[U·說(shuō)]桂學(xué)文·說(shuō)武漢

桂學(xué)文 / [Interviewee]GUI Xuewen

[時(shí) 間] 2018年3月2日 / [Date]March 2, 2018

[地 點(diǎn)] 武 漢 / [Place]Wuhan, China

[采訪(fǎng)人] 董英俊 賈海發(fā) / [Interviewer]DONG Yingjun, JIA Haifa

Q1 請(qǐng)您談?wù)勄G楚建筑文化的特色及其對(duì)塑造城市空間的影響。

荊楚是“兩湖”區(qū)域的古稱(chēng)，以洞庭湖為界而分湖南、湖北。此區(qū)域內(nèi)水資源豐富，氣候、地理特征明顯。因此，荊楚建筑與水存在著密不可分的聯(lián)系。

荊楚建筑中既有親水、用水的一面，也有懼水、防洪的一面。親水性在逐水而居的城鎮(zhèn)聚落與江河碼頭的商貿(mào)交通中均有體現(xiàn)；防洪性則可從考古發(fā)現(xiàn)的荊楚建筑傳統(tǒng)形制及遺址中探知。傳統(tǒng)的荊楚建筑常見(jiàn)多臺(tái)、高臺(tái)形式，正是順應(yīng)地勢(shì)，通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)高低不等的場(chǎng)地、建筑豎向變化來(lái)適應(yīng)水的漲落起伏。湖北省的武漢、宜昌、沙市、襄陽(yáng)，湖南省的長(zhǎng)沙、岳陽(yáng)等地均有類(lèi)似例證。

荊楚地區(qū)的城市空間也多是沿水展開(kāi)。在古代，江河湖泊除了是重要的交通要道，更在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間成為抗擊外敵的天然屏障。如今，大江大湖彰顯了荊楚地區(qū)的城市特點(diǎn)，沿江、沿湖區(qū)域紛紛成為城市中最為寶貴的土地資源，城市空間的展開(kāi)多以大型江河湖泊為中心，結(jié)合周邊地理?xiàng)l件逐步擴(kuò)展。例如武漢便是以長(zhǎng)江、漢江交匯處為核心，以商貿(mào)和交通為主要特色的“江城”，其豐富的“碼頭文化”也正是源自于此。

Q2 武漢是座特色鮮明的城市，您認(rèn)為武漢有哪些充滿(mǎn)活力的公共空間，它們?cè)诔鞘兄惺侨绾伟l(fā)揮作用的？

武漢由長(zhǎng)江和漢江劃分為武昌、漢口、漢陽(yáng)三鎮(zhèn)。三鎮(zhèn)各具特點(diǎn)，呈現(xiàn)出多中心的狀態(tài)，因此武漢的公共空間也較為分散，存在一定的差異性、多樣性。

長(zhǎng)江作為武漢城市的核心要素、三鎮(zhèn)的地理邊界，其上跨越有多座大型橋梁連接兩岸。由黃鶴樓、長(zhǎng)江大橋、龜山和蛇山共同組成的立體空間最具特色，是武漢的名片。

圖1 / Figure 12018年3月2日，桂學(xué)文總建筑師在中南建筑設(shè)計(jì)院股份有限公司接受采訪(fǎng)Mr. GUI Xuewen in Interview, March 2, 2018, Central-South Architectural Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Wuhan,China

過(guò)去對(duì)武漢三鎮(zhèn)的印象，是武昌興文教，漢口重商貿(mào)，漢陽(yáng)多工廠(chǎng)。在近年的發(fā)展中，武漢市各界逐步意識(shí)到這些歷史文化遺存的價(jià)值，因此漸漸從高速發(fā)展的大拆大建轉(zhuǎn)向精耕細(xì)作的特色發(fā)掘，而城市的公共空間也在這種趨勢(shì)中隨著城市的規(guī)劃、建設(shè)而發(fā)展變化。

以武昌為例，傳統(tǒng)的大學(xué)校園、教會(huì)聚落既有特定功能，也是典型的城市特色公共空間，武漢大學(xué)、曇華林片區(qū)便是其中典型代表。它們近年來(lái)活力不減，武漢大學(xué)還因?yàn)闄鸦ü?jié)吸引的游客數(shù)量逐年暴增，不得不在櫻花開(kāi)放期間限制外來(lái)游客，實(shí)行預(yù)約參觀(guān)。這些傳統(tǒng)城市特色公共空間是武漢市珍貴的歷史文化元素，類(lèi)似的還有漢口的江漢路步行街、中山大道、漢陽(yáng)的龜山北口等地。

