氮肥對(duì)非充分灌溉下棉花花鈴期光合特性及產(chǎn)量的補(bǔ)償作用

石洪亮 嚴(yán)青青 張巨松 李春艷 竇海濤

?

氮肥對(duì)非充分灌溉下棉花花鈴期光合特性及產(chǎn)量的補(bǔ)償作用

石洪亮 嚴(yán)青青 張巨松*李春艷 竇海濤

新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院 / 教育部棉花工程研究中心, 新疆烏魯木齊 830052

研究氮肥對(duì)非充分灌溉下棉花花鈴期光合特性及產(chǎn)量的補(bǔ)償作用及其機(jī)制, 以期為干旱地區(qū)棉花水肥高效利用提供理論依據(jù)。以“新陸中54號(hào)”為試材, 采用裂區(qū)試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì), 主區(qū)為總灌溉量2800 m3hm–2(非充分灌溉)和3800 m3hm–2(常規(guī)灌溉), 副區(qū)為4個(gè)施氮(純N)水平(0、150、300和450 kg hm–2)。同一氮肥處理下, 非充分灌溉處理棉花花鈴期葉面積指數(shù)(LAI)、凈光合速率(n)、蒸騰速率(r)、單株光合產(chǎn)物積累與分配、單株結(jié)鈴數(shù)、單鈴重及籽棉產(chǎn)量均低于常規(guī)灌溉處理, 但籽棉增產(chǎn)率和灌溉水生產(chǎn)力高于常規(guī)灌溉處理; 同一灌溉量下, 隨著氮肥施用量的增加, 棉花花鈴期LAI和單株光合產(chǎn)物積累量先增后降, 且表現(xiàn)為N450>N300>N150>N0,r、n、單株光合產(chǎn)物向生殖器官分配比例、單株結(jié)鈴數(shù)、單鈴重、籽棉產(chǎn)量、籽棉增產(chǎn)率及灌溉水生產(chǎn)力均表現(xiàn)為N300>N450>N150>N0; 非充分灌溉下增施氮肥的補(bǔ)償效果隨著氮肥用量的增加呈先增加后下降的趨勢(shì), N300處理補(bǔ)償效果最顯著, 與常規(guī)灌溉處理相比, 補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)主要表現(xiàn)在棉花花鈴期n平均提高10.9%, 單株光合產(chǎn)物積累向生殖積累器官分配比例提高10.7%, 單株結(jié)鈴數(shù)、單鈴重、籽棉增產(chǎn)率及灌溉水生產(chǎn)力分別提高5.0%、8.0%、7.1%和7.5%; 氮肥對(duì)棉花花鈴期光合特性及產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素的影響大于水分。非充分灌溉下氮肥施用量為300 kg hm–2時(shí)補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)最大, 雖然在產(chǎn)量上有所下降, 但從干旱地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)缺水的現(xiàn)實(shí)考慮, 可準(zhǔn)確灌溉施肥, 且籽棉產(chǎn)量較常規(guī)灌溉處理僅下降1.3%。因此, 在南疆自然生態(tài)條件下, 非充分灌溉下施氮300 kg hm–2時(shí)棉花花鈴期LAI、r、n及單株光合產(chǎn)物積累量適宜, 向生殖器官轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)補(bǔ)償效果顯著, 具有最大的產(chǎn)量補(bǔ)償作用, 且節(jié)水26.3%。

棉花; 非充分灌溉; 氮肥; 光合特性; 灌溉水生產(chǎn)力; 產(chǎn)量; 補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)

非充分灌溉是針對(duì)水資源緊缺與用水效率低而提出的, 糧食和經(jīng)濟(jì)等作物生產(chǎn)中先后出現(xiàn)了非充分灌溉, 又稱為有限灌溉或虧缺灌溉, 不追求單位面積上最高產(chǎn)量, 允許一定限度的減產(chǎn)。水分虧缺是作物生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境中普遍存在的一種逆境脅迫, 也是影響干旱半干旱地區(qū)作物生產(chǎn)的主要因素, 水分和養(yǎng)分具有強(qiáng)烈的交互作用, 干旱半干旱地區(qū)植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)的基本問(wèn)題是在水分不能完全滿足作物需求的條件下合理的氮肥運(yùn)籌, 達(dá)到“以肥調(diào)水”的目的, 提高作物的灌溉水生產(chǎn)力, 增強(qiáng)抗旱性, 促進(jìn)作物對(duì)有限水資源的充分利用[1-4]。因此, 研究非充分灌溉下增施氮肥對(duì)棉花產(chǎn)量形成的影響, 對(duì)干旱區(qū)棉花水肥高效管理技術(shù)的完善具有重要意義。水分脅迫的補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)是指作物受到閾值內(nèi)的水分虧缺后, 在具有恢復(fù)因子(復(fù)水)和過(guò)程(時(shí)間)條件下, 表現(xiàn)出在生理生化和農(nóng)藝指標(biāo)上有利于作物生長(zhǎng)、產(chǎn)量提高和品質(zhì)改善的能力[5], 但補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)的產(chǎn)生不僅發(fā)生在干旱復(fù)水條件下, 干旱后增施氮肥同樣可以達(dá)到一定的補(bǔ)償效應(yīng), 補(bǔ)償因水分不足對(duì)作物造成的影響[6]。褚麗麗等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)大豆產(chǎn)量的補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)是水分虧缺和氮素營(yíng)養(yǎng)合力作用的結(jié)果; 張立新等[8]研究表明適當(dāng)增施氮肥可有效地改善水分虧缺下玉米葉片的光合特性, 從而增強(qiáng)作物的抗旱性; 彭世彰等[9]研究顯示水稻抽穗開(kāi)花期水分虧缺造成了產(chǎn)量顯著下降, 分蘗后期水分虧缺處理在復(fù)水后表現(xiàn)出明顯的補(bǔ)償效應(yīng), 水稻產(chǎn)量較對(duì)照持平略有增加; 同時(shí), 蔡一霞等[10]、吳自明等[11]研究認(rèn)為水稻灌漿期水分虧缺時(shí)適量增施氮肥, 對(duì)功能葉光合同化物生產(chǎn)與積累無(wú)顯著影響, 降低干旱脅迫危害、增強(qiáng)葉片光合功能、延長(zhǎng)葉片功能期, 產(chǎn)量在補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)作用下無(wú)顯著降低。但也有研究指出在土壤水分有限的條件下, 增施氮肥會(huì)使作物的水分脅迫加重, 對(duì)產(chǎn)量造成不利影響[12]?？傮w上來(lái)看, 前人在不同生育時(shí)期調(diào)虧灌溉[13-14]、干濕交替[15-18]、干旱脅迫與復(fù)水[9,19-22]、虧缺灌溉與增施氮肥[7-8,11,23-24]方面對(duì)作物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育[14,23,25]、光合性能[8,11,24,26-27]、產(chǎn)量及補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)[7,9,23,28]影響的研究較為全面。關(guān)于全生育期非充分灌溉下氮肥對(duì)棉花光合特性、產(chǎn)量及灌溉水生產(chǎn)力方面的研究還鮮見(jiàn)報(bào)道。本試驗(yàn)研究氮肥對(duì)非充分灌溉下棉花花鈴期光合特性、產(chǎn)量及灌溉水生產(chǎn)力的影響, 明確氮肥對(duì)棉花產(chǎn)量形成的補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)機(jī)制, 以期為干旱半干旱地區(qū)水肥高效管理提供理論依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)區(qū)概況

