我希望,每個(gè)參觀者看完之后,不要‘羨慕嫉妒恨這些財(cái)富的創(chuàng)造者。我們?cè)噲D把企業(yè)家的創(chuàng)業(yè)精神一目了然地表達(dá)出來(lái),使參觀者感受到鼓舞、振奮、激勵(lì),在離開(kāi)時(shí)至少能夠留下一句:‘創(chuàng)業(yè)者太不容易了?!?h3>博物館里藏著創(chuàng)富故事
在浙江工商大學(xué)圖書館這幢四層高的建筑樓外,一架來(lái)自精功集團(tuán)的飛機(jī)擺放在門口,略顯銹跡的陳列物,把歷史與現(xiàn)代連接在一起。絕大多數(shù)浙商以低端制造起家,參與到高端制造業(yè)的航空領(lǐng)域,代表了他們由大到強(qiáng)的一個(gè)重要轉(zhuǎn)變。這架飛機(jī)的擺放,顯示出這種歷史與現(xiàn)代恰到好處的交集。當(dāng)然,另一個(gè)重要的原因在于,隨著博物館藏品的增多,館內(nèi)已無(wú)法容納更多的大型實(shí)物。
浙商博物館從浙商遠(yuǎn)祖范蠡述及近現(xiàn)代的商業(yè)人文變遷——既有歷史的追問(wèn),又有現(xiàn)實(shí)的評(píng)述;既有草根創(chuàng)業(yè)者的坎坷故事,也有系出名門繼承者的圖強(qiáng)點(diǎn)滴;既有創(chuàng)業(yè)的“92派”,又有“軍旅派”;既有夫妻檔,也有“兄弟幫”;既有小我生存的境遇,也有兼濟(jì)天下的“七顆行星”(因杰出貢獻(xiàn),企業(yè)家的名字被以小行星命名)。
這里有企業(yè)家最早使用的記賬簿、中國(guó)第一家銀行中國(guó)通商銀行發(fā)行的鈔票、步鑫生使用過(guò)的裁縫剪和尺、徐傳化徐冠巨父子創(chuàng)業(yè)時(shí)用過(guò)的大缸、青春寶創(chuàng)始人馮根生“身價(jià)”評(píng)估表、潘阿祥的“象形文字”電話本等等……
楊軼清對(duì)每一位訪客都很重視,作為浙江工商大學(xué)的教授,他的講解十分生動(dòng)。最多的一天,他們接待了七撥來(lái)自省內(nèi)外的訪客。
與其他博物館不同,浙商博物館有以下幾個(gè)特質(zhì):這里講述的是“財(cái)富為表、精神為核”的故事,不是名人堂,不是財(cái)富榜;這里演繹的財(cái)富倫理觀——金錢不是萬(wàn)能的,金錢也不是萬(wàn)惡的;這里推崇的浙商,首先是合法、智慧有效率地獲得財(cái)富,同時(shí)還有尊嚴(yán)有價(jià)值有責(zé)任地支配使用財(cái)富;這里不僅展現(xiàn)浙商的高度和深度,更能讓人感受他們的溫度,傳播正確價(jià)值觀和正能量。
更重要的是,浙商博物館告訴公眾:浙商沒(méi)有“失敗者”。“曾經(jīng)的風(fēng)云人物,即使經(jīng)營(yíng)失敗了,只要不是違法亂紀(jì),不是道德品質(zhì)原因,我們都一視同仁。他們的遭遇,讓人感嘆,他們的改革、創(chuàng)新、突破、嘗試,更是一種勇氣和精神?!睏钶W清說(shuō),浙商博物館鮮明的商業(yè)倫理和溫暖的價(jià)值標(biāo)準(zhǔn),也體現(xiàn)了對(duì)企業(yè)家命運(yùn)的深刻理解。
改革開(kāi)放以來(lái),包括浙商在內(nèi)的中國(guó)企業(yè)家變化特別大,他們從人生的底端到事業(yè)的云端,創(chuàng)造了無(wú)數(shù)的傳奇,成為時(shí)代大幕上耀眼的星辰。在過(guò)去近2000個(gè)日子里,浙商博物館的價(jià)值愈發(fā)顯現(xiàn),而未來(lái)則更是如此。
“浙商是觀察‘本土和世界、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化、歷史和現(xiàn)實(shí)交匯的樣本?!比珖?guó)政協(xié)常委、全國(guó)工商聯(lián)副主席、正泰集團(tuán)董事長(zhǎng)南存輝說(shuō)。這里的故事是中國(guó)悠遠(yuǎn)文化歷史的一部分,從未被割斷。
一入展館,筆者目睹到各種物件,分布在不同的板塊里,形成了一條參觀的邏輯。
這里是個(gè)體生命歷程的濃縮。宗慶后積極響應(yīng)浙商博物館建設(shè),一下子送來(lái)兩卡車?yán)衔锛?,其中一件是宗慶后早年用過(guò)的破舊三輪車。同時(shí),他還向浙商博物館捐贈(zèng)了娃哈哈早期產(chǎn)品兒童營(yíng)養(yǎng)液。1987年5月30日,宗慶后在杭州上城區(qū)文教局勤工儉學(xué)辦公室的幾張信紙上,把他對(duì)兒童營(yíng)養(yǎng)食品的市場(chǎng)狀況,籌建食品廠可行性、實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模和利潤(rùn)的報(bào)告詳細(xì)地記錄在這份手稿中。一年后,這一營(yíng)養(yǎng)液一炮而紅。展館里,宗慶后穿過(guò)的一雙布鞋令人聯(lián)想,作為最勤奮的老板,他一年200多天穿著布鞋奔波在市場(chǎng)上,丈量出了一個(gè)飲料帝國(guó)的厚度和中國(guó)消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)的龐大。
