鮮食棗產(chǎn)業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)特征與發(fā)展思路研究

石莎 殷海善 秦作霞 李惠

摘 要：鮮食棗產(chǎn)業(yè)是我國(guó)紅棗產(chǎn)業(yè)的有機(jī)組成部分，從制干棗向鮮食棗轉(zhuǎn)型是我國(guó)紅棗產(chǎn)區(qū)擺脫危機(jī)的途徑之一。文章以山西臨猗鮮食棗的發(fā)展為例，采用邏輯分析、比較分析等方法對(duì)其研究。結(jié)果表明，優(yōu)勢(shì)光熱資源和良好的立地條件是鮮食棗發(fā)展的基本前提；鮮食棗產(chǎn)業(yè)是一個(gè)典型的資金密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)；鮮食棗產(chǎn)業(yè)是一個(gè)典型的精耕細(xì)作勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)；鮮食棗產(chǎn)業(yè)是一個(gè)典型的市場(chǎng)高效率型產(chǎn)業(yè)。最后，提出鮮食棗產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的建議：適度規(guī)模發(fā)展是產(chǎn)業(yè)健康發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)；品質(zhì)管理是產(chǎn)業(yè)健康發(fā)展的生命；提高設(shè)施大棚的機(jī)械化、智能化管理水平和增強(qiáng)鮮食棗產(chǎn)業(yè)的社會(huì)化服務(wù)水平是產(chǎn)業(yè)健康發(fā)展的保障。

關(guān)鍵詞：產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)；經(jīng)濟(jì)特征；鮮食棗產(chǎn)業(yè)；現(xiàn)狀；經(jīng)驗(yàn)

中圖分類號(hào)：S665.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼：A DOI 編碼：10.3969/j.issn.1006-6500.2018.06.003

Study on the Economic Characteristics and Development Ideas of Fresh Date Industry：With Linyi Fresh Dates as an Example

SHI Sha， YIN Haishan， QIN Zuoxia， LI Hui

（Institute of Agricultural Resource and Economy， Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science， Taiyuan， Shanxi 030006， China）

Abstract： Fresh date industry was an organic part of red date industry in China. The transformation from the dry date to the fresh date was one of the ways to get rid of crisis in Chinese date production areas. This paper adopted logical analysis， comparative analysis with Linyi fresh dates as an example. The results showed that the advantages of light and heat resources and good site conditions were the basic prerequisite for the development of fresh date. Fresh date industry was a typical capital intensive industry. Fresh date industry was a typical intensive and meticulous farming labor intensive industry. Fresh date industry was a typical market efficient industry. Finally， put forward suggestions for the development of fresh jujube industry： moderate scale development was the foundation of healthy development of industry； quality management was the life of the healthy development of industry； improving the mechanization and intelligent management level of greenhouse and enhancing the social service level of fresh date industry were the guarantee of the healthy development of the industry.

Key words： industrial economics； economic characteristic； fresh dates industry； current situation； experience

鮮食棗是指果實(shí)適宜鮮食的棗，其一般具有果肉脆甜、新鮮多汁、適口性好的特點(diǎn)。據(jù)《中國(guó)果樹(shù)志·棗卷》中記載，共有700個(gè)棗品種，其中，鮮食棗品種為261個(gè)，占所有棗種的1/3以上[1]。我國(guó)鮮食棗大規(guī)模發(fā)展始于20世紀(jì)80年代中后期，山西臨猗梨棗率先成為我國(guó)鮮食棗產(chǎn)業(yè)的開(kāi)創(chuàng)者，隨之梨棗品種遍布全國(guó)各地。到了20世紀(jì)末期，沾化冬棗異軍突起，以其無(wú)可比擬的品質(zhì)迅速占領(lǐng)市場(chǎng)，此后形成冬棗一統(tǒng)鮮食棗天下的格局。

我國(guó)鮮食棗產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，北方棗區(qū)是鮮食棗的主產(chǎn)區(qū)[2]，目前已形成鮮食棗規(guī)模化種植的縣主要有山東沾化、陜西大荔、山西臨猗、河北黃燁4個(gè)主產(chǎn)縣（區(qū)），主栽品種有冬棗、子彈頭、爆米花、早脆王等。

在全國(guó)紅棗制干棗供大于求、效益低下、撂荒刨樹(shù)的情況下，鮮食棗產(chǎn)業(yè)依然維持著高收益，且能夠吸引年輕人加入從業(yè)，很多紅棗主產(chǎn)縣（區(qū)）都在學(xué)習(xí)、模仿鮮食棗生產(chǎn)，但多數(shù)以失敗告終，顯然，鮮食棗產(chǎn)業(yè)有不同于制干棗產(chǎn)業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)特征和規(guī)律，研究鮮食棗產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)特征和規(guī)律，是鮮食棗產(chǎn)業(yè)健康、可持續(xù)發(fā)展的理論保障。

本研究以山西省臨猗縣設(shè)施鮮食棗產(chǎn)業(yè)為例，總結(jié)鮮食棗產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)特征和規(guī)律，旨在促進(jìn)鮮食棗產(chǎn)業(yè)健康和可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

1 研究區(qū)和鮮食棗產(chǎn)業(yè)概況

1.1 臨猗縣鮮食棗生產(chǎn)概況