新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院經(jīng)濟(jì)作物研究所實(shí)驗(yàn)基地, 位于新疆阿克蘇市阿瓦提縣豐收二場(chǎng)一連, 屬暖溫帶大陸性干旱氣候, 無(wú)霜期183~227 d, 年均日照2750~3029 h, 全年≥10℃積溫3802.9℃, 多年平均降水量46.7 mm, 多年平均蒸發(fā)量1890.7 mm, 試驗(yàn)區(qū)耕作層(0~40 cm)土壤為沙壤土, 土壤平均容重1.44 g cm–3, 播種前土壤質(zhì)量含水率(0~60 cm)平均為16.24%。連續(xù)2年土壤基礎(chǔ)理化性質(zhì)見(jiàn)表1。

1.2 試驗(yàn)方案

采用裂區(qū)試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì), 主區(qū)為總灌溉量, 分別為非充分灌溉2800 m3hm–2(當(dāng)?shù)匾话忝尢锲骄喔人?和常規(guī)灌溉3800 m3hm–2(當(dāng)?shù)馗弋a(chǎn)棉田平均灌溉水平); 副區(qū)為4個(gè)施氮(N)水平(0、150、300、450 kg hm–2), 分別用N0、N150、N300、N450表示。供試棉花品種為新陸中54號(hào)。采用機(jī)采棉種植模式, 行距配置(66+10) cm, 膜間行距60 cm, 株距11 cm, 理論株數(shù)為24.3萬(wàn)株 hm–2。小區(qū)面積44.9 m2, 重復(fù)3次, 重復(fù)間距50 cm, 占地面積為1159.2 m2。

表1 土壤基礎(chǔ)理化性質(zhì)

根據(jù)棉花生育期需水情況, 本試驗(yàn)共10次滴灌, 自現(xiàn)蕾期開(kāi)始每7 d滴灌1次; 每次滴灌量由水表控制, 氮肥經(jīng)電子秤稱量后, 對(duì)應(yīng)各處理放入施氮罐中, 隨水滴施, 按照一水一肥進(jìn)行。施用的肥料為尿素(N 46%)、顆粒狀過(guò)磷酸鈣(P2O512%)和農(nóng)用顆粒鉀肥(K2O 40%)?；┛偭康?0%、顆粒狀過(guò)磷酸鈣200 kg hm–2和農(nóng)用顆粒鉀肥100 kg hm–2; 追施尿素總量的80% (表2)。

表2 水、氮分配表

表中前面和后面的日期分別為2015年和2016年的水氮分配日期; 灌溉量和施氮量單位分別為m3hm–2和kg hm–2。

Date of water and nitrogen allocation in front and back dates were 2015 and 2016, respectively; the unit of drip irrigation amount and nitrogen application rate are m3hm–2and kg hm–2, respectively.

1.3 測(cè)定項(xiàng)目與方法

1.3.1 土壤基礎(chǔ)理化性質(zhì) 2015—2016年播種前按五點(diǎn)對(duì)角線方法取0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm土層土樣, 送新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院檢測(cè)中心測(cè)定土壤全氮、速效N、速效P、速效K和有機(jī)質(zhì)含量。

1.3.2 葉面積指數(shù)(LAI) 2016年于棉花初花期、盛花期、盛鈴期、吐絮期采用LAI-2000冠層儀測(cè)定棉花葉面積指數(shù)(LAI)。2015年采用打孔法測(cè)定的LAI, 采用的方法不一致, 故只用2016年數(shù)據(jù)。

1.3.3 光合參數(shù) 2015—2016年于棉花初花期、盛花期、盛鈴期、吐絮期在11:00—13:00時(shí)間內(nèi)的晴朗天氣利用英國(guó)Hansatech公司生產(chǎn)的TPS-2測(cè)定葉片凈光合速率(n)和蒸騰速率(r)(滴灌施肥后的第5天測(cè)定)。

1.3.4 植株地上部光合物質(zhì)積累 2015—2016年初花期至吐絮期, 選取具有代表性的6株棉花, 將營(yíng)養(yǎng)器官與生殖器官分開(kāi), 放入電熱恒溫鼓風(fēng)干燥箱105℃殺青30 min, 80℃烘至恒重, 測(cè)定其質(zhì)量。

