□ 文 /本刊記者 黎敏 綜合
泰國總理巴育表示,將在險(xiǎn)情預(yù)警等相關(guān)方面加強(qiáng)與國外的合作
隨著泰國普吉島沉船事故的中國幸存者陸續(xù)回國,以及賠償金和理賠金的發(fā)放,7月5日發(fā)生在泰國普吉島的沉船事故進(jìn)入到善后處理階段。此次事故中遇難的中國游客數(shù)最終定格在47名。冰冷的數(shù)字背后是47名同胞的魂斷異鄉(xiāng),是諸多家庭的支離破碎,慘痛的事故再一次給人們的安全出行拉響了警鐘。
在沉船事故發(fā)生后,《中國—東盟博覽》記者第一時(shí)間趕赴普吉島進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場報(bào)道。在這個(gè)過程中,我們看到了中國國家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的關(guān)切,看到了泰國各方力量的積極救援,同時(shí),也看到了一些責(zé)任的缺失。在大量實(shí)地采訪和信息搜集的基礎(chǔ)上,我們試圖剖析出目前出境游,特別是赴泰游可能存在的安全隱患。希望未來安全教育能成為每個(gè)人人生的“必修課”,而這樣的事故再也不要發(fā)生。
事故發(fā)生后,泰方開展了積極的救援
普吉島處于印度洋安達(dá)曼海域,每年5~10月是這里的雨季,天氣變化多端,易刮大風(fēng)大浪,并不適合出海,本該是一年中的旅游淡季。但這個(gè)時(shí)間正好是中國的暑假,考慮到迷人的海景以及較高的性價(jià)比,仍有大量中國游客涌入普吉島,為其帶來可觀的利潤,于是普吉島的出海沒有了淡旺季之分。
2018年7月5日,共計(jì)122名中國游客分別踏上了從普吉島出海的“鳳凰”號(hào)和“艾莎公主”號(hào)游船。他們中有剛剛高考完的學(xué)子、有度蜜月的夫妻、有參加公司團(tuán)建的中層……沒有人會(huì)想到,此行會(huì)如此險(xiǎn)惡。當(dāng)天17∶45左右,突如其來的風(fēng)暴如猛獸般襲擊了兩艘游船,最終造成47人罹難,罹難者全部為“鳳凰”號(hào)上的中國游客,“愛莎公主”號(hào)因?yàn)榫仍皶r(shí),全員獲救。
消息傳回中國國內(nèi),在舉國震驚的同時(shí),也引發(fā)了一連串的質(zhì)疑:對(duì)于惡劣天氣,泰國相關(guān)部門是否發(fā)布了預(yù)警?如果發(fā)布了預(yù)警,這些游船為何還能出海?為什么同樣遇險(xiǎn),兩艘船遭遇卻如此不同?
調(diào)查至今,對(duì)于泰國相關(guān)部門是否有發(fā)布天氣預(yù)警,答案基本是肯定的。根據(jù)中國《南方周末》報(bào)道,泰國海軍海道測量部門于7月4日、5日分別發(fā)出了提醒船只在7月5~11日謹(jǐn)慎出海的通知。而7月5日16時(shí),泰國氣象部門又發(fā)布了緊急通知稱,7月5~12日有降雨,其明確指出“對(duì)于在海上出現(xiàn)超過3米浪的區(qū)域,普吉島附近的船只和小船,不應(yīng)在公告的時(shí)間段內(nèi)出海?!?/p>
由此看,泰方的確發(fā)布了預(yù)警,但遺憾的是第一次預(yù)警沒有得到一線員工的足夠重視,而7月5日下午16時(shí)發(fā)布通知時(shí),包括“鳳凰”號(hào)和“愛莎公主”號(hào)在內(nèi)的多艘游船早已出海,為時(shí)已晚。
記者在走訪過程中了解到,一線員工對(duì)預(yù)警的漠視并非一日之寒。據(jù)悉,這些氣象預(yù)警信息主要通過社交軟件Line在一線員工中傳播,沒有統(tǒng)一的氣象和預(yù)警發(fā)布渠道可能造成部分工作人員的信息缺失。另外,由于普吉島雨季天氣瞬息萬變,因此天氣預(yù)報(bào)的準(zhǔn)確性并不算高,長此以往,頻繁出海的船長更多時(shí)候只將預(yù)警作為一種提醒,而非命令。他們最終是否出海,通常是一種綜合多方面信息和角力下的“經(jīng)驗(yàn)判斷”。
一方面,船主會(huì)根據(jù)普吉島查龍碼頭上,泰國海事部門掛出的旗幟顏色判斷是否出海,一般綠旗意味著船只可以出海,黃旗和紅旗則代表警告和嚴(yán)重警告。一名當(dāng)?shù)卮鞅硎?,如果沒有明令禁止,港務(wù)局根據(jù)天氣狀況的判斷,船公司的老總、經(jīng)理根據(jù)經(jīng)營情況的判斷,船長的經(jīng)驗(yàn),旅游團(tuán)領(lǐng)隊(duì)、游客的要求,都會(huì)決定一艘船最后是否啟程。