在展館的另一處,有一塊凝固的水泥塊。慈吉集團(tuán)董事長(zhǎng)徐娣珍早年與丈夫一起在姚江上運(yùn)送水泥建材,一次船只不慎進(jìn)水,夫妻倆趕緊往船外排水,卻忘記了泡在水泥漿中的雙腳已被“澆筑”在水泥塊里,他們敲下水泥塊時(shí),雙腳被剝下一層皮。
這里是沖突與對(duì)抗握手言和的地方。1953年11月出生的凌蘭芳,于1970年12月參加工作,這名煮繭工人于2002年12月20日被浙江凱喜雅制絲有限公司以每年補(bǔ)償850元的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)買斷工齡,33年工齡總計(jì)28050元。此后,從50歲開(kāi)始創(chuàng)業(yè)的凌蘭芳帶著他的絲綢之路控股集團(tuán)走向了民族工業(yè)復(fù)興之路,2006年當(dāng)選為年度風(fēng)云浙商。他的奮斗經(jīng)歷是國(guó)有企業(yè)與民營(yíng)經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)軌時(shí)期的特殊寫照。
這里是個(gè)人推動(dòng)歷史進(jìn)程接續(xù)的通道。1950年出生的葉文貴,曾被譽(yù)為“溫州第一能人”。1988年,他義無(wú)反顧地投入電動(dòng)轎車研發(fā)。1994年,他耗盡全部家當(dāng)再加上拆借來(lái)的4000余萬(wàn)元,開(kāi)發(fā)出了擁有全部知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的混合動(dòng)力汽車,成為當(dāng)時(shí)全球充電后能跑最遠(yuǎn)的混合動(dòng)力汽車。然而,由于超前了差不多20年,孤獨(dú)而倔強(qiáng)的葉文貴未能等到新能源汽車春天的到來(lái),留下一串遺憾。
博物館收藏著來(lái)自葉文貴自家小院荒草叢中日曬雨淋20多年的電動(dòng)汽車紅色車殼,吉利捐贈(zèng)的吉利全球鷹,以及眾泰捐贈(zèng)的2009年2月出產(chǎn)的中國(guó)第一輛上路的純電動(dòng)汽車,車牌號(hào)為浙A2279。今天,當(dāng)我們看到李書福成為汽車工業(yè)的巨人,吉利躋身于全球最大的汽車生產(chǎn)商行列時(shí),這種歷史接續(xù)的鼓聲持續(xù)地回響在中國(guó)改革開(kāi)放的奮斗歷程中。
這些故事已深深地印入楊軼清的腦海里,但他卻無(wú)法說(shuō)出哪一件是“鎮(zhèn)館之寶”。在他看來(lái),“每一件藏品都來(lái)之不易”。
距離那段難忘的籌建歲月已有六七年,這位個(gè)子直追籃球明星姚明的館長(zhǎng)說(shuō),“每一次尋訪總是觸及我內(nèi)心最柔軟的地方。浙商作為天下第一商幫,不是偶然的。我們見(jiàn)到了他們?cè)谖枧_(tái)上的一面,卻忽略了他們?cè)谂_(tái)后的付出?!?/p>
榮耀的背面是疼痛。榮耀是信仰的雨露洗去鉛華后被修飾的顏色。浙商博物館內(nèi)展出具象的人物多達(dá)300余位,上萬(wàn)件藏品已自成體系地寫成“浙商自己的精神代碼”。
“浙商還是一個(gè)關(guān)于春天竹林的故事。一夜春雨后,滿山遍地的春筍便冒了出來(lái),在陽(yáng)光星辰之下越長(zhǎng)越高……”楊軼清站在通往展館的浙商名人譜的通道上,看著一張張熟悉的面孔若有所思,“浙商就是那片生命力旺盛的竹林?!?/p>
(本文圖片來(lái)自CFP)
Zhejiang Merchants Museum Collects Entrepreneurial Stories
By Feng Yongming
Professor Yang Yiqing of Zhejiang Gongshang University is the curator of Zhejiang Merchants Museum, which is located on the campus of Zhejiang Gongshang University on Jiaogong Road in downtown Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang Province in eastern China.
