• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    A Miracle of Human Development in China (1950-2030)

    2018-07-31 07:35:50HuAngangWangHongchuan
    Contemporary Social Sciences 2018年3期

    Hu An’gang, Wang Hongchuan

    Abstract: China has created an even more spectacular miracle in human development than in economic growth. From 1950 to 2015, China went through three stages of socio-economic development; the “extremely poor era”, the “era of letting some people get rich first” and the “era of common prosperity”, raising its human development to an increasingly higher level. With the world’s fastestgrowing Human Development Index (HDI) during this period, China evolved from a very “l(fā)ow human development level” to a “high human development level”. And it is expected to enter a new stage with a “very high human development level” around 2021. This human development miracle in China indicates that socialism with Chinese characteristics gains strength from being a major country and a late mover, as well as from its development path and socialist system. China, arguably contributing the most to the entirety of human development, can serve as a role model for developing countries and can lead the path for the all-round development of billions of people.

    Keywords: economic growth, all-round human development, institutional advantage,China’s experience

    As a populous country boasting an ancient civilization, China has created innumerable miracles in human history. Among them the most mindboggling accomplishment is that it has realized the largest-scale population modernization in the world. More than thirty years into the reform and opening-up,China’s economy has experienced continuous high-speed growth, which is acclaimed as the “Chinese economic miracle” by the international community (Lin, Cai, & Li,1999). However, an even more spectacular miracle may have eluded attention — the human development miracle in China.

    What is the human development miracle in China and how should it be measured? Where did it start? What was the process? What level is it at now?Where is it going? The human development miracle in China refers to the fact that all the Chinese people, led by the CPC, have maintained high-speed growth of human development indicators for over six decades. China, which had a population of 540 million and a very low level of human development in 1949, has been transformed into a country home to 1.37 billion people with a high-level HDI of 0.727.In the next five to seven years, it is projected to bring 1.4 billion people into a very high level of human development, with an HDI surpassing 0.80.

    The miracle of China’s economic growth is part of China’s human development miracle which is supported by the Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (in 2011 USD on a PPP basis), one of the three core measures of HDI. The human development miracle in China, compared with the China’s economic miracle created after the reform and opening-up, spanned a longer period, dating back to the early days of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. Having moved up several notches, it wields a more profound influence on the world. Never in human history has such a large-scale change to people’s lives been accomplished. Nor has there been a bigger miracle in human development in the world’s history.

    1. The most important indicator of global modernization: The allround development of people

    Marx once noted that the essence of socialism was to promote the all-round development of individuals. According to him, “Man appropriates his comprehensive essence in a comprehensive manner, that is to say, as a whole man” (Marx &Engels, 2009a, p.189). The communist society is a social pattern based on each individual’s all-round and free development (Marx & Engels, 2009b, p.53).Human society has experienced a long and arduous journey to explore how to realize free and all-round human development.

    In the 1980s, the Nobel Prize winner for economics, Amartya Sen proposed the “capability approach”, stressing the people’s central place in human development, and laying the ground work for the human development theories.Thanks to Amartya Sen, the UN Development Program (UNDP) proposed the concept of human development for the first time in 1990, and designed HDI that is measurable, quantifiable and comparable.The HDI, measured from three aspects: per capita income, health and education, provided a method of comparing and analyzing different countries in human development. As an indicator, it is more comprehensive than mere per capita income or GDP.So far, 16 Human Development Reports have been released, providing continuous information on HDI.That marks a shift of focus from “object” to “man”,and a great leap forward in human development philosophy.

    Modernization of man is the very essence and core of modernization. It is demonstrated by the continuous improvement of human beings’ abilities to develop themselves, or more specifically, the growth of HDI. It took the leading industrialized countries over 200 years to first realize the modernization of man and promote the all-round development of population.①As He Chuanqi (1999) once noted, altogether, human history is to experience two modernizations: for the developed countries, the first modernization lasted about 210 years (1763-1970); the theory of a second modernization, proposed quite recently, holds that the second modernization will last about 130 years(1971-2100).However,the modernization of man only occurred in a few leading industrialized countries. By 1950, those developed countries (including North America,Oceania and Western Europe) altogether had a population of 176 million, accounting for a mere 6.9%of the world’s population at that time (Maddison,2010). It was a population modernization that belonged to a small minority of the global population and a few developed countries. How to realize a large-scale population modernization, especially in developing countries, remained a problem yet to be solved by human society.

    Since 1950, there has been a new wave of population modernization in the third-world countries, especially in China. According to the UNDP’s Human Development Report in 2014 and 2015, in 1980, the world’s population was 4.44 billion, and the human development level was medium, with the HDI being 0.559. In 2014, the world’s population rose to 7.26 billion, and the HDI leaped to 0.711, marking the start of high human development. It was in such a global context that China created a human development miracle. Its population grew from 987 million to 1.375 billion,with its HDI rising from 0.423 to 0.727. Thanks to this, the entire human development was able to take a leap forward.

    2. The process of human development in China: from extreme poverty to common prosperity

    Prior to 1949, China’s Human Development in the global context had stayed at a low level. It not only lagged behind the worldwide average, but also suffered from a much slower growth than the global average. Take life expectancy for example,from 1820 to 1900, the world’s life expectancy at birth raised to 31 years from 26 years, meaning an annual increase of 0.063 years; from 1900 to 1950,the figure rose to 49, with an annual increase of 0.36. By contrast, in 1990, the average Chinese life expectancy was 24 (Maddison, 2001) which was seven years less than the global average; by 1949 the figure lingered at around 35 (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 1999, p.86),①For example, the average life expectancy for men of Nanjing in 1935 was 29.8, and the figure for women was 38.2.with an annual increase of merely 0.22 years, and an increase rate that was only 61.1% of the global average. That was far lower than the world’s average life expectancy,and even lower than its equivalent in France (37 years) and USA (39 years) in 1820 (Maddison, 2001).

