• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    New Approaches to Targeted Poverty Alleviation in the Age of Big Data—On Improving the Results of Targeted Poverty Alleviation Programs (10)

    2018-07-31 07:35:48MoGuanghuiZhangYuxue
    Contemporary Social Sciences 2018年3期

    Mo Guanghui, Zhang Yuxue

    Abstract: Since the State Council issued the Action Plan on Promoting the Development of the Big Data Industry, big data-enabled information integration and processing applications have increasingly become the basic strategic resources for the building of a modern governance system in China. When it comes to poverty reduction, given that we are currently at a critical stage in the battle to eradicate poverty, it’s important that we apply the big data way of thinking and big data technology to the development and integration of poverty alleviation resources. This paper examines the need to apply big data technology in targeted poverty alleviation and discusses how big data technology can be integrated into targeted poverty alleviation programs and how the big data way of thinking meshes with the idea of targeted poverty alleviation. It is believed that the application of big data technology can significantly improve the results of targeted poverty alleviation programs and that the building of big data-powered poverty alleviation platforms is a new approach to implementing the targeted poverty alleviation strategy.This paper calls for changing our way of thinking regarding targeted poverty alleviation and points out the directions for targeted poverty alleviation in the age of big data, with a view to promoting the extensive application of big data technology in the field of poverty reduction and improving the results of poverty alleviation and eradication programs.

    Keywords: targeted poverty alleviation; big data; targeted poverty eradication; innovative approaches

    1. The need to apply big data technology in targeted poverty alleviation

    The application of information technology in our economy and society has led to an exponential growth of data and big data-enabled information integration and processing applications have increasingly become the basic strategic resources for the building of a modern governance system. As the internet booms and becomes widely used, promoting innovation-driven development,accelerating big data deployments, and developing big data applications have become an essential and inevitable part of the drive to modernize the government’s governance capacity. Informatization and digitalization are also important means for the promotion of standard social governance and scientific development. When it comes to poverty reduction, since we are currently at a critical stage in the battle to eradicate poverty, it’s important that we round up poverty alleviation resources in an efficient manner, which in turn makes it necessary to apply the big data way of thinking and big data technology to our work throughout the poverty eradication battle, from the development of overall targeted poverty alleviation policies to the realization of poverty eradication targets. In retrospect, the Chinese government has attached great importance to eradicating poverty and constantly adjusted the poverty line and its poverty reduction policies since 1949. The manpower, funds and resources invested in poverty alleviation programs over time have significantly improved the conditions facing regions and people in China below the absolute poverty line and altered China’s image as a backward,poverty-stricken country. China has been making its contribution to the global drive to reduce poverty.Nevertheless, despite the advances of the poverty reduction projects, as of 2015, China still had over 60 million people living below the poverty line of RMB 2,300 a year. Most of these people live in special regions such as places that were old revolutionary bases primarily inhabited by ethnic minorities and remote mountain villages. This means that the poverty crisis they face is more entrenched; they lack the ability to seek development on their own,and the task of lifting them out of poverty is more challenging. Given this, China is still faced with serious challenges on its path to eradicating poverty.The goal is to ensure that all rural residents living below the current poverty line are out of poverty and poverty is eliminated in all counties and regions by 2020. This is a task to be completed and a challenge to be tackled by China during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. The idea of targeted poverty alleviation was put forth by General Secretary Xi Jinping during an inspection tour of Tujia-Miao autonomous prefecture of Xiangxi, Hunan Province in November 2013. The idea has since become a fundamental part of the country’s poverty alleviation work. Looking at the incubation process of the targeted poverty alleviation strategy, some scholars have pointed to a shift of focus from poverty-stricken counties and villages to specific individuals living in poverty.“The poverty alleviation project with Chinese characteristics is the product of continuous strategic planning in the process of building a socialist system with Chinese characteristics and the targeted poverty alleviation strategy is a furthering of the original poverty alleviation policies and a guarantee of victory in the battle to eradicate poverty” (Mo,2016). More specific requirements have been raised as the strategy is further analyzed and expanded.Big data technology meshes well with the targeted poverty alleviation programs for the fact that it’s dynamic and data-powered and enables unit-based management. The Action Plan on Promoting the Development of the Big Data Industry by the State Council in September 2015 listed the application of big data technology as one of the approaches to targeted poverty eradication. At a meeting convened by the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee in 2015, General Secretary Xi Jinping,when explaining the targeted poverty alleviation strategy, proposed setting statistical targets for targeted poverty alleviation programs and making full use of data to target poverty, promote the opening and sharing of resources and ensure the wellbeing of the people. Then in September 2015, Gansu was selected as the region to pilot a national big data platform for poverty alleviation by the State Council Leading Group Office of Poverty Alleviation and Development and thus became the first in the country to explore the possibility of building a big data management platform for targeted poverty alleviation (Mo, 2016). Since then, different pilot projects that involve using big data to facilitate the implementation of the targeted poverty alleviation strategy have been launched. Regions including Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangdong and Guangxi began to apply big data technology in poverty alleviation,upgrading their technology and introducing necessary equipment and systems based on local conditions, exploring poverty alleviation methods that are in line with their regional development,and optimizing their dynamic poverty alleviation management systems and evaluation criteria with the help of cloud platforms and data management systems. They have continuously strengthened the comprehensive analyzing and dynamic monitoring capacity of their poverty alleviation information platforms, promoted the linking, sharing and integration of information with relevant industry organizations, and built their own big data platforms for targeted poverty alleviation. Scholars have already pointed out the huge role big data can play in advancing public administration reform. “The reason that big data can promote reform in public administration is not that it provides data services,but that it brings changes in management thinking and structure, clarifies the scope of management and entities to be managed, and improves the efficiency of management. Big data applications and relevant big data services will revolutionize public administration” (Hu, 2016). Internet technology has seen some applications in poverty alleviation,but a national or regional data sharing platform for targeted poverty alleviation has yet to be established.It’s high time that we explore the potential of big data technology in targeted poverty alleviation. Therefore,against a background where the poverty issues have become more complicated, the causes of poverty are manifold, the task of eradicating poverty is more challenging, and the means of poverty alleviation need upgrading, to mitigate the poverty crisis and effectively address China’s poverty problem.We must create favorable conditions and build an institutional environment helpful for the extensive application of big data technology in poverty alleviation, with the aim of maximizing the role of big data technology in targeted poverty alleviation,popularizing big data technology and applications for targeted poverty alleviation, improving the efficiency of poverty alleviation programs, and providing the basic technological support for China to win the battle to eradicate poverty. This is not only an urgent task in the implementation of the targeted poverty alleviation strategy, but also a major topic for scholars studying the theories of poverty.