The museum is the reincarnation of the universitys library built in the 1990s. Now about 30,000 people visit the museum every year. Since the inception of the museum in October 2013, business school students in China and even from abroad have pilgrimed to the museum for a comprehensive view of legendary stories of entrepreneurs of Zhejiang. After all, the province has produced 10 million entrepreneurs and Zhejiang merchants and entrepreneurs have long since been a national phenomenon. The businesspeople community of Zhejiang is arguably the most powerful and most influential in the country. According to the museum, among the 10 million entrepreneurs are billionaires of national and/or international renown as well as small business owners.
Yang used to be a journalist who witnessed and wrote about the success and failure of entrepreneurs across Zhejiang. He is now a scholar specialized in the history of the provinces merchants and entrepreneurs. He was instrumental in setting up the museum and promoting it as a business education base.
“Stories about Zhejiang merchants and entrepreneurs displayed in the museum are not meant to generate jealousy, envy or resentment about the astronomical wealth theyve created on the part of visitors. These stories are meant to inspire visitors, open their eyes to the experiences of Zhejiang merchants and entrepreneurs. The least these visitors could say would be how difficult it was for these entrepreneurs!” remarked the professor.
The stories about these entrepreneurs are largely in the exhibits, which amount to a collection of over 10,000. Professor Yang knows them all. He is a walking encyclopedia. He frequently narrates for visitors. His guide tour record is that one day he narrated for seven groups within a day.
A chunk of cement tells a story about Xu Dizhen, now president of a big business conglomerate. In the early years of their business career, Xu and her husband were shipping cement and other building materials on a river when they found the ship was leaking. Hastily they scooped the water out only to find their feet were firmly locked in the wet cement that had begun to harden. They used a hammer to knock away the cement. The cement fell away, tearing off the skin from their feet.
Ye Wengui, a businessman in Wenzhou, began to develop electrical cars in 1988. In 1994, he successfully developed a prototype of electrical car that could travel longer than any other cars of the same category back then. He was too soon for the world for about 20 years, however. Ye donated a car body in red to the museum. The car body had been in the courtyard of Yes house for more than 20 years. Zotye, an international automaker based in Yongkang, Zhejiang, first mass-produced electrical cars in China in February 2009. The car plate from the first of the cars is now on display side by side with the car body from Ye Wengui at the museum.
Manufacturers in Zhejiang used to gravitate toward the low-end of the manufacturing industry. Now many manufacturers are top-class producers. Jinggong Group, a private business first founded in 1968 as a rural business, now is a supplier for military equipment. It is a supplier for aircraft. The group donated an aircraft to the museum. It is too gigantic to be housed inside. It is on display on a compound outside the museum.
According to Yang, Zhejiang Merchants Museum is neither a hall of fame nor a list of the mega-wealthy. Though wealth is in the stories, entrepreneurship is always the core. The philosophy generally adopted by entrepreneurs in the province runs like this: money doesnt talk; nor is it evil; money should be made through hard work, business acumen, efficiency, and wisdom; money should be spent in a responsible, respectful, and valuable way.
One key message the museum aims to deliver to the public is, there are no real losers among entrepreneurs of the province. “We consider entrepreneurs heroes as long as they dont commit a crime or do things illegally. They dare to make a difference, they dare to go into the no-mans land, they try to break new grounds and find new paths, they innovate and they try something completely new. They show courage and spirit,” commented Yang. The way the business ethics and value system of provinces entrepreneurs is highlighted in the museum represents the museums understanding of the destiny, mission, and life of entrepreneurs.