    From 1950 to 2015, China went through three stages of socio-economic development; the“extremely poor era”, the “era of letting some people get rich first”, and the “era of common prosperity”, raising its human development to an increasingly higher level. As the fastest growing country in human development, China has realized a transformation from “a very low human development level” to “a high human development level.”②UNDP reports divide human development into four stages: low human development (0-0.550), medium human development (0.551-0.700), high human development (0.701-0.800), and very high human development (0.801 and above). See also UNDP: Human Development Report 2015. For a better comparison,here the low human development is further divided and human development that falls between 0-0.400 in HDI is defined as a very low human development.This is called the “human development miracle in China” (Table 1).

    The first stage is the extremely poor era (1949-1978). The year 1950 saw China’s HDI hitting the world’s lowest level of merely 0.145, which was even lower than that of India (0.167). China’s per capita GNI then was only USD 172, also lower than India’s per capita GDP (USD 836), accounting for a mere 21.2% of the world’s average and remaining at a very low level of income in the world. China’s health care also suffered a very low level. In some remote rural areas and regions inhabited by ethnic minorities, the infant-mortality rate generally surpassed 200‰, and

    the maternal mortality rate was 15 per ten million(National Bureau of Statistics of China, 1999, p.86). Worse still, China was afflicted with rampant infectious and parasitic diseases as well as a high incidence of endemic diseases. Before 1949 the tuberculosis mortality rate was 2.5%, and in the 1950s the reported incidence of national infectious diseases was as high as 30%; before 1949, the mortality rate of China reached 25‰-33‰ making it a typical country with a high mortality rate. The education sector of China also lagged far behind,characterized by an overwhelming illiteracy rate and a very low level of development. Over 80% of the Chinese population were illiterate (Zhao, 2009,August 27) and the net enrollment rate of schoolage children was merely 9.2%. In 1949, the number of students in Chinese institutions of higher learning was 126,000, the number in secondary schools was 1.268 million, and the number in primary schools was 24.39 million. The number of all the students studying on campus fell short of 5% of the total population. The average schooling years for those above 15 years old was only one year which was basically equal to its Indian equivalent (0.99) and far lower than its US equivalent (8.4). Overall, the early years of the Republic of China were indeed destitute,featuring very low level of income, well-being and educational development.

    Table 1 Progress of Chinese Socio-Economic Development and China’s Human Development (1950-2015)

    The biggest challenge to improvement, before the Republic of China could shake off poverty was the extreme shortage of resources. To that end, the government launched the socialist transformation. It established the planned economy system based on public ownership which has restarted and boosted economic growth. Even though there were severe setbacks, the actual GDP per capita still witnessed a 4.05% growth from 1952 to 1978 (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2010, p.12). The government,focusing on improving living standards, established a primary health care system that emphasized community-level health care and disease prevention and targeted epidemics posing serious threats to people’s health and those diseases jeopardizing the lives of mothers and their infants. A nationwide campaign was also launched to dispel illiteracy and promote basic education, building a low-level wide-ranging basic service system. The average life expectancy was raised from 41.0 in 1950 to 65.7 in 1980, an annual increase of 0.82 years, surpassing the world’s average and marking the fastest increase in history. The average schooling age increased from 1.0 year to 5.33 years, a cumulative increase of 4.33 years and an annual increase of 0.14 years.During this stage, against the relatively low-income level, China realized fast development in education and health care, whose development indicators also saw drastically reduced gaps between different regions and between urban and rural areas. Income inequality was reduced, and the Gini coefficient,before rising to 0.320 in 1980, experienced a plunge from 0.558 in 1953 to 0.266 in 1975.①Milanovic’s Gini coefficient database ALG (2014 autumn edition) that covered 166 countries from 1950 to 2012.Chinese HDI raised to 0.423, marking China’s transformation from very low human development to low human development. The basic scenario then was that China was still the largest country that was struggling with absolute poverty. By 1978, according to rural absolute poverty standards, there were still about 250 million poverty-stricken people in China’s rural areas, the incidence of poverty being 30.7%. By the standards in 2010, the rural poor population would have then been 770 million and the incidence of poverty as high as 97.5%. China was still a destitute country. Thus, the primary task of the reform and opening-up that followed would be the large-scale eradication of poverty.

    The second stage: the era of letting some people get rich first (1978-2000). The early days of the reform and opening-up witnessed the Chinese HDI reaching 0.423, outpacing its Indian counterpart. The progress mainly originated from the improvement of the wellbeing of people and the development of education. In terms of per capita income, China was still at a very low level. In 1980,Chinese GDP per capita was merely USD 719 (in 2011 USD on a PPP basis), which only accounted for 22.1% of the word’s average. Chinese leaders intended to achieve substantive results, and in 1980 Deng Xiaoping proposed the strategic goal of reaching moderate prosperity by 2000. The year 2000 saw Chinese HDI reach 0.588, meaning a 0.165 increase during the 22 years, and a step closer to the world’s average level. Chinese GNI per capita was raised to USD 3678 (in 2011 USD on a PPP basis),an annual increase rate of 8.50% between 1980 and 2000, marking the fastest increase in history. The average schooling years increased from 5.33 in 1980 to 7.85 in 2000, an average increase of 0.126 per year. The life expectancy was elevated from 65.7 years to 71.4 years, an average increase of 0.29 per year, which was obviously lower than the average annual increase of 0.82 between 1950 and 1980(Jiang, 2006, pp. 528-575). The income gap between residents was further widened. The Gini coefficient surpassed 0.4 in the 1990s and the policies for social development were relatively backward. Meanwhile,poverty reduction endeavors were richly rewarded.Measured by 2010 poverty standards, the rural poor population dropped from 770 million in 1978 to 287 million in 2000, a decrease of 483 million. The incidence of rural poverty plunged from 97.5% to 49.8%, a 47.7% decrease with an average decrease of 2.17% per year. Half of the rural povertystricken population were relieved from poverty during these 22 years. The economy also witnessed fast development, contributing more to HDI than education and health care (UNDP & Development Research Center of the State Council of China, 2016,p.141), and Chinese human development realized a transformation from “l(fā)ow human development”to “medium human development”. As the report of the 16th National Congress of the CPC noted, living standards overall had reached moderate prosperity,but it also had to be understood that this prosperity was still at a low level, incomplete and unbalanced(Jiang, 2006, pp. 528-575).

