展望上海地鐵列車的后5 000輛時代

孫 章

(同濟大學(xué)《城市軌道交通研究》主編，教授)

7月19日，一列上海地鐵2號線最新型號列車閃亮登場。它不僅是上海第840列地鐵列車，而且標(biāo)志著上海地鐵車輛進入5 000輛時代。上海地鐵的車輛保有量位列全國地鐵城市前列，目前每天投入運營的地鐵列車有630多列，車輛數(shù)約有3 800多。

上海地鐵自1993年5月28日開通運營至今，已有25年。1995年運行在1號線上的首批16列車(系6節(jié)編組，共計96輛)都從德國進口，建設(shè)經(jīng)費、購車經(jīng)費都來自德國貸款；2005年，由外方主導(dǎo)設(shè)計，上海地鐵車輛開始進入國產(chǎn)化時代；2007年，上海地鐵車輛保有量突破1 000輛；2008年，實現(xiàn)自主設(shè)計，國產(chǎn)化水平進一步提高，2009年底車輛保有量達(dá)到2 000輛。隨著2010年上海世博會的召開，上海提出了“綠色地鐵”概念，越來越多的節(jié)能降噪技術(shù)得到運用。這一階段的車輛無論設(shè)計還是制造都實現(xiàn)了自主化，平均國產(chǎn)化率已超過75%；其中電氣傳動系統(tǒng)的國產(chǎn)化率超過了50%。2012年夏，車輛保有量突破3 000輛；2016年底，第4 000輛車落戶上海；此后只經(jīng)過一年半時間，上海地鐵就迎來了第5 000輛車。

25年來，上海地鐵列車不僅在數(shù)量上持續(xù)增加，而且在質(zhì)量上不斷提升：從最初的依賴全進口到如今的全面國產(chǎn)化；從最初的直流傳動列車，過渡到第二代交流傳動列車；再從節(jié)能環(huán)保列車，進化到智能列車(通過傳感器和車地?zé)o線傳輸模塊可在線監(jiān)測列車運營狀態(tài)，從而提升控制和運維平臺對列車運營的實時維護保障能力)。上海地鐵列車目前正朝著標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和智能化的目標(biāo)繼續(xù)前進。上海地鐵列車的全面進步，從一個側(cè)面充分反映了國家改革開放40年所帶來的巨大變化。

巴黎的軌道交通已基本實現(xiàn)了車輛、信號、線路的互聯(lián)互通，列車可以跨線運行。為了推進我國城市軌道交通的高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，提高運營效率，實現(xiàn)資源共享，有關(guān)的互聯(lián)互通國家示范工程正在實施：中國城市軌道交通協(xié)會提出了中國城市軌道交通信號系統(tǒng)CBTC(基于通信的列車控制)互聯(lián)互通規(guī)范，并正在建設(shè)重慶軌道交通CBTC互聯(lián)互通示范工程；另一個示范工程是北京燕房線的全自動運行系統(tǒng)。由于通信平臺是互聯(lián)互通的基礎(chǔ)，如何聯(lián)手推進5G等前沿信息技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，也應(yīng)成為城市軌道交通的發(fā)展方向之一。

目前，我國的城市軌道交通建設(shè)，正在從超強度建設(shè)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楦哔|(zhì)量發(fā)展；其規(guī)劃正在從注重城市內(nèi)部發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橥瑫r注重城市群內(nèi)的一體化規(guī)劃。與此相關(guān)的是，城市軌道交通的制式也正在從地鐵單一制式向多制式發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)變，在“十三五”期間特別要補上市域(郊)鐵路、城際鐵路這兩塊“短板”。由此展望，上海未來的軌道交通列車，必將在一體化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、智能化的軌道上繼續(xù)奮勇前進。

Commentary

Look Ahead to the Post 5 000 Vehicles′ Era of Shanghai Metro Trains

SUNZhang

(Editor-in-Chief ofUrbanMassTransitof Tongji University, Professor)

On July 19, 2018, the latest model train of Shanghai Metro Line 2 made its debut. It is not only the 840th column of metro train in Shanghai, but also is a sign of Shanghai metro vehicles′ entering 5 000 vehicles′ era. Shanghai metro vehicles′ holdings are ranked in the forefront of the national metro cities. Shanghai metro trains in the current daily operations have more than 630 columns, and the number of their vehicles is more than 3 800.

It is 25 years up to now since Shanghai metro was opened on May 28, 1993. In 1995, the first 16 trains running on Line 1 (Each train was 6 vehicles′ train-formation, and there was a total of 96 vehicles.) were all imported from Germany, the construction funds and train purchase funds were both from Germany loans. In 2005, by the foreign-led designs, Shanghai metro began to enter the localization era. In 2007, Shanghai metro train vehicles′ holdings exceeded 1 000. In 2008, the independent designs of metro trains were realized, and the localization level was further improved. By the end of 2009, Shanghai metro train vehicles′ holdings had reached 2 000. With the 2010 Shanghai World Expo held, Shanghai put forward the concept of "Green Metro". More and more energy-saving and noise-reducing technologies were used. At this phase, both the metro trains′ designs and their manufactures have achieved autonomy. The average localization rate of metro trains exceeded 75%. Among which, the localization rate of the electric drive system exceeded 50%. In the summer of 2012, the metro train vehicles′ holdings exceeded 3 000. At the end of 2016, the 4 000 th vehicle was settled in Shanghai. Hereafter, only after one year and a half, Shanghai metro ushered in the 5 000 th vehicle.

For the last 25 years, the Shanghai metro trains not only have continued to increase in number, but also have continued to improve in quality, from initial dependence on all importation to today′s overall localization, from the initial DC drive trains to the second-generation′s AC drive trains and evolving to the intelligent trains from the energy-saving and environmental-friendly trains (Through the sensor and the train-ground wireless transmission module, the train operation status could be on-line monitored. Thereby, the control and operation and maintenance platform′s real-time maintenance and guarantee capability for trains would be promoted.). At present, Shanghai metro trains are moving on towards the goal of standardization and intellectualization. The overall progress of Shanghai metro trains reflects the great changes brought about by the country′s 40-year reform and opening-up from one side.

The rail traffic in Paris has basically realized the interconnection of vehicles, signals and lines. Their trains could run across lines. In order to promote the high quality development of our country′s urban rail transit, improve its operational efficiency and realize resource sharing, the relevant national demonstration projects of interconnection are being implemented. China Association of Metros has put forward the CBTC (Communication Based Train Control) interconnection specification of Chinese urban rail transit signal system and the demonstration project of Chongqing Rail Transit CBTC Interconnection is being constructed. Another demonstration project is the fully-automatic operation system of Beijing Metro Yan-Fang Line. Because communication platforms are the basis of interconnection, how to jointly push forward the application of 5G and other frontier information technology should be one of the development directions of urban rail transit.

At present, the urban rail transit constructions of our country are changing from super-strength constructions to high quality development. The rail transit planning is changing from paying attention to the inner development of the city to simultaneously paying attention to the integration planning inner the urban agglomeration. Being related to this is that urban rail transit systems are also changing from the metro′s single mode to the multi-mode development. During "the 13th Five-Year Plan" period, these two "short plates" of city railways and intercity railways should specially be mended. Therefore, looking ahead from this, Shanghai′s future rail transit trains will continue to advance courageously on the track of integration, standardization and intellectualization.

(Translated by SUN Zheng)