    2. How big data meshes with the targeted poverty alleviation strategy

    2.1 Big data technology

    Big data technology facilitates the building of internet-connected regional poverty databases.The Implementation Plan for Building a Targeted Poverty Alleviation Mechanism, introduced in 2014, brought targeted poverty alleviation-oriented informatization to a new level. “The State Council Leading Group Office of Poverty Alleviation and Development shall formulate and guide the implementation of a plan for promoting poverty alleviation-oriented informatization nationwide,setting standards, integrating the Office’s existing information systems and putting in place a universal application system.” Universal, well-coordinated and internet-connected information platforms will provide important information support for the implementation of targeted poverty alleviation programs. Take Guangxi for instance. The local government made full use of e-government data as well as other basic information resources such as the population information database, natural resources and the geospatial information database, and the economic information database, collected povertyrelated information on taxes, finance, civil affairs,social security, urban and rural construction, etc.,digitalized poverty-related information with the help of modern information processing technologies including cloud computing, cloud storage and cloud management, and built for its region a universal poverty alleviation database. In the meantime,Guangxi clarified the scope of data sharing among different poverty alleviation departments and set standards for the exchange of poverty data to enable the sharing of poverty information across the region and provide data necessary for decision making and advancing of poverty alleviation programs.

    Big data technology assists analysis of povertyrelated issues. The obtaining of specific data is the premise for conducting scientific analysis on an issue. In poverty alleviation, this means developing mathematical models with statistical analysis methods to collect and aggregate various poverty information so that researchers can find the data’s overall relevance and intrinsic patterns.First, statistics produced by the mathematical models can shed light on the living conditions and life skills of impoverished people, which enables researchers to study and predict their behavior and values and identify the causes of their slow growth and aggravated poverty problems. By classifying the identified poverty-stricken populations using big data technology, researchers are able to find the causes of poverty for different classifications, which makes it possible to more effectively address their poverty problems and allow non-government entities to target their assistance at specific people. Then, by tracking the poverty alleviation process in real time,governments can deepen their statistical analysis to meet the changing needs of the impoverished and increase their resource allocation efficiency. Besides errors in the identification of poverty-stricken people, another important reason for the timid results of poverty alleviation programs in the past is lack of a dynamic management system that can exclude people who have been lifted out of poverty from poverty alleviation programs. By integrating big data technology, governments can establish a dynamic poverty alleviation management system that automatically excludes those moved above the poverty line and enroll people who fall back below the poverty line. Such a system can remain effective over a long period of time and prevent cases where those lifted out of poverty continue to receive poverty aid while people who fall back below the poverty line are left unnoticed.

    Big data technology expedites the establishment of a dynamic poverty alleviation management system. In January 2014, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council issued the Opinions on Innovating Mechanisms and Steadily Advancing Rural Poverty Alleviation, calling for the establishment of a targeted poverty alleviation mechanism. The Opinions put forward the principles of “county-based dynamic management, overall control, accurate poverty identification, and clarifying responsibilities at different levels.” It also requires that profiles be created for each poverty-stricken village and household and a national poverty alleviation information system be established. Targeted poverty alleviation in the context of big data means using modern information processing technology to replace the original static management system and shifting from static operation to dynamic prediction.Guangdong Province, for example, took the lead in introducing a poverty identification system that involves creating profiles for the impoverished and publishing the list of people and regions identified as poverty-stricken, a working system that assigns responsibilities to specific personnel and targeting aid at specific regions and people, a subsidy granting system in which capital is managed by a separate account and handled independently and capital flows are monitored, as well as a project supervisory system featuring dynamic monitoring through data platforms and real-time updating of poverty information. Via the poverty alleviation information management system, the local government is now able to view in real time the information of any of the 2,571 villages, 209,000 households and 906,000 people identified as needing poverty aid in the latest round of assessments (Hu, 2015). Dynamic management means, on the one hand, continuously monitoring the progress of poverty alleviation programs and adjusting the poverty alleviation plan accordingly as the programs advance and the living conditions of the impoverished improve to ensure that the targets of the programs remain accurate, and on the other hand, dynamically managing poverty alleviation resources, allocating resources and capital based on the needs of the impoverished and guiding the granting of subsidies.

    Big data technology enhances data support for poverty assessment. In 2016, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council issued the Methods to Assess the Results of the Poverty Alleviation Work of Provincial Party Committees and Governments,in which they pointed out that in addition to a statistics-based assessment system, third parties should assess the results of poverty alleviation.On the one hand, governments should conduct quantitative analysis of the results of poverty alleviation programs, develop a system to assess the performance of big data platforms for targeted poverty alleviation, and examine the effectiveness of their regions’ poverty alleviation programs by applying to the data assessment system indicators such as poverty identification accuracy, poverty list updating efficiency, income growth in povertystricken areas, and subsidy distribution effectiveness.A scientific and dynamic assessment system should keep officials from faking statistics to earn credit for their work. On the other hand, local authorities should involve third parties in the assessment process, collecting and analyzing the opinions of the public using information interactive technology and assigning a weight to the assessment results produced by third parties to ensure the fairness and transparency of the assessment process and increase the credibility and accuracy of assessment results.

    2.2 Big data-based way of thinking

    Big data-based quantitative assessment enables accurate poverty identification. Thanks to the advancement of big data technology, analysis based on population data has increasingly taken the place of analysis based on sample data. The Rural Poverty Alleviation and Development Program (2011-2020)introduced by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, calls for “furthering the idea of targeted poverty alleviation, establishing an allinclusive poverty identification mechanism, and promoting dynamic management.” Guizhou’s“Poverty Alleviation Cloud” leverages big data and cloud computing technology to quantify the information of the impoverished and introduces 48 indicators (in 18 sets) for the calculation of a poverty overcoming score for each povertystricken individual. People whose scores fall below 60 are categorized as “impoverished;” those who score between 60 and 80 are classified as “l(fā)ikely impoverished,” and individuals whose scores are above 80 are considered lifted out of poverty. The scores are helpful for the identification of povertystricken populations. Poverty alleviation work is built on the accurate identification of impoverished people, which entails a comprehensive collection of information on poverty-stricken people and the environment of impoverished regions as well as the generation of poverty indexes with the help of big data platforms.