    The third stage: the era of common prosperity(2000-2030). Into the 21st Century, the report of the 16th National Congress of the CPC explicitly proposed that the first 20 years of the new century must focus on building a higher-level moderately prosperous society in all aspects that was to benefit billions of people. This marked China’s transition from the era of letting some people get rich first to the era of common prosperity. During this period China’s Human Development has made new breakthroughs. In 2011, Chinese HDI reached 0.707 bringing the country into the high human development group (HDI above 0.70). In 2015, the HDI further raised to 0.736. The GNI per capita reached USD 13400 (in 2011 USD on a PPP basis),and the annual increase rate on average from 2000 to 2015 was 9.0% marking a period of high-speed growth. Due to the prominent contradictions arising in the socio-economic transition, the Chinese government invested more in the public sector,such as health care, education and social security,improved public services, rapidly built a basic public service network and made notable achievements in enhancing living standards. In less than ten years,the coverage of basic health care reached 95%. The average life expectancy rose from 71.4 in 2000 to 76.34 in 2015, an annual increase of 0.33 on average,managing high growth due to the high level of health. Average schooling year increased from 7.85 years in 2000 to 10.23 years in 2015, an annual increase of 0.16 on average. The Gini coefficient indicating the income gap between residents peaked in 2008 (at 0.491), then gradually descended to 0.462 by 2015. The income gap between urban and rural residents, after reaching an apex in 2009 (3.33 times), began to dwindle, and sank to 2.73 times by 2015. Measured by 2010 poverty standard, rural poor population was reduced from 287 million in 2000 to 55.75 million in 2015, a decrease of 406.49 million.The incidence of rural poverty dropped from 49.8%to 5.7%, a 44.1% decrease (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2016, p.70). By 2020 poverty will be eradicated (according to 2010 poverty standards).It is estimated that sometime around 2021 Chinese HDI will surpass 0.800 and China will enter the very high human development club. By 2030 Chinese HDI will reach 0.861 and China’s membership in this club will be secured. At this stage, economic growth and social development will be better balanced. Despite a possible decrease in the growth rate of GNI per capita, education and health care will wield a larger influence than economic growth and contribute to the continuously fast growth of Chinese HDI (UNDP & Development Research Center of the State Council of China,2016, p.148).On the whole, this stage will see China move up two steps, rising from medium human development to high human development, and then further up to very high human development.

    The world HDI rankings reveal that China has,over the past 30 years, been the fastest ascending country in the ranking table (Table 2). In 1980, China ranked 92nd among 124 countries, merely making its way among the top 74.19%. By 2014, China had moved up to 90th among 188 countries, and was listed in the top 47.87%, increasing 26.32% compared with 1980. The average rate of moving ahead 1.10%per year also outpaced its Indian equivalent. The ratio of Chinese HDI to US HDI, or “the chasing index”as we define it, leaped from 51.3% in 1980 to 79.5%in 2014 (see Annexed Table 1), increased 28.2%, an annual increase of 2.01% on average.

    It is known that China took over 60 years to transit from very low human development to low,medium and finally high human development, and blazed a trail for human development with Chinese characteristics. This very trail was made up of twoconcrete paths; the path of economic development from “a very low-income country” to “a mediumand-high-income country”, the path of educational development from “being full of illiterates”, “severe shortage of talents” to “a country powerful in human resources” (Hu, Wang & Yan, 2015, pp. 9-14). And that explains the most basic source of the human development miracle in China.

    Table 2 HDI World Ranking Changes to China, India and USA (1980-2014)

    3. The human development miracle in China and its four advantages

    The human development miracle in China was not achieved by accident. It went through a process from extreme poverty to partial prosperity and then to common prosperity that spanned more than 60 years. It first witnessed a quantitative change,then a partial qualitative change, and finally a complete qualitative change, as well as a new trail of human development with Chinese characteristics.Basically, this was decided by the socialist nature of investors, the socialist goal of enforcing and expanding people’s freedom, and the CPC’s fundamental purpose of wholeheartedly serving people. The success of Chinese human development should be attributed to both internal and external reasons, both necessary and sufficient conditions,and both objective and subjective advantages.We can attribute the successful China’s Human Development to four advantages that socialism with Chinese characteristics possesses.

    Major country’s advantage is the objective condition of the human development miracle in China. With its huge population, China boasted great potential in human development and was able to cause a large spillover effect. The social construction during the extremely poor era helped reserve capable labor forces, provided a preliminary demographic dividend for the reform and openingup and advanced economic growth. During the reform and opening-up, the improvements in health and education unleashed a huge human capital dividend, which will be proved an impetus for the continuous medium-and-high-speed economic growth during the new normal period. Meanwhile,it also must be realized that, though China has entered the high human development group, it is still challenged by unbalanced development between urban and rural areas, between different regions and different groups, due to its huge population,broad territory and largely different local conditions.Though there is a trend to converge across regions in human development, future human development must still focus on better coordination between economic development and social development,finding a balance between different regions and resolving the problem of inequality” (Hu, Wang &Wei, 2013, pp. 55-68).