1.3.5 產(chǎn)量 2015—2016年在棉花吐絮期, 記數(shù)每小區(qū)株數(shù)和鈴數(shù), 選取有代表性的棉株, 從上至下取棉花樣品100朵, 測(cè)其鈴重, 重復(fù)3次。

1.3.6 計(jì)算公式 灌溉水生產(chǎn)力(kg m–3) = 籽棉產(chǎn)量/總灌溉量; 籽棉增產(chǎn)率(%) = (施氮區(qū)籽棉重量–不施氮區(qū)籽棉重量)/施氮量區(qū)籽棉重量×100%

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

采用Microsoft Excel 2013、SPSS 19.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析, 采用General Linear Model-Univariate Proce- Dure進(jìn)行方差分析, 采用Duncan’s新復(fù)極差法進(jìn)行多重比較。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 非充分灌溉下氮肥對(duì)棉花花鈴期葉面積指數(shù)(LAI)的影響

由圖1可知, 非充分灌溉與常規(guī)灌溉下不同生育時(shí)期各氮肥處理棉花LAI存在顯著性差異, 前者較后者下降, 初花期平均下降18.1%, 盛花期平均下降9.9%, 盛鈴期平均下降7.7%, 吐絮期平均下降13.5%。非充分灌溉與常規(guī)灌溉下隨著氮肥量的增加LAI呈先增加后下降的趨勢(shì), 表現(xiàn)為N300>N450> N150>N0, 在盛花期達(dá)到峰值(除非充分灌溉下N0處理在初花期達(dá)到峰值外)。盛花期至盛鈴期調(diào)控效應(yīng)最明顯, 非充分灌溉下N150、N300、N450處理棉花LAI較N0處理分別增加20.3%、33.2%和38.0%; 常規(guī)灌溉下N150、N300、N450處理棉花LAI較N0處理分別增加11.3%、23.6%和31.3%。2種灌溉下均表現(xiàn)N450處理棉花LAI指數(shù)提高效果最顯著, 非充分灌溉下在不同生育時(shí)期N150處理棉花LAI補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)最顯著, N450處理補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)最低。

圖1 棉花花鈴期LAI的比較

FP: 初花期; FF: 盛花期; FB: 盛鈴期; OB: 吐絮期。

FP: flowering period; FF: full flower period; FB: full boll period; OB: opening boll period.

2.2 非充分灌溉下增施氮肥對(duì)棉花花鈴期凈光合速率(Pn)的影響

2015和2016兩年數(shù)據(jù)趨勢(shì)一致, 非充分灌溉與常規(guī)灌溉下不同生育時(shí)期各氮肥處理棉花n存在顯著性差異(表3)。非充分灌溉較常規(guī)灌溉下各氮肥處理棉花n下降, 初花期、盛花期、盛鈴期及吐絮期分別平均下降3.2%、2.7%、3.2%和10.9%, 可見(jiàn)盛鈴期過(guò)后非充分灌溉下各氮肥處理棉花n下降快速。非充分灌溉與常規(guī)灌溉下, 不同生育時(shí)期隨著施氮量的增加棉花n均表現(xiàn)為N300>N450> N150>N0。非充分灌溉下N150、N300、N450處理初花期棉花n較N0處理分別增加6.0%、20.4%和15.2%, 盛花期棉花n較N0處理分別增加9.6%、23.5%和18.6%, 盛鈴期棉花n較N0處理分別增加9.7%、38.6%和32.5%; 常規(guī)灌溉下N150、N300、N450處理初花期棉花n較N0處理分別增加3.1%、18.3%和14.8%, 盛花期棉花n較N0處理分別增加6.8%、20.7%和16.0%, 盛鈴期棉花n較N0處理分別增加9.1%、36.0%和29.5%。不同灌溉量下不同生育時(shí)期均表現(xiàn)為N300處理棉花n提高效果最顯著, 非充分灌溉下N300處理棉花n補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)明顯, 主要在盛花期, 較常規(guī)灌溉下N300處理提高12.9%。

2.3 非充分灌溉下增施氮肥對(duì)棉花花鈴期蒸騰速率(Tr)的影響

非充分灌溉與常規(guī)灌溉下不同生育時(shí)期各氮肥處理的棉花r存在一定的顯著性差異(表4)。前者較后者下降, 初花期、盛花期、盛鈴期及吐絮期分別平均下降7.6%、6.3%、7.9%和11.6%, 說(shuō)明隨著生育進(jìn)程的推進(jìn)非充分灌溉下各氮肥處理不同程度限制了氣孔開(kāi)放, 導(dǎo)致光合性能降低。非充分灌溉與常規(guī)灌溉下, 不同生育時(shí)期均隨施氮量的增加棉花r表現(xiàn)為N300>N450>N150>N0, 在盛花期達(dá)到峰值。不同灌溉下均表現(xiàn)為N300處理在盛花期提高效果顯著, 非充分灌溉下N300處理盛花期棉花r較N0處理增加24.6%, 常規(guī)灌溉下N300處理盛花期棉花r較N0處理增加18.6%, 非充分灌溉下N300處理棉花r補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)明顯, 主要在盛花期, 較常規(guī)灌溉下N300處理提高22.5%, 與n表現(xiàn)結(jié)果一致, 且兩年數(shù)據(jù)趨勢(shì)一致。

表3 棉花花鈴期功能葉(倒三葉) Pn的比較

標(biāo)的不同字母的值在< 0.05水平下差異顯著。

FP: flowering period; FF: full flower period; FB: full boll period; OB: opening boll period. Values followed by different letters are significantly different at< 0.05.