7月5日上午的好天氣和查龍碼頭上的綠旗,讓大多數(shù)碼頭上的游船船主,在收到第一次預(yù)警后,仍然選擇了出海。這其中就包括了“鳳凰”號(hào)和“愛莎公主”號(hào)。而當(dāng)預(yù)警再次發(fā)布時(shí),出海的船只早已踏上危途。
“根據(jù)目前公開發(fā)布的信息,翻船事故暴露了當(dāng)?shù)貞?yīng)急機(jī)制在兩個(gè)方面存在問題,一方面,泰國官方險(xiǎn)情預(yù)警工作應(yīng)加強(qiáng),官方對(duì)于天氣和海浪的預(yù)報(bào)應(yīng)該更加精準(zhǔn)、及時(shí);另一方面,后續(xù)的預(yù)防工作不到位,屬地聯(lián)動(dòng)管理工作應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)跟進(jìn)。即官方發(fā)布風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警后,屬地就應(yīng)加強(qiáng)監(jiān)管,禁止船只出海?!敝袊嗣翊髮W(xué)危機(jī)管理研究中心主任唐鈞在接受媒體采訪時(shí)這樣說道。
對(duì)于一邊發(fā)布了預(yù)警,一邊又在碼頭懸掛綠旗的事實(shí),泰國官員在7月11日舉行的一場發(fā)布會(huì)上做出了解釋:掛什么旗,要看氣象部門發(fā)布的天氣預(yù)報(bào),并結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)卮?、船員及相關(guān)部門的意見,再確定是否發(fā)布禁止出海令。發(fā)布會(huì)還提到,由于泰國所處區(qū)域天氣變化莫測,在預(yù)測上難以做到中國或日本的準(zhǔn)確度。因此,在接到相關(guān)天氣預(yù)報(bào)、預(yù)警后,船長有責(zé)任妥善安排行船并保證相關(guān)乘客的安全。
普吉島旅游的炙手可熱讓雨季完全禁止游船出海幾乎沒有可能,在預(yù)警、掛旗都有可能出現(xiàn)失誤的情況下,船長或?qū)в蔚膽?yīng)急處置似乎就成了游客生命安全的最后一道防線。在采訪過程中,不少當(dāng)?shù)芈糜螛I(yè)者提到,天氣變化無常是雨季普吉島的常態(tài),翻船事故也不時(shí)發(fā)生,只是沒有這次這么嚴(yán)重。我們暫且不論過去的這些翻船事故是否存在僥幸,單就此次事件中“鳳凰”號(hào)和“愛莎公主”號(hào)不同的傷亡情況來說,這次事故也絕非只是天災(zāi)。
根據(jù)現(xiàn)場的描述,船方有很多操作不規(guī)范的地方。比如在剛登船的時(shí)候要求穿救生衣,過一段時(shí)間再收回去。另外“鳳凰”號(hào)下午從皇帝島出發(fā)后,因?yàn)榫壬麓蟛糠质菨竦?,所以船員表示“現(xiàn)在可以不用穿救生衣了”。很多乘客便脫下救生衣掛在了柱子上。似乎是為了證實(shí)大船在惡劣海況下的穩(wěn)定性,導(dǎo)游和工作人員都沒有穿救生衣。在船晃得厲害時(shí),導(dǎo)游還安慰他們說:“你看我都沒穿救生衣,不用怕。”這樣的思路造成了致命的延誤,一些乘客沒能及時(shí)穿上救生衣或跳船,甚至危險(xiǎn)來臨時(shí)還在拍視頻。
結(jié)合其他的描述,船員和導(dǎo)游的處理嚴(yán)重貽誤了自救時(shí)機(jī),而他們恰恰是游客旅游安全最直接的負(fù)責(zé)人,責(zé)任的缺失造成了無可挽回的極大損失。
相反,事發(fā)時(shí),“愛莎公主”號(hào)的船長迅速拋錨定船,并發(fā)出了三顆信號(hào)彈,同步報(bào)海警及通知岸上自己的公司團(tuán)隊(duì)。在公司自組救援船只和海警救援船的共同努力下,船上人員無人傷亡。除了“愛莎公主”號(hào)總乘客數(shù)較少的原因,船長及公司的及時(shí)應(yīng)急處置,依然是最后時(shí)刻游客生命安全的重要保障。
實(shí)際上,在船上穿著救生衣是泰國2014年出臺(tái)的嚴(yán)格新規(guī)之一,泰國海事辦公室規(guī)定:如果乘客沒有穿著救生衣,船只不許離開港口;此外,如果在海上被發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有穿著救生衣,船主將被罰款1萬泰銖。盡管有此規(guī)定,但實(shí)際上鮮見處罰,可見執(zhí)法并不嚴(yán)苛。其中人手不足或?yàn)楣芾矸αΦ囊粋€(gè)原因,在普吉島,4個(gè)警官很有可能要統(tǒng)籌管理200甚至更多艘游船。