    The late-mover advantage is international context of China’s development miracle. With a low base, a weak background and poor conditions, China had everything that made it a late-mover. But it insisted on learning from international experiences. Since the reform and opening-up, China was benefited by the globalized environment and contributed its due portion to the world’s human development. It was able to draw on the successful experiences of other countries, learn from their mistakes, and catch up, making its time for modernization shorter than that of the developed countries, and race into high human development. It must be clarified though,that being a late-mover is the common advantage of the developing countries. However, there is no other late-coming developing country except China that could so instantly and drastically raise its human development level. And why was that? We hold that external causes were a condition, yet internal causes were the basis that counted the most. The answer to China’s human development miracle can be found in its internal mechanism.

    The path advantage is the inner cause of China’s human development miracle. This very path was in fact the modernization of man, which focuses on people throughout its course, and aims to improve living standards and raise the level of human development. The Chinese socialist modernization is in its nature a modernization of man. The Chinese human development spanning over 60 years consists of three paths; economic development, educational development and the health care development.During the period of planned economy, despite the severe shortage of resources and the lack of an economic base, China managed to build a primary basic service and security system that covered a wide range of the population and laid the human capital foundation. During the reform and openingup, the huge demographic dividends boosted China’s economic growth and brought a continuous highspeed growth of material wealth that lasted 30 years.This process did not go without mistakes though.China used to be in lopsided pursuit of economic growth and ended up with “one leg shorter than the other”, its social development lagging far behind. In the 21st century, the government changed its focus,and made new efforts to build the social protection system and coordinate economic growth with social development. As incomes increased steadily, the health of people was continuously improved, and education made increasing progress. The three factors altogether were to elevate China’s Human Development to a higher level. China blazed a new trail that was more suitable for its national conditions and more effective in coordinating economic growth with social development. This was a road of human development that proved faster, smoother and more intensive than that of the developed countries. The comparison between China and the USA reveals that in 1950,Chinese GDP per capita only equaled 1.1% that of the USA, while its average life expectancy was only 60.1%that of the USA, average schooling years only 11.9%and HDI only 21.3%. Over 60 years on, despite a far lower GDP per capita than the USA, China managed to catch up with the USA in human capital factors like health and education. By 2010, though China’s GDP per capita was only one fifth that of the USA, its average life expectancy had achieved 95.3% of its USA counterpart, average schooling years 75.6% and HDI 76.9%. It is estimated that by 2030, when China’s per capita income reaches half of its USA counterpart, its average life expectancy will arrive at 98% that of the USA, average schooling years 90% and HDI 92.6%(Chart 1). It took China a relatively short period (1950-2030) to achieve what the USA attained over 200 years of modernization. That indicates the superiority of the Chinese path. What’s worth pointing out is that this very path is also one of resource-intensive development. Through the lens of health care, China,as the largest developing country, was challenged by a tiny number of public health care resources per capita.In 2014, China was home to 18.79% of the world’s population, yet its health care expenditures only accounted for 7.4% of the entire world. It was with those scarce health care resources that China managed to improve the well-being of its people. In contrast, the US’s health care expenditure assumed 38.28% of the world’s total, while only accommodating 4.39% of the world’s population (Table 3).①According to the report of U.S. Census Bureau, during 2008-2013, the percentage of people without health insurance coverage was slightly changed, before it notably fell in 2014, with a 2.9% decrease from 2013. In 2008, 14.8% of US population were without health insurance; in 2013, the figure dropped to 13.3%,meaning 41.8 million people uncovered by any form of health insurance; in 2014, 10.4% US people lived without any form of health insurance, and the number of uncovered people decreased by 8.82 million to 32.97 million. Despite a mere 2.9% drop, that was a huge change given the US health insurance coverage in the recent decades. Thus it was viewed by US government as important achievements of the Obama Health Care Plan (United States Census Bureau, Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2014,2015.(9).

    Chart 1 Chasing Index of China to the USA (1950-2030)Note: The figures of the calculation are from the Annexed Table 1.

    Institutional advantage was the fundamental impetus for the human development miracle in China. Here is a comparison between China and India in human development. As the two most populous countries, both were among the most energetic and potential economies of the developing countries, and both had realized a large increase in HDI. In 1950, China’s HDI was lower than and accounted for 86.8% of its Indian counterpart. In 1980, with a lower GNI per capita, China saw its expected schooling years, average schooling years and average life expectancy surpass those of India.Chinese HDI outpaced and reached 1.15 times that of India. In 2000, China exceeded India in indicators of income, education and well-being, and Chinese HDI was 1.19 times its Indian counterpart. By 2015,Chinese HDI was obviously in the lead and reached 1.21 times the Indian HDI. China exceeded India in many development indicators, among which the HDI that well represented socialist factors saw the most marked progress. Chinese life expectancy outpaced Indian life expectancy by nearly 8 years,and its average schooling years by 4 years (Table 4).In terms of health and education indicators, China was at least 20 to 30 years ahead of India. At its current pace, India would have to wait until around 2040 to achieve what China has attained at present.That fully exhibits the “institutional advantage” of socialism with Chinese characteristics. So, what is institutional advantage? First, it means an ability to focus efforts on great undertakings. What is a great undertaking? It refers to incessant investments of human capital in the people, especially the investments in their health, which is fundamental and effective for the long run, and is sure to yield long-term rewards and dividends, namely health dividends and education dividends. Second, the“two hands”—government and market—could be fully leveraged. The government could take charge of planning and macro-control, and the market could have a chance to give full play to its energy.Third, people could be organized and mobilized.In the extremely poor era, despite having very few resources, China was able to break out of the “trap ofpoverty” and provided basic guarantee for education and health care by means of widely involving the people. In addition, China’s institutional advantage can also be found in its political advantage, and advantages of democratic and scientific decisionmaking, which was represented by the “Healthy China 2030” Planning Outline and the process of making “Educational Modernization” a policy.①On May 27, 2016, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China solicited public opinion through its website on the planning outline. This process indicated public involvement and democracy in decision-making. Retrieved from http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/.