表4 棉花花鈴期功能葉(倒三葉)Tr的比較

標(biāo)的不同字母的值在< 0.05水平下差異顯著。

FP: flowering period; FF: full flower period; FB: full boll period; OB: opening boll period. Values followed by different letters are significantly different at< 0.05.

2.4 非充分灌溉下增施氮肥對(duì)單株棉花花鈴期光合物質(zhì)積累與分配的影響

從表5可以看出, 非充分灌溉較常規(guī)灌溉下單株棉花光合產(chǎn)物積累量和向生殖器官分配比例分別平均下降7.6%和3.2%; 單株光合產(chǎn)物積累向營(yíng)養(yǎng)器官分配比例平均增加2.0%。非充分灌溉與常規(guī)灌溉下隨著施氮量的增加單株棉花光合產(chǎn)物積累量表現(xiàn)為N450>N300>N150>N0; 單株光合產(chǎn)物積累向營(yíng)養(yǎng)器官分配比例表現(xiàn)為N0>N150>N450>N300; 單株光合產(chǎn)物積累向生殖器官分配比例表現(xiàn)為N300>N450>N150>N0。非充分灌溉下N150、N300、N450處理單株棉花光合產(chǎn)物積累量較N0處理分別增加12.0%、41.4%和41.3%, 單株光合產(chǎn)物積累向生殖器官分配較N0處理分別提高10.3%、26.0%和20.2%; 常規(guī)灌溉下N150、N300、N450處理單株棉花光合產(chǎn)物積累量較N0處理分別增加9.9%、35.8%和36.6%, 單株光合產(chǎn)物積累向生殖器官分配較N0處理分別提高8.4%、23.3%和16.6%。非充分灌溉下N300處理單株棉花光合產(chǎn)物積累向生殖器官分配補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)明顯, 較常規(guī)灌溉下N300處理提高10.7%。

表5 單株棉花吐絮期地上部光合產(chǎn)物積累與分配的比較

標(biāo)的不同字母的值在<0.05水平下差異顯著。

Values followed by different letters are significantly different at<0.05. PA: photosynthate accumulation; VOA: vegetative organ allocation; ROA: reproductive organ allocation.

2.5 非充分灌溉下增施氮肥對(duì)棉花產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素及灌溉水生產(chǎn)力的影響

方差分析(表6)顯示, 年份對(duì)單株結(jié)鈴數(shù)和單鈴重的影響均達(dá)到極顯著水平(<0.01); 灌溉對(duì)灌溉水生產(chǎn)力的影響達(dá)到極顯著水平(<0.01); 氮肥對(duì)單株結(jié)鈴數(shù)、單鈴重、籽棉產(chǎn)量及灌溉水生產(chǎn)力的影響均達(dá)到極顯著水平(<0.01); 年份與氮肥對(duì)單株結(jié)鈴數(shù)、單鈴重、籽棉產(chǎn)量及灌溉水生產(chǎn)力的影響均達(dá)到極顯著水平(<0.01)。

由表7可知, 非充分灌溉較常規(guī)灌溉下單株結(jié)鈴數(shù)、單鈴重及籽棉產(chǎn)量分別平均下降2.2%、0.6%和2.1%; 灌溉水生產(chǎn)力和籽棉增產(chǎn)率分別平均增加24.8%和4.9%。非充分灌溉與常規(guī)灌溉下隨著施氮量的增加單株結(jié)鈴數(shù)、單鈴重、籽棉產(chǎn)量及灌溉水生產(chǎn)力均表現(xiàn)為N300>N450>N150>N0; 籽棉增產(chǎn)率表現(xiàn)為N300>N450>N150。非充分灌溉下N150、N300、N450處理單株結(jié)鈴數(shù)較N0處理分別增加11.3%、28.7%和26.6%, 單鈴重較N0處理分別提高11.1%、16.0%和14.8%, 灌溉水生產(chǎn)力較N0處理分別提高14.2%、34.3%和35.5%; 常規(guī)灌溉下N150、N300、N450處理單株結(jié)鈴數(shù)較N0處理分別增加8.9%、27.3%和24.3%, 單鈴重較N0處理分別提高8.5%、14.7%和13.1%, 灌溉水生產(chǎn)力較N0處理分別提高11.6%、31.8%和27.9%。非充分灌溉下N300處理補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)明顯, 表現(xiàn)在單株結(jié)鈴數(shù)、單鈴重、灌溉水生產(chǎn)力及籽棉增產(chǎn)率較常規(guī)灌溉下N300處理分別提高5.0%、8.0%、7.5%和7.1%。兩年數(shù)據(jù)趨勢(shì)一致, 2016年數(shù)據(jù)表現(xiàn)更為顯著。

3 討論

研究表明, 拔節(jié)孕穗后期和抽穗開(kāi)花期水分虧缺處理水稻光合產(chǎn)物積累量顯著低于對(duì)照[9]。也有研究認(rèn)為, 在全生育期水分虧缺處理?xiàng)l件下, 春青稞耗穗粒數(shù)、千粒質(zhì)量和籽粒產(chǎn)量均小于充分灌溉處理[29]。本試驗(yàn)非充分灌溉下各氮肥處理在棉花花鈴期葉面積指數(shù)(LAI)、蒸騰速率、凈光合速率、光合產(chǎn)物積累、單株結(jié)鈴數(shù)、單鈴重及籽棉產(chǎn)量均低于常規(guī)灌溉處理, 但并無(wú)顯著性降低。這表明非充分灌溉下增施氮肥可不同程度地縮小與常規(guī)灌溉的差異, 說(shuō)明通過(guò)增施氮肥同樣可以達(dá)到一定的補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 返青期干旱脅迫后復(fù)水, 各施氮處理油菜的LAI、地上部?jī)艄夂纤俾?、光合產(chǎn)物積累、產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成均表現(xiàn)出一定程度的補(bǔ)償效應(yīng), 補(bǔ)償效果隨施氮量的增加先增加后降低[23]。雖然本試驗(yàn)條件與干旱復(fù)水條件不一致, 但最終結(jié)果表現(xiàn)與其一致, 本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明, 非充分灌溉與常規(guī)灌溉下棉花凈光合速率、光合產(chǎn)物積累、單鈴重、單株結(jié)鈴數(shù)、產(chǎn)量及灌溉水生產(chǎn)力補(bǔ)償效果均隨施氮量增加表現(xiàn)為先增加后下降, 均表現(xiàn)為N300處理補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)最為顯著, 而LAI卻隨著施氮量增加而下降。說(shuō)明無(wú)論在非充分灌溉還是常規(guī)灌溉下, 施用過(guò)多氮肥對(duì)棉花的影響均表現(xiàn)為負(fù)效應(yīng), 造成植株瘋長(zhǎng), 導(dǎo)致貪青晚熟。