    Big data analytics allows targeting aid at specific people. Traditional information analysis focuses on developing solutions to particular problems,while big data analytics pays more attention to the patterns in the data. In June 2015, the Gansu Provincial Party Committee and Gansu Provincial People’s Government issued the Opinions on Steadily Advancing Targeted Poverty Alleviation,which states that Gansu will leverage big data technology to achieve real-name management of the province’s 6220 impoverished villages and 4.17 million impoverished people, identify the causes of their poverty and learn about their needs. Poverty alleviation information databases collect massive amounts of poverty-related information. They allow relevant parties to analyze various indicators to determine the cases of poverty and formulate strategies and allocate resources accordingly. They also make it possible for governments to make predictions on poverty issues based on the patterns found and take preventive measures to reduce cases where people removed from the poverty list return to poverty.

    Big data’s scientific system promotes precise management. Big data technology, which has great social significance, will offer new approaches to poverty alleviation in the information age.Incorporating big data information systems into governments’ original management systems ensures that poverty alleviation departments at different levels add new data to their databases and update and maintain their existing data in a timely manner. The integrated data can assist their decision making. Additionally, big data poverty alleviation management platforms facilitate the sharing of data among different departments, breaking information barriers and increasing governments’ efficiency in poverty alleviation.

    Big data-enabled dynamic tracking guarantees targeted poverty alleviation efforts. In May 2016,the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, in conjunction with eight other ministries and departments in China,issued the Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Development of Featured Industries and Targeted Poverty Alleviation in Poverty-stricken Areas,urging timely updates on the information of industrial poverty alleviation efforts for the sake of streamlined management and performance appraisal. And big data, born out of the drive for continuously updated information, becomes a natural fit for guaranteeing the dynamic tracking of poverty alleviation efforts. Guizhou, for one,has already built its “Poverty Alleviation Cloud,”a dynamic tracking platform that pools all updated information on the registered poverty families and project funds. The platform is based on GIS and is accessible through mobile terminals. The “Poverty Alleviation Cloud” (Phase I) was designed primarily to follow the status of the 6.23 million people living below the poverty line, including 9,000 povertystricken villages, 934 poverty-stricken towns, 66 poverty-stricken counties, the areas covered by the poverty alleviation efforts and the 1.23 million people who had been lifted out of poverty in 2014 in Guizhou. With this pool of data guiding the targeted poverty alleviation efforts, the “Poverty Alleviation Cloud” has become an integral part of the national poverty alleviation archive. Big data-aided targeted poverty alleviation eliminates the previous issue of delayed feedback on poverty alleviation efforts. With the help of big data, the responsible departments for poverty alleviation can respond in a timely way to the changing requirements of the people living below the poverty line. And with the allocation of poverty alleviation resources being recorded and published on an open platform, proper and efficient allocation of poverty resources is ensured. Furthermore, the implementation of poverty alleviation projects can be tracked so that timely revisions can be made to the poverty alleviation efforts with a view to the changing circumstances and upgraded technological means, ultimately coming up with a new approach for poverty alleviation that agrees with local realities.

    3. Results generated from the application of big data in targeted poverty alleviation

    3.1 More accurate information for targeted poverty alleviation

    On October 29, 2015, the CPC Central Committee’s Proposal on Formulating the Thirteenth Five-year Plan (2016-2020) on National Economic and Social Development (the Proposal)was adopted at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee. The Proposal called for efforts to “expand the number of infrastructures in poverty-stricken areas and deliver access to roads, water, electricity and internet for residents in line with local realities.” Admittedly, an open online data pool for poverty alleviation could not be built without sound poverty reduction platforms.Guangxi, for example, has been striving to build portals to the poverty alleviation platforms of the villages, towns, counties, cities and the provinces,with an aim to facilitate the sharing of information on poverty relief. To identify more precisely the people in poverty, the Poverty Alleviation Office of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region harnessed the power of big data technology. A solid foundation was thus laid for future targeted poverty relief efforts. Starting in October 2015, Guangxi has dispatched in total 250,000 officers to embark on a new round of precise identification campaign,which has collectively gathered an immense amount of data on poverty. Whereas, the efforts required to identify poverty families are monumental as poverty is an issue that is multifaceted, complex and dynamic, with the support of big data-powered poverty alleviation platforms, the data that are originally confined to specific areas and different departments can be aggregated for comprehensive comparison and analysis. In this case, people in poverty can be accurately singled out while human error is minimized.

    3.2 Driving the development of e-commerce for poverty alleviation

    Embroidery unique to Miao Ethnic Township

    In the Decision of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Winning the Tough Battle against Poverty, “intensive efforts were needed for both the use of Internet Plus and E-commerce in poverty reduction.” The impoverished areas should, riding on the booming e-commerce in rural areas, seek to boost online consumption, foster internet entrepreneurship and change their ways of production and life by leveraging electronic and information technology. Specifically, they should approach targeted poverty reduction with internetbased solutions. Tongzi County of Guizhou, for instance, driven by the trend of “Internet Plus”had been pushing the development of e-commerce by attracting investment and offering targeted assistance. For this purpose, it invested in the following aspects: rebrand special agricultural products to boost the development of featured agricultural segments; redesign the package of special agricultural products to add value; tap into data and internet technologies for sophisticated marketing; and highlight eco-friendly brands to promote sustainable development of local industries.By the end of 2015, 20 specialty products, including the liquor brand Tongzi Jiao and embroidery unique to Mazong Miao Ethnic Township and carrying the label “Made in Tongzi” had been listed on the virtual platform of Taobao.com and sold at the “appointed counter for special products from Tongzi.” This helped the villagers in Tongzi County to sell their specialties at a relatively lower cost. Poverty relief through e-commerce, on the one hand, serves to scale up relevant industries.With e-commerce, relevant departments can thus endeavor to foster leading industries, drive the development of relevant industries and application technologies, encourage mass entrepreneurship and build a complete industrial chain for information technology by tapping into the existing resources of the impoverished areas with supportive measures like preferential policies, financial support and social assistance. On the other hand, it helps to intensify the fusion between “Internet and Agriculture,” driving the traditionally fragmented agricultural industry toward intensive management. The integration of the sale of agricultural products into the internet industry ecosystem is also conducive to the brand building of local agricultural products, as online sales channels bridge directly the supply and demand for agricultural products. While e-commerce is generally flourishing in rural areas across China,promoting e-commerce in under-resourced povertystricken areas still faces a fair number of challenges.These include: widening the local residents’ access to internet for the sake of developing a complete internet industrial chain; arming the rural areas with logistics infrastructures and building scientifically engineered logistics information platforms; bringing in and nurturing talents in e-commerce space to offer continuous instructions for the development of big data-powered e-commerce in impoverished areas.