    Table 3 Comparison of China and the USA in the World Health Care Resources (1995-2014)Unit:%

    The advantages China gained from its role as a major country and a late mover, as well as from its development path and socialist system,were not gathered for a simple addition, but by a multiplication. As a late- mover, China did not copy the development path and experience of the developed countries. Instead, it carefully handled the relationships between the four advantages based on its institutional and political strengths as a socialist country, fully leveraged the four advantages and maximized their influence as much as possible. That is the fundamental source of the success of China’s human development, and it will go on leading China onto a more successful path in the future while itstrives to keep pace with the developed countries in human development.

    Table 4 Comparison of Human Development Among China, the USA and India (1950-2030)

    4. Conclusion: China is a significant contributor to global human development.

    Since the Industrial Revolution, there has been no modernization of man occurring in countries as large as China. The developed countries in Europe and America has a population less than half of the Chinese population, and it took over 200 years for them to realize the modernization of man, while China barely used half of that time to achieve that goal.

    President Xi Jinping (2016) pointed out that“China will continue to contribute to global development.” And China indeed has contributed much to the world’s human development. According to the UNDP Human Development Report 2015, in 2014 the population of the high human development group was 2.5167 billion, including the Chinese population of 1.37 billion, which accounted for 54%of the total population. Based on this tendency, it can be estimated that by 2030 the total population of the very high human development group will increase to 1.266 billion from 1.185 billion in 2014 and that China’s successful entering into the very high human development group will add 1.45 billion people to this group. This means pushing the population of the very high human development group up to 2.716 billion, accounting for 32.2% of the world’s future population. In fact, currently several regions in China have already achieved the very high human development level, such as Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin, involving 61.33 million people, almost equal to the population of the UK. The Chinese miracle is not only represented by its fast-growing economy which has made huge contributions to global economic growth, but also is displayed by the rapid progress of China’s human development, which has made China the biggest contributor to the world’s human development.

    Currently several regions in China have already achieved the very high human development level.