表6 棉花產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素及灌溉水生產(chǎn)力的方差分析

MS: 均方根; F: 統(tǒng)計(jì)量。MS: root mean square; F: statistics.**< 0.01.

表7 棉花產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素及灌溉水生產(chǎn)力的比較

BN: 單株結(jié)鈴數(shù); BW: 單鈴重; SCY: 籽棉產(chǎn)量; IWP: 灌溉水生產(chǎn)力; SCYR: 籽棉增產(chǎn)率。標(biāo)的不同字母的值在< 0.05水平下差異顯著。

BN: boll number; BW: boll weight; SCY: seed cotton yield; IWP: drip irrigation water productivity; SCYR: seed cotton yield increasing rate. Values followed by different letters are significantly different at< 0.05.

研究認(rèn)為, 施氮能不同程度降低水分虧缺下玉米[8]、煙草[30]、小麥[24]等作物葉片的蒸騰速率, 在一定程度上可延緩葉片衰老, 提高凈光合速率, 從而減緩水分虧缺對(duì)光合作用的傷害[31]。本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與前人研究結(jié)果趨于一致, 非充分灌溉下各氮肥處理通過(guò)降低蒸騰速率, 來(lái)減弱棉花葉片水分蒸騰, 從而提高了葉片的水分利用效率, 延長(zhǎng)了葉片光合作用時(shí)間, 進(jìn)而提高了棉花葉片的凈光合速率, 通過(guò)生理代謝調(diào)節(jié), 在一定程度上提高了葉片的光合性能。說(shuō)明棉花通過(guò)自身機(jī)制的調(diào)節(jié), 保證了光合作用對(duì)光能的吸收與利用, 同時(shí)也反映出增施氮肥對(duì)非充分灌溉下棉花光合作用具有較好補(bǔ)償效果。干旱脅迫主要降低作物的光合產(chǎn)物積累量[22,28], 并減弱干物質(zhì)由源到匯的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)能力[26], 降低籽粒灌漿速率[32], 最終影響其產(chǎn)量[33]。但也有研究表明, 適度水分虧缺會(huì)提高旱地小麥灌漿前期穗部的碳同化能力, 加速灌漿前期穗部光合產(chǎn)物向籽粒的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn), 以維持一定的產(chǎn)量水平[28]。本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與前人研究結(jié)果不盡一致, 非充分灌溉雖然降低了光合產(chǎn)物積累量, 但向生殖器官分配及轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)能力有所提高, 同時(shí)也表現(xiàn)出了不同程度的早衰, 尤其N0處理表現(xiàn)更為顯著。通過(guò)增施氮肥可有效緩解這種情況, 同時(shí)光合產(chǎn)物向生殖器官分配及轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)能力有較大的提高, 尤其N300處理表現(xiàn)最為顯著。本試驗(yàn)補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)機(jī)制一方面是通過(guò)光合作用補(bǔ)償, 另一方面主要是通過(guò)氮肥運(yùn)籌的調(diào)節(jié)作用, 加強(qiáng)了光合產(chǎn)物積累和向生殖器官轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)能力, 進(jìn)而保證棉花產(chǎn)量無(wú)顯著下降。另外針對(duì)無(wú)霜期較短的區(qū)域, 本試驗(yàn)條件下可能有效提高霜前花率。郝樹(shù)榮等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn)高水高肥并不一定高產(chǎn), 輕旱與低氮具有明顯的協(xié)同互作效應(yīng), 在保產(chǎn)的同時(shí)達(dá)到節(jié)水的目的。本實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下, 非充分灌溉較常規(guī)灌溉節(jié)水26.3%, 籽棉產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成因素?zé)o顯著下降, 增產(chǎn)率高。

4 結(jié)論

非充分灌溉下N300處理籽棉產(chǎn)量下降了1.3%, 但產(chǎn)量補(bǔ)償效果(籽棉增產(chǎn)率)與灌溉水生產(chǎn)力分別提高了7.1%和7.5%; 主要是光合作用的補(bǔ)償能力提高, 進(jìn)而增強(qiáng)單株光合產(chǎn)物積累和向生殖器官轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的補(bǔ)償效果, 與常規(guī)灌溉相比, 棉花花鈴期凈光合速率平均提高10.9%, 棉花光合產(chǎn)物提高10.7%; 在南疆自然生態(tài)條件下, 以非充分灌溉下施氮300 kg hm–2時(shí)棉花花鈴期LAI、凈光合速率及光合物質(zhì)積累量適宜, 向生殖器官轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)補(bǔ)償效果顯著, 具有最大的產(chǎn)量補(bǔ)償效應(yīng), 且節(jié)水26.3%。