盡管事件調(diào)查過程中出現(xiàn)過此行游客為“零元團(tuán)”成員的雜音,但事實(shí)證明,兩艘游船上的游客多為自由行游客,除了一支由浙江某公司組成的旅行團(tuán)之外,其余自由行散客大多是通過飛豬、攜程、馬蜂窩、懶貓旅行等平臺(tái)購買的自由行產(chǎn)品。
隨著調(diào)查的深入,部分OTA(在線旅游平臺(tái))對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)提示不足、不實(shí)宣傳等問題也暴露出來?!傍P凰”號(hào)圖紙顯示其限載120人,一些OTA則稱,“鳳凰”號(hào)最大載客量為200人,但“為了讓每一位客人都能感受到賓至如歸的服務(wù)”,每個(gè)班次限乘100人(有些平臺(tái)寫80人)。一些平臺(tái)上,“鳳凰”號(hào)的尺寸明顯要大于實(shí)際,而對(duì)于涉水旅游活動(dòng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),也沒有足夠的說明。這些平臺(tái)對(duì)自助游產(chǎn)品缺乏審核,不監(jiān)督“地接”的安全保障,對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)提示不足,沒有配套相應(yīng)的保險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)品的行為,無疑也是一種責(zé)任的棄守。
事故發(fā)生后,泰方開展了積極的救援
當(dāng)我們回溯整個(gè)事件,正是這一環(huán)環(huán)預(yù)防的失守、監(jiān)管的不力、執(zhí)法的不嚴(yán)、處置的延誤、意識(shí)的脫節(jié)、預(yù)警的無效,最終釀成了令人痛心的悲劇。亡羊補(bǔ)牢未為晚矣。從事件本身暴露出的問題,無論泰方、中方還是游客自身,都值得痛定思痛,正視旅游中的安全隱患。
目前,因?yàn)楸O(jiān)管不力,泰國海事部門普吉地區(qū)負(fù)責(zé)人已被停職;普吉府政府正計(jì)劃在攀牙一處島上設(shè)立海上應(yīng)急中心,輻射普吉、甲米、董里等府;泰國總理巴育則表示,將徹查事故責(zé)任,并考慮在相關(guān)方面加強(qiáng)與國外的合作。希望未來泰方能真正在旅游基建和旅游安全管理上投入真金白銀,彌補(bǔ)目前預(yù)警技術(shù)、人員配置、執(zhí)法效力上的短板。因?yàn)槁糜萎a(chǎn)業(yè)的健康發(fā)展受益的將是泰國人民,而產(chǎn)業(yè)的野蠻生長,危及的也將是泰國旅游本身。
7月7日,中國文化和旅游部則印發(fā)了關(guān)于做好暑期旅游安全工作的通知和關(guān)于進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)出境自助游相關(guān)工作的緊急通知。通知要求立即對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)卦诰€旅游企業(yè)和平臺(tái)、旅行社開展緊急排查,下架一批不合格自助游產(chǎn)品;并要求指導(dǎo)在線旅游企業(yè)和平臺(tái)建立完善出境自助游應(yīng)急機(jī)制等。管理旅游安全的責(zé)任也一部分交到了這些平臺(tái)上。
而在各路媒體的大力宣傳下,游客們多多少少對(duì)旅游安全及危機(jī)應(yīng)對(duì)知識(shí)也有了一些了解。隨著暑期到來,出境游熱度依然不減,出門的朋友都應(yīng)該把安全旅游時(shí)刻放在心間,密切關(guān)注官方預(yù)警、學(xué)習(xí)自救知識(shí)、敬畏自然、有序出行。畢竟,我們每個(gè)人都是自己生命安全的第一負(fù)責(zé)人。
·資料來源:《南方周末》《界面》新聞、新華社、中新社
·聯(lián)系編輯:313464302@qq.com
2018 Asian Games: Time for Indonesia to Shine
by Telesha Mahadeo
The year of 2018 is a busy time for sporting events, with not only the World Cup in Russia but also the upcoming Asian Games, which will be hosted by Indonesia in Jakarta, the country’s capital, and Palembang, the capital of South Sumatra.