    Annexed Table 1 The Chasing Index of China to USA (1950-2030)Unit: USA=100%

    欧美成人一区二区免费高清观看| 毛片一级片免费看久久久久| 精品久久久久久久末码| 成人漫画全彩无遮挡| 日韩强制内射视频| 99久久综合免费| xxx大片免费视频| 亚洲精品国产成人久久av| 久久人人爽av亚洲精品天堂 | 18禁动态无遮挡网站| 内地一区二区视频在线| 另类亚洲欧美激情| 亚洲av中文字字幕乱码综合| 少妇高潮的动态图| 久久精品人妻少妇| 大码成人一级视频| 我要看日韩黄色一级片| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 国产日韩欧美在线精品| 精品酒店卫生间| 黄色日韩在线| 国产午夜精品久久久久久一区二区三区| 精品国产三级普通话版| 精品久久国产蜜桃| 国国产精品蜜臀av免费| 中文乱码字字幕精品一区二区三区| 搡老乐熟女国产| 又粗又硬又长又爽又黄的视频| 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站| 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看| 久久人人爽人人片av| 高清毛片免费看| 国产淫语在线视频| 日韩国内少妇激情av| 久久鲁丝午夜福利片| 久久99蜜桃精品久久| 久久99热这里只有精品18| 高清av免费在线| 视频中文字幕在线观看| 免费看日本二区| 国产高清三级在线| 国产成人精品福利久久| 国产精品一区二区性色av| 亚洲一级一片aⅴ在线观看| 啦啦啦在线观看免费高清www| 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站| 欧美丝袜亚洲另类| 51国产日韩欧美| 久热久热在线精品观看| 国产精品不卡视频一区二区| 波野结衣二区三区在线| 爱豆传媒免费全集在线观看| 亚洲,一卡二卡三卡| 一本一本综合久久| 久热久热在线精品观看| 欧美日韩综合久久久久久| 国产亚洲5aaaaa淫片| 美女国产视频在线观看| 五月玫瑰六月丁香| 中文字幕精品免费在线观看视频 | 亚洲欧美日韩另类电影网站 | 精品国产露脸久久av麻豆| 久久久亚洲精品成人影院| 在线观看一区二区三区| 亚洲国产最新在线播放| 特大巨黑吊av在线直播| 美女中出高潮动态图| 免费观看性生交大片5| 午夜老司机福利剧场| 久久久久性生活片| 男人添女人高潮全过程视频| 99精国产麻豆久久婷婷| 国产精品一区二区三区四区免费观看| 女性生殖器流出的白浆| 免费人妻精品一区二区三区视频| 国产成人免费观看mmmm| 91精品伊人久久大香线蕉| 熟女人妻精品中文字幕| 老熟女久久久| 在线看a的网站| 亚洲精品日韩av片在线观看| 国产成人精品婷婷| 天天躁日日操中文字幕| 久久人人爽人人片av| 免费黄频网站在线观看国产| 日韩欧美一区视频在线观看 | 亚洲精品视频女| 亚洲国产av新网站| 黄色一级大片看看| 亚洲精品自拍成人| 亚洲国产欧美在线一区| 国产黄色视频一区二区在线观看| 国产日韩欧美在线精品| 五月开心婷婷网| 亚洲欧洲国产日韩| 成人毛片60女人毛片免费| 久久久久精品久久久久真实原创| a级毛片免费高清观看在线播放| 一区二区三区免费毛片| 国产亚洲一区二区精品| 网址你懂的国产日韩在线| 色婷婷av一区二区三区视频| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影小说 | 亚洲欧美精品自产自拍| 自拍欧美九色日韩亚洲蝌蚪91 | 国产欧美日韩一区二区三区在线 | 免费人成在线观看视频色| 精品人妻一区二区三区麻豆| 狂野欧美白嫩少妇大欣赏| 亚洲人成网站在线播| 97在线人人人人妻| 99视频精品全部免费 在线| 亚洲美女黄色视频免费看| 精品少妇久久久久久888优播| 精品人妻熟女av久视频| 联通29元200g的流量卡| 亚洲精品久久久久久婷婷小说| 丰满人妻一区二区三区视频av| 久久99热这里只频精品6学生| 九九爱精品视频在线观看| 久久久欧美国产精品| 肉色欧美久久久久久久蜜桃| 亚洲国产欧美人成| 精品一区二区三区视频在线| 国产精品麻豆人妻色哟哟久久| 亚洲国产高清在线一区二区三| 精品人妻视频免费看| 国产男女内射视频| 一级av片app| 国产av一区二区精品久久 | 日本wwww免费看| 丰满迷人的少妇在线观看| 18禁在线无遮挡免费观看视频| 亚洲国产精品国产精品| 老司机影院毛片| 免费高清在线观看视频在线观看| 久久99热这里只频精品6学生| 久久久久国产精品人妻一区二区| a级一级毛片免费在线观看| 久久99精品国语久久久| 一级毛片电影观看| 国产亚洲欧美精品永久| 18禁裸乳无遮挡免费网站照片| 欧美97在线视频| 欧美激情极品国产一区二区三区 | 国产黄片视频在线免费观看| 成年免费大片在线观看| 老师上课跳d突然被开到最大视频| 身体一侧抽搐| 十分钟在线观看高清视频www | 免费人妻精品一区二区三区视频| 欧美日韩国产mv在线观看视频 | 中文字幕久久专区| 日日啪夜夜撸| 国产精品三级大全| 亚洲高清免费不卡视频| 80岁老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 亚洲精品久久久久久婷婷小说| 黄色怎么调成土黄色| 国产人妻一区二区三区在| 久久6这里有精品| 黄色视频在线播放观看不卡| 国产成人a区在线观看| 老司机影院毛片| 亚洲欧洲日产国产| 国产老妇伦熟女老妇高清| 女的被弄到高潮叫床怎么办| 最近中文字幕2019免费版| 成人国产麻豆网| 日本爱情动作片www.