[1] 寇丹, 蘇德榮, 吳迪, 李巖. 地下調(diào)虧滴灌對(duì)紫花苜蓿耗水、產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào), 2014, 30(2): 116–123 Kou D, Su D R, Wu D, Li Y. Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on water consumption, hay yield and quality of alfalfa under subsurface drip irrigation., 2014, 30(2): 116–123 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[2] 李秧秧, 邵明安. 小麥根系對(duì)水分和氮肥的生理生態(tài)反應(yīng). 植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與肥料學(xué)報(bào), 2000, 6: 383–388 Li Y Y, Shao M A. Physio-ecological response of spring wheat root to water and nitrogen., 2000, 6: 383–388 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[3] Aqueel M A, Leather S R. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and survival of(L.) and(F.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on different wheat cultivars., 2011, 30: 216–221

[4] Sandhu S S, Mahal S S, Vashist K K, Buttar G S, Brar A S, Singh M. Crop and water productivity of bed transplanted rice as influenced by various levels of nitrogen and irrigation in northwest India., 2011, 104: 32–39

[5] 郭相平, 張烈君, 王琴, 郝樹(shù)榮, 王為木. 作物水分脅迫補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)研究進(jìn)展. 河海大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版), 2005, 33: 634–637 Guo X P, Zhang L J, Wang Q, Hao S R, Wang W M. Advances in compensatory effects response to water stress.(Nat Sci Edn), 2005, 33: 634–637 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[6] 趙麗英, 鄧西平, 山侖. 水分虧缺下作物補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)類型及機(jī)制研究概述. 應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 2004, 15: 523–526 Zhao L Y, Deng X P, Shan L. A review on types and mechanisms of compensation effect of crops under water deficit., 2004, 15: 523–526 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[7] 褚麗麗, 張忠學(xué). 氮素營(yíng)養(yǎng)與水分脅迫對(duì)大豆產(chǎn)量補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)的影響. 生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 2010, 30: 2665–2670 Chu L L, Zhang Z X. Effects of nitrogen nutrition and water stress on compensation effect of the yield of soybean., 2010, 30: 2665–2670 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[8] 張立新, 李生秀. 長(zhǎng)期水分脅迫下氮、鉀對(duì)夏玉米葉片光合特性的影響. 植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與肥料學(xué)報(bào), 2009, 15: 82–90 Zhang L X, Li S X. Effects of nitrogen and potassium on photosynthetic characteristics of summer maize leaves under long-term water stress., 2009, 15: 82–90 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[9] 彭世彰, 蔡敏, 孔偉麗, 徐俊增, 金小平, 宋靖. 不同生育階段水分虧缺對(duì)水稻干物質(zhì)與產(chǎn)量的影響. 水資源與水工程學(xué)報(bào), 2012, 23(1): 10–13 Peng S Z, Cai M, Kong W L, Xu J Z, Jin X P, Song J. Effects of water deficit in different growing stages on yield and dry matter of rice., 2012, 23(1): 10–13 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[10] 蔡一霞, 李洋, 朱海濤, 蔡昆爭(zhēng), 黃飛, 王維. 灌漿期虧缺灌溉對(duì)水稻產(chǎn)量形成的影響. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2015, 48: 1492–1505 Cai Y X, Li Y, Zhu H T, Cai K Z, Huang F, Wang W. Effects of deficit irrigation on the formation of the yield in rice () during filling period., 2015, 48: 1492–1505 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[11] 吳自明, 王竹青, 李木英, 曾蕾, 石慶華, 潘曉華, 譚雪明. 后期水分虧缺與增施氮肥對(duì)雜交稻葉片光合功能的影響. 作物學(xué)報(bào), 2013, 39: 494–505 Wu Z M, Wang Z Q, Li M Y, Zeng L, Shi Q H, Pan X H, Tan X M. Effect of water shortage and increasing nitrogen application on photosynthetic function of different hybrid rice combinations at grain filling stage., 2013, 39: 494–505 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[12] 張亞潔, 周彧然, 杜斌, 楊建昌. 不同種植方式下氮素營(yíng)養(yǎng)對(duì)陸稻和水稻產(chǎn)量的影響. 作物學(xué)報(bào), 2008, 34: 1005–1013 Zhang Y J, Zhou Y R, Du B, Yang J C. Effects of nitrogen nutrition on grain yield of upland rice and paddy rice under different cultivation methods., 2008, 34: 1005–1013 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[13] 閆曼曼, 鄭劍超, 張巨松, 石洪亮, 田立文, 郭仁松, 林濤. 調(diào)虧灌溉對(duì)海島棉生物量和氮素累積分配及產(chǎn)量的影響. 中國(guó)生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào), 2015, 23: 841–850 Yan M M, Zheng J C, Zhang J S, Shi H L, Tian L W, Guo R S, Lin T. Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on accumulation and distribution of biomass and nitrogen, and yield of island cotton., 2015, 23: 841–850 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[14] 孟兆江, 段愛(ài)旺, 王曉森, 高陽(yáng), 申孝軍. 調(diào)虧灌溉對(duì)棉花根冠生長(zhǎng)關(guān)系的影響. 農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào), 2016, 47(4): 99–104 Meng Z J, Duan A W, Wang X S, Gao Y, Shen X J. Effect of regulated deficit irrigation on growth relation of root and shoot in cotton., 2016, 47(4): 99–104 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[15] 丁漢卿, 賴聰玲, 沈宏. 干濕交替和過(guò)氧化物對(duì)水稻根表鐵膜及養(yǎng)分吸收的影響. 生態(tài)環(huán)境學(xué)報(bào), 2015, 24: 1983–1988 Ding H Q, Lai C L, Shen H. Influence of alternative wetting and drying and peroxides on the formation of iron plaque on rice root surface and nutrient uptake., 2015, 24: 1983–1988 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[16] 趙蓉, 李小軍, 趙洋, 楊昊天. 固沙植被區(qū)土壤呼吸對(duì)反復(fù)干濕交替的響應(yīng). 生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 2015, 35: 6720–6727 Zhao R, Li X J, Zhao Y, Yang H T. Response of soil respiration to repeated cycles of drying and rewetting in soils of the sand-fixed region of the tengger desert., 2015, 35: 6720–6727 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[17] 張靜, 劉娟, 陳浩, 杜彥修, 李俊周, 孫紅正, 趙全志. 干濕交替條件下稻田土壤氧氣和水分變化規(guī)律研究. 中國(guó)生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào), 2014, 22: 408–413 Zhang J, Liu J, Chen H, Du Y X, Li J Z, Sun H Z, Zhao Q Z. Change in soil oxygen and water contents under alternate wetting and drying in paddy fields., 2014, 22: 408–413 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[18] 張紅星, 王效科, 馮宗煒, 宋文質(zhì), 劉文兆, 李雙江, 朱元駿, 龐軍柱, 歐陽(yáng)志云. 