    3.3 Diffusion of gains derived from poverty alleviation efforts among the public

    An essential role that big data plays in poverty relief is democratizing the access to information on poverty alleviation and encouraging participation from the public in poverty reduction efforts. As such, the local governments should, by capitalizing on the existing poverty reduction resources, build an open poverty alleviation information service platform, through which relevant administrative departments and individuals can access data on poverty alleviation, voice their complaints and share information. Building an open service platform comes with a number of benefits. It encourages participation from multiple social units in poverty reduction and helps the residents in impoverished areas realize the leading role they play in targeted poverty alleviation. These will in turn increase their willingness to engage in and their approval of poverty alleviation efforts. For another, the targeted poverty alleviation work could be further enhanced based on the gathered feedback on the implementation of poverty alleviation efforts. An exemplary case of the combined use of big data and cloud computing in poverty relief is Guizhou’s targeted poverty alleviation model of “1+N+N”which essentially represents “Cloud-enabled Joint Efforts” with the help of “Poverty Alleviation Cloud” targeted measures can be taken to help people reduced to poverty for a variety of reasons. In areas where it is almost impossible to make a living,relocation projects are vigorously carried out to fundamentally remove the root for bread-and-butter issues. As demonstrated above, the application of big data in poverty alleviation helps diffuse the gains derived from poverty alleviation efforts and foster ambition in people living below the poverty line.

    3.4 Delivering transparency on targeted poverty alleviation work

    A big data-powered targeted poverty alleviation management platform enables dynamic tracking of the progress of poverty reduction projects. This helps the poverty alleviation task forces follow, in real time, the changing needs of people in poverty and, in turn, allocate the poverty relief resources precisely to those who really need them. On the other hand, the platform can function as a system of accountability, in which the performance of poverty alleviation task forces is measured against a set of quantitative indexes. With the appraisal results, the underperformed departments and personnel can thus be held accountable, thus strengthening the sense of responsibility in the personnel in poverty alleviation task forces. That said, while intensifying supervision within the poverty alleviation task forces, it is also equally important to speed the building of social supervision platforms to encourage the engagement of people in impoverished areas. This should serve to ensure that the poverty alleviation work is carried out fairly and transparently and the poverty alleviation efforts are properly targeted. The Poverty Alleviation Office of Yunnan Province,for instance, had been using a “Big Data” platform to follow the progress of poverty alleviation work and the work performance of poverty alleviation personnel. Relevant personnel would be called in for a meeting with their supervisors as soon as they were found to be behind their work schedule. With the help of this big data-powered targeted poverty alleviation platform, Yunnan has so far carried out over 30 times the historical number of inspections of targeted poverty alleviation work, issued notices of criticism to 5 officers and summoned back 1,117 officers stationed in villages due to dereliction of duty. All these efforts were made to ensure that the poverty alleviation work was advanced efficiently as planned.

    4. New approaches to targeted poverty alleviation in the age of big data

    At a time when the means to fight poverty has evolved, the poverty alleviation offices across the country must also ramp up their efforts in refining the targeted poverty alleviation platforms with big data while working to establish the data archives that pool all the information on people in poverty. A sound big data-powered poverty alleviation platform enables dynamic management of targeted poverty alleviation funds and, therefore, guarantees that the funds go precisely to whomever needs it most.And apart from its ability to track in real time and manage the progress on targeted poverty alleviation work, the big data-powered poverty alleviation platform also facilitates aggregation and sharing of information between different poverty alleviation task forces, thus enhancing the efficiency of targeted alleviation work.

    4.1 Changing the way of thinking towards targeted poverty alleviation

    Transformation of decision-making: from pure subjective speculation to scientific analysis.Regarding data analysis, the norm of the past was to rely on manual work, which obviously could not reveal the whole picture. But, this has totally changed with big data. Boasting an ability to centrally process all aggregated data with established statistics evaluation models, quantitative analysis can now be carried out on all the information on people living in impoverished areas, including the seriousness of poverty, causes of poverty and poverty relief measures, enabling the targeted poverty alleviation work to be executed in a scientific manner.Additionally, the implementation of targeted poverty alleviation projects will invariably be impacted by the differences in thoughts of people in different areas, it is thus even more crucial to use scientific statistics analysis to find the real causes of their poverty, say illness, disability, education, natural disaster, land shortage, water shortage, absence of technology, labor shortage, capital shortage, poor traffic conditions and lack of motivation to overcome poverty, and, in turn, apply targeted poverty relief measures. In addition to objective analysis, the responsible units should also work to change the way of thinking of people in poverty, fostering their“motivation to initiatively get out of poverty.” Their own motivation, combined with the governments’poverty relief measures, shall serve to ultimately lift them out of poverty and put them on the road to a better life.

    Transformation of poverty alleviation approaches: from an indiscriminate approach to targeted poverty alleviation. An indiscriminate approach towards poverty reduction has, to some extent, hindered the advancement of China’s poverty alleviation campaign. One of the key priorities of the targeted poverty alleviation campaign is to prevent“the people who have already been relieved of poverty from slipping back into poverty.” The idea of targeted poverty alleviation is mirrored not only in poverty identification but also in the implementation of poverty alleviation measures. With the help of big data technology, poverty alleviation task forces and relevant personnel can take more targeted measures to meet the needs of specific povertystricken families, thus eliminating the issues of low efficiency in resource allocations and snail-paced progress on poverty alleviation work. And since big data-powered platforms offer more detailed appraisal indexes and enables scientific data analysis, the poverty relief resources can thus be allocated in a directed manner, eventually improving the efficiency of poverty alleviation work. Big data technologies like cloud computing, cloud positioning and cloud storage have carved out a viable path for targeted poverty alleviation, driving the poverty alleviation efforts to be carried out in a more targeted manner.