在线观看| 亚洲国产精品国产精品| 制服丝袜香蕉在线| 欧美国产精品一级二级三级 | 国产精品熟女久久久久浪| 尤物成人国产欧美一区二区三区| 久久女婷五月综合色啪小说| 九色成人免费人妻av| 在线 av 中文字幕| 欧美97在线视频| 欧美精品一区二区免费开放| 日韩成人av中文字幕在线观看| 国产美女午夜福利| 少妇高潮的动态图| 最新中文字幕久久久久| 久久6这里有精品| 内地一区二区视频在线| 日日啪夜夜撸| 国产av国产精品国产| 国产精品一区www在线观看| 欧美激情国产日韩精品一区| 成人黄色视频免费在线看| 一级毛片我不卡| 久久精品国产a三级三级三级| 我的老师免费观看完整版| 七月丁香在线播放| 日本一二三区视频观看| 亚洲第一av免费看| 国产爱豆传媒在线观看| 亚洲色图综合在线观看| 国产一级毛片在线| av天堂中文字幕网| 各种免费的搞黄视频| 最近最新中文字幕免费大全7| 黄色视频在线播放观看不卡| 91狼人影院| 国产成人免费观看mmmm| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影小说 | 亚洲在久久综合| 免费高清在线观看视频在线观看| 嫩草影院新地址| 老女人水多毛片| 最近中文字幕2019免费版| 人人妻人人澡人人爽人人夜夜| 午夜激情久久久久久久| 人妻系列 视频| 国产高清不卡午夜福利| 精品午夜福利在线看| 国产69精品久久久久777片| 亚洲国产精品999| 久久精品人妻少妇| 国产亚洲91精品色在线| 大香蕉97超碰在线| 国产深夜福利视频在线观看| 免费高清在线观看视频在线观看| 免费观看无遮挡的男女| 国产av一区二区精品久久 | 免费观看av网站的网址| 爱豆传媒免费全集在线观看| 欧美成人午夜免费资源| 国产av精品麻豆| 我要看日韩黄色一级片| 免费观看av网站的网址| 国产精品女同一区二区软件| 国产爽快片一区二区三区| 内地一区二区视频在线| 国产精品偷伦视频观看了| 成人国产av品久久久| 欧美激情国产日韩精品一区| 亚洲精品亚洲一区二区| 一区二区三区四区激情视频| 国产精品蜜桃在线观看| 亚洲激情五月婷婷啪啪| 欧美zozozo另类| 久久婷婷青草| 少妇丰满av| 国产精品一区www在线观看| av卡一久久| 亚洲不卡免费看| 国产白丝娇喘喷水9色精品| 97在线视频观看| 99热全是精品| 99re6热这里在线精品视频| 国产精品人妻久久久影院| 午夜激情久久久久久久| 欧美3d第一页| 欧美+日韩+精品| 久久久国产一区二区| 最近的中文字幕免费完整| av黄色大香蕉| 日本av免费视频播放| 亚洲精品久久午夜乱码| 精品人妻一区二区三区麻豆| 国产精品无大码| 亚洲,一卡二卡三卡| 国产欧美日韩一区二区三区在线 | 国产国拍精品亚洲av在线观看| 国产精品久久久久久久久免| 亚洲第一区二区三区不卡| 一级毛片 在线播放| 国产v大片淫在线免费观看| .国产精品久久| 观看av在线不卡| 午夜激情福利司机影院| 久久av网站| 91狼人影院| 十分钟在线观看高清视频www | 中文精品一卡2卡3卡4更新| 国产精品嫩草影院av在线观看| 国产伦在线观看视频一区| 在线观看一区二区三区| 亚洲欧美中文字幕日韩二区| 夫妻性生交免费视频一级片| 一级毛片电影观看| 亚洲精品日本国产第一区| 国产成人精品福利久久| 国产男女内射视频| 丝袜喷水一区| 婷婷色麻豆天堂久久| 在线观看国产h片| 国产成人精品一,二区| 精品一品国产午夜福利视频| 亚洲熟女精品中文字幕| 久久韩国三级中文字幕| 在线精品无人区一区二区三 | 国产精品嫩草影院av在线观看| a级一级毛片免费在线观看| 少妇人妻一区二区三区视频| 三级国产精品片| 黄色一级大片看看| 日本猛色少妇xxxxx猛交久久| 狠狠精品人妻久久久久久综合| 性高湖久久久久久久久免费观看| 亚洲精品,欧美精品| 国产精品福利在线免费观看| 久久午夜福利片| 国产精品麻豆人妻色哟哟久久| av国产精品久久久久影院| 亚洲人成网站在线播| 看十八女毛片水多多多| 97在线视频观看| 亚洲国产最新在线播放| 三级经典国产精品| 色哟哟·www| 又黄又爽又刺激的免费视频.| 国产黄色免费在线视频| 国产黄片视频在线免费观看| 色5月婷婷丁香| 亚洲美女视频黄频| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 日本-黄色视频高清免费观看| 丰满乱子伦码专区| 纯流量卡能插随身wifi吗| 亚洲欧美精品专区久久| 能在线免费看毛片的网站| 中文字幕免费在线视频6| 日韩人妻高清精品专区| 亚洲aⅴ乱码一区二区在线播放| 91精品一卡2卡3卡4卡| 日韩不卡一区二区三区视频在线| 51国产日韩欧美| 91久久精品电影网| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜爱| 国产精品不卡视频一区二区| av又黄又爽大尺度在线免费看| 精品人妻熟女av久视频| 久久av网站| 国产男女内射视频| 久久精品久久久久久久性| 网址你懂的国产日韩在线| 一级毛片久久久久久久久女| 久久久久久久亚洲中文字幕| 高清午夜精品一区二区三区| 欧美日韩国产mv在线观看视频 | 欧美另类一区| 久久精品国产亚洲av天美| 1000部很黄的大片| 99久久精品国产国产毛片| 久久av网站| 黄片wwwwww| 简卡轻食公司| 成人亚洲欧美一区二区av| 亚洲内射少妇av| 精品视频人人做人人爽| 亚洲怡红院男人天堂| 亚洲精品456在线播放app| 欧美xxⅹ黑人| 卡戴珊不雅视频在线播放| 伊人久久精品亚洲午夜| 欧美国产精品一级二级三级 | 国产精品久久久久成人av| 成人亚洲欧美一区二区av| 美女xxoo啪啪120秒动态图| 国产伦精品一区二区三区四那| 九九久久精品国产亚洲av麻豆| 亚洲欧美中文字幕日韩二区| 中文天堂在线官网| 日韩欧美精品免费久久| 久久久久久久久久人人人人人人| 一级毛片久久久久久久久女| 国产高清三级在线| 少妇人妻 视频| 国产成人aa在线观看| 色综合色国产| av在线蜜桃| 人人妻人人添人人爽欧美一区卜 | 婷婷色麻豆天堂久久| 91精品伊人久久大香线蕉| 国产高清三级在线| 少妇丰满av| 97精品久久久久久久久久精品| 人妻夜夜爽99麻豆av| 亚洲色图综合在线观看| 久久久欧美国产精品| 噜噜噜噜噜久久久久久91| 直男gayav资源| 我的老师免费观看完整版| 亚洲国产色片| 精品国产露脸久久av麻豆| 亚洲va在线va天堂va国产| 另类亚洲欧美激情| 大片电影免费在线观看免费| 一级毛片电影观看| 又黄又爽又刺激的免费视频.