干濕交替格局下黃土高原小麥田土壤呼吸的溫濕度模型. 生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 2009, 29: 3028–3035 Zhang H X, Wang X K, Feng Z W, Song W Z, Liu W Z, Li S J, Zhu Y J, Pang J Z, Ou-Yang Z Y. Modeling soil respiration using temperature and soil moisture under alteration of dry and wet at a wheat field in the loess plateau, china., 2009, 29: 3028–3035 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[19] 薛惠云, 張永江, 劉連濤, 孫紅春, 李存東. 干旱脅迫與復(fù)水對(duì)棉花葉片光譜、光合和熒光參數(shù)的影響. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2013, 46: 2386–2393 Xue H Y, Zhang Y J, Liu L T, Sun H C, Li C D. Responses of spectral reflectance, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in cotton during drought stress and rewatering., 2013, 46: 2386–2393 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[20] 劉瑞顯, 郭文琦, 陳兵林, 周治國(guó), 孟亞利. 氮素對(duì)花鈴期干旱再?gòu)?fù)水后棉花纖維比強(qiáng)度形成的影響. 植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與肥料學(xué)報(bào), 2009, 15: 662–669 Liu R X, Guo W Q, Chen B L, Zhou Z G, Meng Y L. Effects of nitrogen on cotton specific fibre strength formation under water stress and re-watering during the flowering and boll-forming stages., 2009, 15: 662–669 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[21] 牛靜. 花鈴期干旱脅迫復(fù)水后棉花根系的補(bǔ)償機(jī)制研究. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院碩士學(xué)位論文, 北京, 2016 Niu J. Research on the Compensatory Mechanisms of Cotton Root under Drought Stress after Re-watering during the Flowering and Boll-forming Stage. MS Thesis of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, 2016 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[22] 石喜, 王密俠, 姚雅琴,蔡煥杰. 水分虧缺對(duì)玉米植株干物質(zhì)累積、水分利用效率及生理指標(biāo)的影響. 干旱區(qū)研究, 2009, 26: 396–400 Shi X, Wang M X, Yao Y Q, Cai H J. Effects of water deficit on dry matter accumulation, wue and physiological indexes of maize., 2009, 26: 396–400 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[23] 谷曉博, 李援農(nóng), 杜婭丹,吳國(guó)軍, 周昌明, 任全茂, 楊丹. 不同施氮水平對(duì)返青期水分脅迫下冬油菜補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)的影響. 中國(guó)生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào), 2016, 24: 572–581 Gu X B, Li Y N, Du Y D, Wu G J, Zhou C M, Ren Q M, Yang D. Compensative impact of winter oilseed rape (L.) affected by water stress at re-greening stage under different nitrogen rates., 2016, 24: 572–581 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[24] 王偉, 侯麗麗, 賈永紅,雷榮榮, 劉旭歡, 石書(shū)兵. 水分脅迫下施氮量對(duì)春小麥旗葉生理特性的影響. 新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2013, 50: 1967–1973 Wang W, Hou L L, Jia Y H, Lei R R, Liu X H, Shi S B. Effect of nitrogen application rate on physiological characteristics in flag leaf of spring wheat under water stress., 2013, 50: 1967–1973 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[25] 丁紅, 張智猛, 戴良香,慈敦偉, 秦斐斐, 宋文武, 劉孟娟, 付曉. 水分脅迫和氮肥對(duì)花生根系形態(tài)發(fā)育及葉片生理活性的影響. 應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào), 2015, 26: 450–456 Ding H, Zhang Z M, Dai L X, Ci D W, Qin F F, Song W W, Liu M J, Fu X. Effects of water stress and nitrogen fertilization on peanut root morphological development and leaf physiological activities., 2015, 26: 450–456 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[26] 胡程達(dá), 楊光仙, 成林. 干旱對(duì)冬小麥光合產(chǎn)物積累和分配的影響. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)氣象, 2014, 35(3): 243–249 Hu C D, Yang G X, Cheng L. Effects of drought on distribution and accumulation of photosynthetic matter in winter wheat., 2014, 35(3): 243–249 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[27] 邵蘭軍, 陳建軍, 王維. 水分虧缺對(duì)烤煙光合特性和氮代謝的影響. 中國(guó)農(nóng)學(xué)通報(bào), 2010, 26(21): 136–141 Shao L J, Chen J J, Wang W. The effect of water deficit on photosynthetic characteristics and nitrogen metabolism at high nitrogen nutrition in flue-cured tobacco (L.)., 2010, 26(21): 136–141 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[28] 任妍婷, 呂金印, 成健. 水分虧缺對(duì)不同抗旱性小麥穗部光合及碳同化物轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的影響. 麥類作物學(xué)報(bào), 2012, 32: 683–688 Ren Y T, Lyu J Y, Cheng J. Effects of water deficit on photosynthetic characteristics, accumulation and transportation of14C-assimilates of ears in wheat., 2012, 32: 683–688 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[29] 時(shí)學(xué)雙, 李法虎, 閆寶瑩,何東, 普布多吉, 曲珍. 不同生育期水分虧缺對(duì)春青稞水分利用和產(chǎn)量的影響. 農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào), 2015, 46(10): 144–151Shi X S, Li F H, Yan B Y, He D, Pubu D J, Qu Z. Effects of water deficit at different growth stages on water use and yield of spring highland barley., 2015, 46(10): 144–151 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[30] 魏永勝, 梁宗鎖, 田亞梅. 土壤干旱條件下不同施鉀水平對(duì)煙草光合速率和蒸騰效率的影響. 西北植物學(xué)報(bào), 2002, 22: 1330–1335 Wei Y S, Liang Z S, Tian Y M. Effect of potassium on tobacco photosynthesis and transpiration efficiency under soil drought stress and different potassium supplied., 2002, 22: 1330–1335 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[31] 陳新紅, 劉凱, 徐國(guó)偉, 王志琴, 楊建昌. 結(jié)實(shí)期氮素營(yíng)養(yǎng)和土壤水分對(duì)水稻光合特性、產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的影響. 上海交通大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)版), 2004, 22(1): 48–53 Chen X H, Liu K, Xu G W, Wang Z Q, Yang J C. Effects of nitrogen and soil moisture on photosynthetic characters of flag leaf, yield and quality during grain filling in rice.(Agric Sci Edn), 2004, 22(1): 48–53 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[32] 許振柱, 于振文, 張永麗. 土壤水分對(duì)小麥籽粒淀粉合成和積累特性的影響. 作物學(xué)報(bào), 2003, 29: 595–600 Xu Z Z, Yu Z W, Zhang Y L. The Effects of soil moisture on grain starch synthesis and accumulation of winter wheat., 2003, 29: 595–600 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[33] Li C Y, Jiang D, Wollenweber B, Li Y, Dai T B, Cao W X. Waterlogging pretreatment during vegetative growth improves tolerance to waterlogging after anthesis in wheat., 2011, 180: 672–678