    4.2 Future development of targeted poverty alleviation in the age of big data

    Seeking new breakthroughs in technologies applicable to targeted poverty alleviation. The investment required for developing big datapowered targeted poverty alleviation platforms is so immense that it cannot be borne by the impoverished areas alone. For this reason, the central government must formulate corresponding supportive policies like tax reductions or fiscal subsidies to intensify the application of big data in poverty alleviation and encourage technological innovation. Meanwhile, great efforts must also be devoted to crack the key elements of big data technology, including data visualizations, data mining algorithms, prediction and semantic search to refine the infrastructure of poverty alleviation technologies, like cloud computing platforms.As the value delivered by big data has become increasingly evident, a shortage of big data talents has been experienced in the field of poverty alleviation. Given this, the central government must invest intensively in nurturing big data talents for poverty alleviation, with a commitment to the idea that talent cultivation shall be guided by the notion of sustainable development. Specifically, big data talents for poverty alleviation can be cultivated through the following two ways. First, identify the personnel who are equipped with both the basic knowledge on big data and experience in poverty relief work and provide them with intensive training on big data so that they can be fully readied for the building of big data-powered targeted poverty alleviation platforms; second, identify graduates with potential and organize training to deepen their understanding of big data and its applications in poverty alleviation.

    Tracking the flow of the funds for targeted poverty alleviation. One of the main causes for the snail-paced progress in poverty alleviation before was misdirected distribution and embezzlement of poverty alleviation funds. By building a big datapowered targeted poverty alleviation platform, the flow of the funds for targeted poverty alleviation can be tracked during the whole process. With a big data platform, the supervisors of poverty alleviation projects can then easily follow the progress of the poverty alleviation projects through regular updates by poverty alleviation task forces and therefore be aware of the distribution of funds and relief resources, particularly if the poverty alleviation funds are really delivered to the targeted recipients.This should serve to reduce swindling and false claims of poverty, root out misconduct in poverty alleviation work and strengthen the discipline inspection and supervision over targeted poverty reduction work. Ultimately, the proper and efficient use of the special funds for poverty alleviation is guaranteed and the effect of the poverty alleviation fund is maximized.

    Establishing a dynamic tracking mechanism for targeted poverty alleviation work. While seeking to build dynamic information management systems for impoverished villages, households and people,efforts must also be stepped up in building big data-powered poverty alleviation platforms to promote interactions and sharing of information on poverty alleviation across provinces, cities,counties, towns, villages and impoverished people,among different poverty alleviation offices and between poverty alleviation offices with industries,financial institutions and other poverty alleviation departments. In addition, a staggered tracking system should be established for supervision of the poverty relief resources, including personnel, funds and materials, and the evaluation of the effect of poverty alleviation policies so that the responsible units can be updated in a timely way regarding the information on people in poverty, including the general information on impoverished families, their living conditions, causes of their poverty, poverty relief measures and personnel responsible for the poverty relief efforts. Meanwhile, the information on poverty alleviation work should be followed and updated more frequently for the sake of timely analysis and comparison. All these efforts should ultimately serve to enable the dynamic management of poverty alleviation work and ensure that targeted measures are taken for poverty alleviation and the efficiency of targeted poverty alleviation work is enhanced.

    Facilitating the sharing of information on targeted poverty alleviation efforts. As the economic growth of China enters the stage of New Normal,adjusting the economic structure and driving growth have become two major objectives in the economic sphere of China. In this context the officers in poverty alleviation offices should make conscious efforts to develop a sense of appreciation for information. This means they should endeavor to proactively organize the information on poverty alleviation and understand the development of the socialist market economy while exploiting the poverty relief resources to the maximum effect. In addition, due importance should be attached to the filtering, processing and evaluating of information on poverty alleviation for integration of information on targeted poverty alleviation and the addition of information capital for the whole society. As big data processing technology develops, the data archive for poverty alleviation and the sharing of information on poverty alleviation have also become more robust. To root out poverty completely, a sound data archive for poverty alleviation is essential. And this necessitates the aggregation of all information needed to relieve impoverished households of poverty. What’s more, the big data-powered poverty alleviation platform, specifically designed for poverty reduction, may help deliver economic and social value to other sectors, driving the growth of poverty reduction-related industries.

    Widening the diffusion of the gains generated from targeted poverty alleviation efforts. To this end, the dissemination functions of online platforms,including new media platforms, must be fully exploited. Specifically, a website as well as official Weibo and WeChat accounts should be established for timely release of the results on targeted poverty alleviation efforts. And since open platforms are blessed with the capability to invite wider attention to the results on targeted poverty alleviation efforts,a helping atmosphere, in which “everyone is paying close attention to poverty alleviation” and public opinions on the results generated from targeted poverty alleviation efforts are voiced, is thus formed. This should ultimately serve to invite wider engagement in poverty alleviation from the public.

    Building a multi-participation system for poverty-stricken title removal. Efforts should be ramped up in building the database and connected query system for targeted poverty alleviation by taking full advantage of information technologies like the internet, cloud computing and big data.And in a bid to render obsolete the previous norm of “valuing investment in poverty alleviation projects while ignoring its performance appraisal”in poverty alleviation work, detailed, sound and easily executable standards must be formulated for poverty-stricken title removal with the help of big data technologies. Furthermore, an evaluation system, which should see the engagement of multiple social organizations, including impoverished households, supervisors of poverty alleviation projects, villagers, third-party institutions and governmental administrative departments, should be built for poverty-stricken title removal to ensure that the goals of targeted poverty alleviation are fully met. The progress the impoverished areas and impoverished people have made because of the poverty alleviation efforts could be more accurately,scientifically and properly ascertained with comprehensive comparisons against the indexes in the poverty-stricken title removal system.

