翟曉靜
一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)概述
英語(yǔ)有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式,一般說(shuō)來(lái),只有需要?jiǎng)幼鲗?duì)象的及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。漢語(yǔ)中常用“被”、“受”、“給”等詞來(lái)表示被動(dòng)意義。如:
They didnt finish the job他們沒有完成那項(xiàng)工作(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
The job wasnt finished by them. 那項(xiàng)工作沒有被他們完成(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞(p.p)”構(gòu)成。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)變化只改變be的形式,過去分詞部分不變。疑問式和否定式的變化也如此。為更好熟記八種常用時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)應(yīng)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)格式,現(xiàn)以圖表總結(jié)如下:
對(duì)于含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的句子,其主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)為:主語(yǔ)+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+V原形,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)為:主語(yǔ)+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+p.p
三、注意事項(xiàng)
1. 對(duì)于含有雙賓語(yǔ),即直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)的句子,每個(gè)賓語(yǔ)都可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ),但多以間接賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)。
eg.. Jack told us the truth. →We were told the truth by Jack.
2..一些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)應(yīng)當(dāng)看作一個(gè)整體,而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。
eg.. We can't laugh at him. →He cant be laughed at by us.
3.一些表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),如:have, belong to, happen等。 eg.. The traffic accident happened to him.
4. 有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng),如: write, break, sell, look。 eg.The apples look good and sell well.
5. 含有賓語(yǔ)從句的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句,通常用it作為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的先行主語(yǔ),把賓語(yǔ)從句后置。
e.g. We have determined that the plan should be carried out soon. →
→It has been determined that the plan should be carried out soon.
6. 對(duì)于含有賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句子,變成被動(dòng)句后原來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)就成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)了(不帶to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),變成被動(dòng)時(shí)要加上to)。
e.g. I found him play on the playground just now. →He was found to play on the playground by me.