| 成人黄色视频免费在线看| 久热久热在线精品观看| 22中文网久久字幕| 美女内射精品一级片tv| 99视频精品全部免费 在线| 色视频在线一区二区三区| 欧美人与善性xxx| 国产亚洲欧美精品永久| 涩涩av久久男人的天堂| xxx大片免费视频| 成年av动漫网址| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人 | 亚洲电影在线观看av| 我要看黄色一级片免费的| 亚洲最大成人中文| 久久久久人妻精品一区果冻| 高清视频免费观看一区二区| 精品久久久久久久久av| 欧美高清成人免费视频www| 最近最新中文字幕免费大全7| 国产黄色视频一区二区在线观看| 亚洲欧美精品专区久久| 黄色视频在线播放观看不卡| 亚洲精品久久久久久婷婷小说| 毛片女人毛片| 大香蕉久久网| 下体分泌物呈黄色| 成人亚洲欧美一区二区av| 国产亚洲欧美精品永久| 中文字幕人妻熟人妻熟丝袜美| 夫妻性生交免费视频一级片| 男人和女人高潮做爰伦理| 国产成人精品福利久久| 国产男人的电影天堂91| 性色avwww在线观看| 在线播放无遮挡| 亚洲精品色激情综合| h视频一区二区三区| av免费在线看不卡| 久久国产精品男人的天堂亚洲 | av又黄又爽大尺度在线免费看| 亚洲精品国产av蜜桃| 中文欧美无线码| 少妇 在线观看| 免费av不卡在线播放| 综合色丁香网| 在线播放无遮挡| 99久久中文字幕三级久久日本| 91精品国产九色| 精品久久久久久电影网| 久久久久久久国产电影| 亚洲av.av天堂| 晚上一个人看的免费电影| 看非洲黑人一级黄片| 欧美 日韩 精品 国产| 国产免费福利视频在线观看| 永久免费av网站大全| 好男人视频免费观看在线| 国产精品久久久久久久电影| 国语对白做爰xxxⅹ性视频网站| 99视频精品全部免费 在线| av卡一久久| 日韩成人伦理影院| 毛片一级片免费看久久久久| www.av在线官网国产| 久久韩国三级中文字幕| 女人久久www免费人成看片| 久久久久人妻精品一区果冻| 亚洲色图av天堂| 久久人人爽av亚洲精品天堂 | av免费在线看不卡| 亚洲va在线va天堂va国产| 久久久久久九九精品二区国产| 久久人人爽人人爽人人片va| 国产亚洲最大av| 亚洲国产成人一精品久久久| 亚洲国产精品专区欧美| 国产精品蜜桃在线观看| 两个人的视频大全免费| 亚洲av综合色区一区| 亚洲精品乱码久久久久久按摩| 91精品国产九色| 永久免费av网站大全| 三级国产精品片| 久久亚洲国产成人精品v| 亚洲欧洲日产国产| 国产成人一区二区在线| 偷拍熟女少妇极品色| 日韩成人伦理影院| 一级毛片久久久久久久久女| 欧美日韩综合久久久久久| 国产成人a∨麻豆精品| 亚洲av日韩在线播放| 婷婷色综合www| 日韩人妻高清精品专区| 久久久久国产精品人妻一区二区| 高清午夜精品一区二区三区| 春色校园在线视频观看| 欧美激情极品国产一区二区三区 | 久久人人爽av亚洲精品天堂 | 国产亚洲最大av| 久久久a久久爽久久v久久| 伦理电影免费视频| 另类亚洲欧美激情| 国产成人a∨麻豆精品| 看免费成人av毛片| 亚洲国产欧美在线一区| 久久久久久久大尺度免费视频| 在线看a的网站| 精品少妇久久久久久888优播| 亚洲性久久影院| 男的添女的下面高潮视频| 欧美日韩精品成人综合77777| 亚州av有码| 丝袜脚勾引网站| 亚洲精品一二三| 久久久成人免费电影| 国产精品三级大全| 国产免费一区二区三区四区乱码| 18禁动态无遮挡网站| 亚洲av成人精品一区久久| 小蜜桃在线观看免费完整版高清| 一区二区av电影网| 熟女人妻精品中文字幕| 日本黄色日本黄色录像| 日韩制服骚丝袜av| 一级黄片播放器| 日韩视频在线欧美| 欧美亚洲 丝袜 人妻 在线| 久久人人爽人人片av| 国产高清不卡午夜福利| 爱豆传媒免费全集在线观看| 美女高潮的动态| 午夜日本视频在线| 99久久综合免费| 国产成人freesex在线| 在线观看免费高清a一片| 黄色一级大片看看| 国产成人a∨麻豆精品| 老司机影院毛片| av国产久精品久网站免费入址| .国产精品久久| 一级毛片我不卡| 久久久午夜欧美精品| 乱系列少妇在线播放| 男女啪啪激烈高潮av片| 黄色视频在线播放观看不卡| 中文字幕av成人在线电影| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 只有这里有精品99| 国产乱来视频区| 99久久精品热视频| 亚洲人成网站在线观看播放| 六月丁香七月| 蜜臀久久99精品久久宅男| 精品亚洲成a人片在线观看 | av免费在线看不卡| 尾随美女入室| 超碰av人人做人人爽久久| 一级毛片黄色毛片免费观看视频| 婷婷色综合www| 国产精品一区二区三区四区免费观看| 国产成人aa在线观看| 这个男人来自地球电影免费观看 | 精品久久久久久久末码| 男女边摸边吃奶| 亚洲人与动物交配视频| 最新中文字幕久久久久| 涩涩av久久男人的天堂| av网站免费在线观看视频| 国产精品国产三级国产av玫瑰| 久久久久久久亚洲中文字幕| 国产爱豆传媒在线观看| 久久久久久久久久久丰满| freevideosex欧美| av在线老鸭窝| 国产亚洲欧美精品永久| 精品酒店卫生间| 18禁裸乳无遮挡免费网站照片| 网址你懂的国产日韩在线| 日本一二三区视频观看| av福利片在线观看| 国产69精品久久久久777片| av播播在线观看一区| 国产色爽女视频免费观看| 国产亚洲欧美精品永久| 亚洲精品乱码久久久v下载方式| 国产极品天堂在线| 在线免费观看不下载黄p国产| 国产黄频视频在线观看| 国产免费一区二区三区四区乱码| 久久99蜜桃精品久久| 国产69精品久久久久777片| 啦啦啦在线观看免费高清www| 久久精品久久久久久噜噜老黄| 中文在线观看免费www的网站| 菩萨蛮人人尽说江南好唐韦庄| 国产毛片在线视频| 天美传媒精品一区二区| 午夜福利网站1000一区二区三区| 乱系列少妇在线播放| 国产成人91sexporn| 极品少妇高潮喷水抽搐| 久久久久久久精品精品| 不卡视频在线观看欧美| 久久精品夜色国产| 亚洲精品,欧美精品| 男人添女人高潮全过程视频| 日本猛色少妇xxxxx猛交久久| 亚洲成人av在线免费| 欧美日韩国产mv在线观看视频 | a级毛片免费高清观看在线播放| 尾随美女入室| 国产免费视频播放在线视频| 午夜日本视频在线| 蜜桃亚洲精品一区二区三区| 有码 亚洲区| 一个人看视频在线观看www免费| 成年人午夜在线观看视频| 日日啪夜夜撸| 亚洲第一av免费看| 成人漫画全彩无遮挡|