    在线观看www视频免费| 欧美 亚洲 国产 日韩一| 亚洲精品粉嫩美女一区| 在线十欧美十亚洲十日本专区| 男女之事视频高清在线观看| 看免费av毛片| 亚洲片人在线观看| 国产在线精品亚洲第一网站| 国产三级黄色录像| 一本大道久久a久久精品| 日本精品一区二区三区蜜桃| 国产日韩一区二区三区精品不卡| 欧美老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 久久久久久亚洲精品国产蜜桃av| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免费看| 91麻豆av在线| 国产一区二区三区综合在线观看| 在线观看免费高清a一片| 国产一卡二卡三卡精品| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 免费少妇av软件| 在线av久久热| 久久狼人影院| 国产欧美日韩一区二区三| 黄色怎么调成土黄色| 日本精品一区二区三区蜜桃| 91九色精品人成在线观看| 国产国语露脸激情在线看| 在线十欧美十亚洲十日本专区| 12—13女人毛片做爰片一| www.精华液| 免费高清在线观看日韩| 欧美成人午夜精品| 色精品久久人妻99蜜桃| 欧美日韩黄片免| 一级片'在线观看视频| av不卡在线播放| 大型av网站在线播放| 亚洲午夜精品一区,二区,三区| 满18在线观看网站| 一二三四在线观看免费中文在| а√天堂www在线а√下载 | 国产成人精品久久二区二区免费| 中文字幕制服av| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 999精品在线视频| 波多野结衣一区麻豆| 欧美日韩av久久| 女警被强在线播放| 国产淫语在线视频| 丰满人妻熟妇乱又伦精品不卡| 人妻 亚洲 视频| 精品高清国产在线一区| 色精品久久人妻99蜜桃| 丁香欧美五月| 亚洲自偷自拍图片 自拍| 人人妻人人澡人人看| 丁香欧美五月| 欧美乱码精品一区二区三区| 一级,二级,三级黄色视频| 国产男靠女视频免费网站| 国产精品 欧美亚洲| 国产成人精品无人区| 国产精品一区二区精品视频观看| 91国产中文字幕| 人妻一区二区av| 亚洲欧美精品综合一区二区三区| 十八禁人妻一区二区| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 亚洲中文字幕日韩| 国产在线精品亚洲第一网站| 亚洲七黄色美女视频| 国产在线一区二区三区精| 亚洲情色 制服丝袜| 亚洲黑人精品在线| 极品少妇高潮喷水抽搐| 日韩欧美在线二视频 | 女性被躁到高潮视频| 一夜夜www| 亚洲精品一卡2卡三卡4卡5卡| 视频区图区小说| 人人妻人人爽人人添夜夜欢视频| 免费日韩欧美在线观看| 99热网站在线观看| 激情视频va一区二区三区| 18禁裸乳无遮挡动漫免费视频| 不卡一级毛片| 久久国产精品人妻蜜桃| 亚洲五月婷婷丁香| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 欧美激情久久久久久爽电影 | 精品福利观看| 操美女的视频在线观看| 亚洲成人国产一区在线观看| 精品一区二区三区视频在线观看免费 | 多毛熟女@视频| 19禁男女啪啪无遮挡网站| 国产视频一区二区在线看| 午夜精品久久久久久毛片777| 国产一区有黄有色的免费视频| svipshipincom国产片| 90打野战视频偷拍视频| 成人av一区二区三区在线看| 在线播放国产精品三级| 99riav亚洲国产免费| 精品人妻在线不人妻| 久久热在线av| 成人亚洲精品一区在线观看| 色老头精品视频在线观看| 国产高清videossex| av网站免费在线观看视频| 老汉色∧v一级毛片| 婷婷丁香在线五月| 亚洲精品自拍成人| 天堂动漫精品| 老司机在亚洲福利影院| 精品一区二区三区四区五区乱码| 精品一品国产午夜福利视频| 亚洲avbb在线观看| 亚洲av电影在线进入| av在线播放免费不卡| 亚洲欧美日韩另类电影网站| 欧美激情高清一区二区三区| 色在线成人网| 精品福利观看| 日日夜夜操网爽| 国产亚洲欧美精品永久| 国产精品美女特级片免费视频播放器 | 日韩一卡2卡3卡4卡2021年| 在线看a的网站| 亚洲久久久国产精品| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一出视频| 夜夜夜夜夜久久久久| 精品国产一区二区三区久久久樱花| 国产视频一区二区在线看| 欧美一级毛片孕妇| 亚洲五月天丁香| 日韩三级视频一区二区三区| 亚洲成人免费电影在线观看| 国产精品一区二区免费欧美| 一区二区三区精品91| avwww免费| av免费在线观看网站| 精品久久久久久久久久免费视频 | 美女午夜性视频免费| 老司机亚洲免费影院| 欧美日韩一级在线毛片| 51午夜福利影视在线观看| 夫妻午夜视频| 亚洲色图 男人天堂 中文字幕| 国产免费av片在线观看野外av| 丰满饥渴人妻一区二区三| 国产国语露脸激情在线看| 亚洲第一av免费看| 男男h啪啪无遮挡| 欧美日韩视频精品一区| 大香蕉久久网| 极品少妇高潮喷水抽搐| 欧美日韩瑟瑟在线播放| 欧美黄色淫秽网站| 久久精品91无色码中文字幕| www.999成人在线观看| 亚洲第一av免费看| 日韩欧美在线二视频 | 日本黄色视频三级网站网址 | 久久精品亚洲精品国产色婷小说| 欧美黄色淫秽网站| 视频在线观看一区二区三区| 国产精品香港三级国产av潘金莲| 丰满人妻熟妇乱又伦精品不卡| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一小说 | 免费在线观看影片大全网站| 极品人妻少妇av视频| 亚洲av日韩精品久久久久久密| 亚洲少妇的诱惑av| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜添小说| 在线av久久热| 国产av又大| 久久精品国产清高在天天线| 婷婷成人精品国产| 欧美精品啪啪一区二区三区| 欧洲精品卡2卡3卡4卡5卡区| 国产精品 国内视频| 高清视频免费观看一区二区| 美女国产高潮福利片在线看| 最新在线观看一区二区三区| 亚洲性夜色夜夜综合| 国产99白浆流出| 国产精品电影一区二区三区 | 中文字幕另类日韩欧美亚洲嫩草| 日韩制服丝袜自拍偷拍| 人人澡人人妻人| 成人手机av| 高清黄色对白视频在线免费看| 久久天堂一区二区三区四区| 少妇粗大呻吟视频| 一进一出抽搐gif免费好疼 | 成人18禁在线播放| 91麻豆av在线| 日本撒尿小便嘘嘘汇集6| 日本撒尿小便嘘嘘汇集6| 国产欧美日韩综合在线一区二区| 电影成人av| 