[34] 郝樹(shù)榮, 鄭姬, 馮遠(yuǎn)周, 黃聰波, 馬丹萍. 水稻拔節(jié)期水氮互作的后效性影響研究. 農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào), 2013, 44(3): 92–96 Hao S R, Zheng J, Feng Y Z, Huang C B, Ma D P. Aftereffects of water-nitrogen interaction on rice at jointing stage., 2013, 44(3): 92–96 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Compensation Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield during Cotton Flowering Boll-setting Stage under Non-sufficient Drip Irrigation

SHI Hong-Liang, YAN Qing-Qing, ZHANG Ju-Song*, LI Chun-Yan, and DOU Hai-Tao

Agriculture College, Xinjiang Agricultural University / Research Center of Cotton Engineering, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China

Cotton cultivar ‘Xinluzhong 54’ was used to study the compensation effect of nitrogen fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics and yield and its mechanism during cotton flowering boll-setting stage under non-sufficient drip irrigation, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient use of water and fertilizer for cotton in arid area. Split plot experiment design was used, the main area included total drip irrigation amount of 2800 m3ha–1(non-sufficient drip irrigation) and 3800 m3ha–1(conventional drip irrigation), the secondary area had four nitrogen (pure N) levels (0, 150, 300, and 450 kg ha–1). Under the same nitrogen fertilizer treatment, the leaf area index (LAI) of cotton at flowering and boll-setting stage, net photosynthetic rate (n), transpiration rate (r), accumulation and allocation of photosynthate, boll number of single plant, single boll weight and seed cotton yield of non-sufficient drip irrigation treatment were lower than those of conventional drip irrigation treatment, while seed cotton yield rate and drip irrigation water productivity were higher. Under the same drip irrigation amount, with the increase of nitrogen ferti-lizer amount, LAI of cotton at flowering and boll-setting stage and photosynthate accumulation increased first and decreased then, showing a trend of N450>N300>N150>N0, andr,n, allocation proportion of photosynthate to reproductive organ, boll number of single plant, single boll weight, seed cotton yield, seed cotton yield rate and drip irrigation water productivity showed a trend of N300>N450>N150>N0. The compensation effect of increasing nitrogen fertilizer under non-sufficient drip irrigation condition increased first and decreased then with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer amount, the compensation effect of N300 treatment was most significant,nof cotton flowering and boll-setting stagenincreased by 10.9% averagely, the allocation proportion of photosynthate translocatedto reproductive organ increased by 10.7%, boll number of single plant, single boll weight, seed cotton yield rate and drip irrigation water productivity increased by 5.0%, 8.0%, 7.1%, and 7.5%, respectively. The influence of nitrogen fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics and yield components of cotton at flowering and boll-setting stage was greater than that of water. The compensation effect was the maximum when nitrogen fertilizer increased to 300 kg ha–1under non-sufficient drip irrigation condition, though the yield decreased by 1.3% compared with conventional drip irrigation treatment. Therefore, in natural ecological conditions of South Xinjiang, 300 kg ha–1nitrogen application with non-sufficient drip irrigation is suitable for cotton at production with better, LAI,r,nand photosynthate accumulation and translocated compensation effect to reproductive organ, as well as the maximum yield compensation effect and water conservation of 26.3%.

cotton; non-sufficient drip irrigation; nitrogen fertilizer; photosynthetic characteristics; drip irrigation water productivity; yield; compensation effect

本研究由國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2017YFD0101605-05)資助。

This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0101605-05).

URL: http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.1809.S.20180611.0555.002.html

2018-06-09;

2018-06-11.

10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01196

張巨松, E-mail:xjndzjs@163.com

E-mail: xjndshl@163.com

2017-11-20;