Driving through the roads of Jakarta, one can see the city preparing for the 18thAsian Games with banners installed around the city, old sports facilities being renovated and new infrastructure being built to support the games.
Though Indonesia is no stranger to hosting the Asian Games, being the host country at this time has many positive implications. The games will commence one day after Indonesia celebrates 73 years of independence.From August 18 to September 2, Indonesia will welcome around 15,000 athletes and distinguished delegates from 45 Olympic Council of Asia (OCA)member nations, the largest number in Asian Games history.
The first bene fit of being the host is that Indonesia has the opportunity to strengthen the country’s national pride. Indonesia is made up of more than 17,000 islands,characterized by differences in language, culture and history. The Asian Games logo, Energy of Asia, depicts the “strengthening spirit of the Games, participated in by multicultural nations shining for all the world to see.”This year, the mascots, Bhin Bhin, Atung and Kaka,wear traditional attire inspired by Papua, Jakarta and Palembang. Thus, hosting the Asian Games creates a space for unifying the country by bringing people from the various islands together under one country.
In addition, the Asian Games bring Asian countries together as a unified continent. Recognized by the International Olympic Committee as the largest multisport event after the Olympics, the Asian Games sheds positive light on the region to outshine the current political and maritime issues. In fact, amid the recent reconciliation talks between North and South Korea,both nations have agreed to march under a unified peninsula flag and form combined teams to compete in the games. This exemplifies the games’ promotion of peace and harmony in the region, and therefore, the world.
Second, hosting the Asian Games will also signify a positive and reputable image of Indonesia to the region and the world. From the proud skyscrapers of Jakarta to the Musi River and unique Pempek food of Palembang,Indonesia has breath-taking scenery and delicious dishes to wow visitors.
For President Joko Widodo, the Asian Games will announce to the world that Indonesia is advancing and will “elevate its name in the international community”.
Preparations for the games are currently moving at a fast pace. Competition venues and facilities are being brought up to international standard, the athletes village is being refurbished, and infrastructure and fast modes of transportation are being improved to provide rapid access for participants and visitors. The games will hopefully have a lasting impact, especially since “all infrastructure and facilities have been built for future use”, as stated by Indonesian media tycoon Erick Thohir.
Third, assuming that the 2018 Asian Games will be successful, it will boost the country’s tourism industry and produce economic benefits. According to Tourism Minister Arief Yahya, the upcoming Games aim to welcome 250,000 supporters from ASEAN and other Asian countries, which will allow visitors from participating countries to embrace the land and culture of Indonesia. In addition, these visitors may feel inclined to visit other islands of the archipelago. While tourism in Indonesia has more than doubled over the past decade to become a major driver of the economy, the Asian Games may help achieve the goal of the government to“replicate the success of Bali as a tourist destination in a number of other locations spread across Indonesia”.
The combination of athletes, officials, supporters and spectators expected to be present brings high hopes to the Indonesian economy. Bambang Brodjonegoro,Minister for National Planning (Bappenas), estimates that hosting the Asian Games will facilitate a cash flow of Rp. 45.1 trillion to the Indonesian economy in addition to bringing Rp. 34 trillion worth of investment in infrastructure for the organization of the event.
Looking forward, the Asian Games not only put Indonesia in the spotlight but may even mobilize further development in the country. There already has been some rapid infrastructure development in both cities,such as the construction of the Palembang Light Rail Transit (LRT), the velodrome and a certi fied equestrian center. The games will be the perfect opportunity to see the region come together in a fast-paced and volatile environment.
The 18thAsian Games signify not only a fun and meaningful event to the region and the world, but also provide that push Indonesia needs to keep going. Stay tuned for when the Asian Games torch is lit on July 14 in India and is then carried on a journey throughout the wonderful Indonesia.
· Source: ASEAN Today