亚洲精品自拍成人| 丝袜人妻中文字幕| 最近最新免费中文字幕在线| 亚洲精华国产精华精| 一区二区三区精品91| 欧美 亚洲 国产 日韩一| 亚洲九九香蕉| 国产91精品成人一区二区三区| 成人18禁在线播放| 夜夜夜夜夜久久久久| 三级毛片av免费| 亚洲精品乱久久久久久| 精品欧美一区二区三区在线| 免费在线观看亚洲国产| 精品一区二区三区四区五区乱码| 国产精华一区二区三区| 精品福利永久在线观看| 久久天躁狠狠躁夜夜2o2o| 国产有黄有色有爽视频| 好男人电影高清在线观看| 一级毛片女人18水好多| 一区二区三区精品91| 搡老岳熟女国产| 免费在线观看视频国产中文字幕亚洲| 午夜精品久久久久久毛片777| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠躁躁| 高潮久久久久久久久久久不卡| 交换朋友夫妻互换小说| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 51午夜福利影视在线观看| 国产精品久久久久久人妻精品电影| 露出奶头的视频| 亚洲人成77777在线视频| videosex国产| 亚洲精品中文字幕一二三四区| 国产伦人伦偷精品视频| 中文字幕精品免费在线观看视频| 十分钟在线观看高清视频www| 国产欧美日韩综合在线一区二区| 亚洲熟女精品中文字幕| av网站免费在线观看视频| 在线观看日韩欧美| 国产人伦9x9x在线观看| 国精品久久久久久国模美| 免费观看精品视频网站| 脱女人内裤的视频| 日日夜夜操网爽| 两性午夜刺激爽爽歪歪视频在线观看 | 亚洲五月天丁香| 最近最新免费中文字幕在线| 国产av又大| 国产国语露脸激情在线看| 中文欧美无线码| 国产极品粉嫩免费观看在线| 狂野欧美激情性xxxx| 国产高清国产精品国产三级| 国产97色在线日韩免费| 777米奇影视久久| 久久久久久亚洲精品国产蜜桃av| 在线观看日韩欧美| 亚洲欧美激情综合另类| 在线观看免费午夜福利视频| 日韩一卡2卡3卡4卡2021年| 亚洲avbb在线观看| 久久人人爽av亚洲精品天堂| av一本久久久久| 免费av中文字幕在线| 高清在线国产一区| 亚洲精品久久午夜乱码| 精品一区二区三区av网在线观看| 人人妻人人添人人爽欧美一区卜| 久久青草综合色| 日日夜夜操网爽| 两性午夜刺激爽爽歪歪视频在线观看 | 精品久久久久久久久久免费视频 | 黄色女人牲交| 日韩欧美一区二区三区在线观看 | 日本黄色日本黄色录像| av视频免费观看在线观看| 丁香欧美五月| 在线永久观看黄色视频| 中文字幕人妻丝袜一区二区| 91成年电影在线观看| 久久99一区二区三区| 亚洲五月天丁香| 99riav亚洲国产免费| 很黄的视频免费| 国产片内射在线| 9191精品国产免费久久| 亚洲专区字幕在线| 女同久久另类99精品国产91| 老司机靠b影院| 交换朋友夫妻互换小说| 久久精品国产清高在天天线| 日本a在线网址| 欧美黄色淫秽网站| 精品久久久精品久久久| 黄色 视频免费看| 深夜精品福利| 欧美色视频一区免费| 亚洲精品久久午夜乱码| 亚洲va日本ⅴa欧美va伊人久久| 极品少妇高潮喷水抽搐| 久久久国产精品麻豆| 热99re8久久精品国产| 久久精品国产综合久久久| 精品国产一区二区三区四区第35| 欧美精品人与动牲交sv欧美| 黄色毛片三级朝国网站| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 丰满人妻熟妇乱又伦精品不卡| 亚洲精品中文字幕在线视频| 在线观看免费日韩欧美大片| 侵犯人妻中文字幕一二三四区| 国产精品二区激情视频| 法律面前人人平等表现在哪些方面| 亚洲欧美激情在线| 亚洲精品自拍成人| 国产精品1区2区在线观看. | 亚洲一区高清亚洲精品| 亚洲精品在线观看二区| 无人区码免费观看不卡| 91字幕亚洲| 最近最新免费中文字幕在线| 色老头精品视频在线观看| 精品国产一区二区三区久久久樱花| 法律面前人人平等表现在哪些方面| 久久久久久人人人人人| 欧美色视频一区免费| 侵犯人妻中文字幕一二三四区| 久久久国产精品麻豆| 亚洲欧洲精品一区二区精品久久久| 国产亚洲精品第一综合不卡| 日本wwww免费看| 超碰97精品在线观看| 色精品久久人妻99蜜桃| 午夜激情av网站| 亚洲七黄色美女视频| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区久久| av有码第一页| 两个人看的免费小视频| 国产av一区二区精品久久| 国产麻豆69| 成人av一区二区三区在线看| 一区在线观看完整版| 久久久久国产精品人妻aⅴ院 | 又黄又爽又免费观看的视频| 男女之事视频高清在线观看| 天天躁日日躁夜夜躁夜夜| 国产精品.久久久| 看免费av毛片| 亚洲熟妇熟女久久| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人 | 视频区图区小说| 亚洲午夜理论影院| 19禁男女啪啪无遮挡网站| 国产精品一区二区在线不卡| 亚洲国产精品sss在线观看 | 亚洲色图 男人天堂 中文字幕| 亚洲色图综合在线观看| 亚洲视频免费观看视频| 91大片在线观看| 少妇被粗大的猛进出69影院| 成人三级做爰电影| 日韩精品免费视频一区二区三区| 操美女的视频在线观看| 女人高潮潮喷娇喘18禁视频| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 国产成人欧美| 在线观看日韩欧美| 久久人人97超碰香蕉20202| 亚洲色图综合在线观看| 天天影视国产精品| 国产单亲对白刺激| 免费看a级黄色片| 别揉我奶头~嗯~啊~动态视频| 美女国产高潮福利片在线看| 啪啪无遮挡十八禁网站| 欧美国产精品va在线观看不卡| 国产午夜精品久久久久久| 黄色怎么调成土黄色| 午夜福利乱码中文字幕| 亚洲综合色网址| 久久国产精品男人的天堂亚洲| bbb黄色大片| 身体一侧抽搐| 在线观看日韩欧美| 自线自在国产av| 青草久久国产| 亚洲第一青青草原| 亚洲精品国产一区二区精华液| 久久人人97超碰香蕉20202| 亚洲av日韩精品久久久久久密| 丰满迷人的少妇在线观看| 美女午夜性视频免费| 亚洲精品乱久久久久久| 国产野战对白在线观看| 亚洲免费av在线视频| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| 成人三级做爰电影| 国产免费av片在线观看野外av| 日本vs欧美在线观看视频| 亚洲精品中文字幕在线视频| 国产色视频综合| 久久久久久免费高清国产稀缺| 性色av乱码一区二区三区2| 午夜91福利影院| 亚洲熟妇中文字幕五十中出 | 美女福利国产在线| 日韩三级视频一区二区三区| 精品高清国产在线一区| 国产一区二区三区在线臀色熟女 | 国产精品久久久久久精品古装| 日韩人妻精品一区2区三区| 国产精品1区2区在线观看. | 久久热在线av| 日本黄色日本黄色录像| 国产精品电影一区二区三区 | 亚洲午夜理论影院| 精品国产乱码久久久久久男人| 一级毛片高清免费大全| 美女高潮到喷水免费观看| 少妇猛男粗大的猛烈进出视频| 午夜福利,免费看| 黑人猛操日本美女一级片| 国产高清激情床上av| 日韩欧美在线二视频 | 老司机午夜福利在线观看视频| 亚洲伊人色综图| 极品人妻少妇av视频| 午夜视频精品福利| 国产欧美日韩综合在线一区二区| 国产精品久久久久久精品古装| 黄频高清免费视频| 欧美日韩av久久| 极品教师在线免费播放| 欧美 亚洲 国产 日韩一| 久久人妻福利社区极品人妻图片| 精品国产乱子伦一区二区三区| 99re在线观看精品视频| 午夜成年电影在线免费观看| 人人妻人人爽人人添夜夜欢视频| 国产成人av激情在线播放| 日本精品一区二区三区蜜桃| 国产成人免费无遮挡视频| 天堂动漫精品| 色播在线永久视频| 久久99一区二区三区| 他把我摸到了高潮在线观看| 69精品国产乱码久久久| 搡老熟女国产l中国老女人| 99re6热这里在线精品视频| 女人精品久久久久毛片| 99国产精品一区二区三区| 国产精品.久久久| 久久国产精品人妻蜜桃| 久久久精品免费免费高清| 午夜精品在线福利| 麻豆成人av在线观看| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人| 韩国av一区二区三区四区| 亚洲熟妇熟女久久| 夜夜躁狠狠躁天天躁| 好男人电影高清在线观看| 狠狠婷婷综合久久久久久88av| 国产精品影院久久| 欧美激情极品国产一区二区三区| 国产极品粉嫩免费观看在线| 国产精品免费视频内射| 精品国产一区二区三区久久久樱花| 欧美一级毛片孕妇| 欧美 日韩 精品 国产| 亚洲九九香蕉| 久久 成人 亚洲| 成年动漫av网址| 日本wwww免费看| 国产99白浆流出| 一级,二级,三级黄色视频| av国产精品久久久久影院| 大型黄色视频在线免费观看| 高清毛片免费观看视频网站 | 俄罗斯特黄特色一大片| 高潮久久久久久久久久久不卡| 丝瓜视频免费看黄片| 老鸭窝网址在线观看| 国产免费男女视频| 女性生殖器流出的白浆| 国产精品免费大片| 亚洲精品在线观看二区| 午夜精品在线福利| 每晚都被弄得嗷嗷叫到高潮| 欧美丝袜亚洲另类 | 热99国产精品久久久久久7| cao死你这个sao货| 精品国产亚洲在线| 色婷婷av一区二区三区视频| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 伦理电影免费视频| av在线播放免费不卡| 日韩一卡2卡3卡4卡2021年| 国产欧美日韩一区二区三区在线| 男女下面插进去视频免费观看| 中文字幕av电影在线播放| 日韩欧美一区二区三区在线观看 | 国产精品免费大片| 99久久人妻综合| 国产精品成人在线| 又黄又爽又免费观看的视频| 亚洲中文av在线| 久久久精品免费免费高清| 国产精品电影一区二区三区 | 精品乱码久久久久久99久播| 国产亚洲欧美98| 丝袜在线中文字幕| 亚洲中文av在线| 99精品在免费线老司机午夜| 99国产精品免费福利视频| 中文字幕最新亚洲高清| 国产一卡二卡三卡精品| 欧美另类亚洲清纯唯美| 日韩 欧美 亚洲 中文字幕| 99久久综合精品五月天人人| videos熟女内射| 国产色视频综合| 少妇 在线观看| 香蕉丝袜av| 日韩免费高清中文字幕av| 日本黄色日本黄色录像| 夜夜躁狠狠躁天天躁| 一本一本久久a久久精品综合妖精| 三级毛片av免费| 人人妻,人人澡人人爽秒播| 日本wwww免费看| 不卡一级毛片| 亚洲五月婷婷丁香| 亚洲三区欧美一区| 两性夫妻黄色片| 老司机靠b影院| 成人黄色视频免费在线看| 激情在线观看视频在线高清 | 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 免费女性裸体啪啪无遮挡网站| 看黄色毛片网站| 久久人妻熟女aⅴ| netflix在线观看网站| 亚洲人成77777在线视频| 真人做人爱边吃奶动态| 久久久水蜜桃国产精品网| 久久人人爽av亚洲精品天堂| 国产免费av片在线观看野外av| 熟女少妇亚洲综合色aaa.| 国产精品久久久av美女十八| 色综合欧美亚洲国产小说| 久久国产精品男人的天堂亚洲| 女警被强在线播放| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠躁躁| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 99国产极品粉嫩在线观看| 操美女的视频在线观看| 国产一区有黄有色的免费视频| 国产精品美女特级片免费视频播放器 | 国产精品99久久99久久久不卡| 精品国产乱码久久久久久男人| 成人精品一区二区免费| 俄罗斯特黄特色一大片| 亚洲国产精品合色在线| 麻豆av在线久日| 妹子高潮喷水视频| 最新的欧美精品一区二区| 一边摸一边做爽爽视频免费| tocl精华| 悠悠久久av| 夜夜夜夜夜久久久久| 亚洲国产看品久久| 国产高清国产精品国产三级| 欧美黑人精品巨大| 9色porny在线观看| 一二三四社区在线视频社区8| 免费观看精品视频网站| 亚洲九九香蕉| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 91老司机精品| 五月开心婷婷网| 欧美精品av麻豆av| 91麻豆精品激情在线观看国产 | 法律面前人人平等表现在哪些方面| 精品久久久久久,| 亚洲精品乱久久久久久| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免费看| 黑人猛操日本美女一级片| 国产精品久久久人人做人人爽| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| a级片在线免费高清观看视频| 国产高清国产精品国产三级| 欧美激情 高清一区二区三区| 国产日韩一区二区三区精品不卡| 亚洲成av片中文字幕在线观看| 精品国产乱子伦一区二区三区| 国产一区二区激情短视频| 欧美 亚洲 国产 日韩一| 夜夜爽天天搞| 老司机靠b影院| 亚洲精品乱久久久久久| av视频免费观看在线观看| 人妻丰满熟妇av一区二区三区 | 亚洲欧美激情综合另类| 久久精品熟女亚洲av麻豆精品| 日韩欧美在线二视频 | 夫妻午夜视频| 黄片小视频在线播放| 精品国产国语对白av| 国产成人精品在线电影|