當(dāng)然，作為當(dāng)代建筑師，除了關(guān)心城市傳統(tǒng)公共空間的保留與更新，還應(yīng)參與到城市建設(shè)的創(chuàng)新發(fā)展之中（圖2）。近年來(lái)武漢市著力打造多個(gè)主題核心區(qū)，積極思考和推進(jìn)武漢市的特色發(fā)展進(jìn)程，如武漢中央文化區(qū)、武昌濱江文化商務(wù)區(qū)、漢正街·武漢中央服務(wù)區(qū)、武漢國(guó)際博覽會(huì)展區(qū)等。已建成的“楚河—漢街”，便是以“人工河”—“楚河”為紐帶，連接沙湖、東湖，并在楚河南岸形成一條步行商業(yè)街—“漢街”，其建筑形式以民國(guó)風(fēng)為主，結(jié)合現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)手法形成了長(zhǎng)達(dá)1.7km的步行街，是一個(gè)既有體驗(yàn)型商業(yè)，又與“楚河”及城市相呼應(yīng)、多節(jié)點(diǎn)的新型城市空間。開(kāi)街后盛況空前，持續(xù)接待海量武漢市民與外來(lái)游客，是武漢市的新型對(duì)外窗口。而漢口江灘、漢陽(yáng)兵工廠(chǎng)、南岸嘴等地也各具特色，正是武漢未來(lái)發(fā)展多元化特色城市空間的優(yōu)質(zhì)“基地”。

Q3 長(zhǎng)江與漢水“縱橫”武漢市，請(qǐng)您談?wù)剬?duì)武漢城市濱水空間的看法？

武漢市內(nèi)水系眾多，并有“大江大湖大武漢”得天獨(dú)厚的條件，其中長(zhǎng)江與漢水是最大的兩條江河水系。以長(zhǎng)江為例，其豐水期和枯水期水位的落差高達(dá)幾十米，歷史上人們面對(duì)長(zhǎng)江，主要將其作為重要的交通資源、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)屏障，但也將其當(dāng)作暫時(shí)沉睡的“猛獸”，是需要防備與警惕的對(duì)象。因此過(guò)去的武漢人民在沿江大道外側(cè)設(shè)置了一道防洪堤，將城市和長(zhǎng)江隔絕開(kāi)來(lái)，城市的濱水空間也多以碼頭、灘地等形式分布。

近年來(lái)隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，加上三峽大壩對(duì)控制洪水的保障，我們可以預(yù)期未來(lái)武漢的濱江空間或許會(huì)有更多的親水、濱水設(shè)計(jì)。例如可以通過(guò)豎向分層處理交通的方式將城市與江河濱水空間更好地聯(lián)系起來(lái)，把人的活動(dòng)空間與車(chē)行交通系統(tǒng)立體化分層，形成更豐富、更有江城特色的城市公共濱水空間，充分發(fā)揮江城武漢獨(dú)有的自然條件和魅力（圖3）。

Q4 漢口老城區(qū)的空間品質(zhì)逐步提升，請(qǐng)您談?wù)剬?duì)舊城保護(hù)與城市發(fā)展的看法？

老城區(qū)在武漢三鎮(zhèn)都存在，漢口是開(kāi)埠以后近代新建的城區(qū)，相對(duì)年輕。舊城保護(hù)與城市發(fā)展不應(yīng)被對(duì)立起來(lái)，它們是城市更新過(guò)程中的不同面向，更是特定城市區(qū)別于其他城市的歷史印記。

在我看來(lái)，針對(duì)舊城保護(hù)，不能是僅僅針對(duì)一個(gè)建筑、一個(gè)立面的改造和修復(fù)保護(hù)，更重要的是因地制宜，通過(guò)小干預(yù)、微改造，賦予舊城新的魅力與活力，使之以獨(dú)具特色的空間、場(chǎng)所和恰當(dāng)?shù)墓δ?、定位重新融入?dāng)代城市生活。

Q5 您認(rèn)為武漢居民的生活習(xí)慣有何特性？這種特性對(duì)城市空間的形成和使用會(huì)產(chǎn)生什么影響？

武漢居民的生活習(xí)慣受當(dāng)?shù)氐臍夂蛱卣饔绊戄^大。武漢屬于夏熱冬冷地區(qū)，過(guò)去夏天的武漢有“火爐”之稱(chēng)。受限于當(dāng)時(shí)的經(jīng)濟(jì)、技術(shù)條件，夏天的早晚室內(nèi)較室外更加悶熱，也因此出現(xiàn)了早上“過(guò)早”，晚上“乘涼”的典型生活習(xí)慣。所謂“過(guò)早”，就是指在沿街敞開(kāi)式的環(huán)境里吃早餐。這些生活習(xí)慣自然也使得城市中形成了許多室外公共空間、節(jié)點(diǎn)供居民“扎堆”消暑。

隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展與技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，無(wú)論是主動(dòng)式調(diào)節(jié)氣溫的產(chǎn)品，如家用空調(diào)的普及，還是被動(dòng)式節(jié)能技術(shù)的推廣，如節(jié)能材料、綠建技術(shù)的使用，或改善居住條件、提升生活品質(zhì)觀(guān)念的盛行，均對(duì)城市中新建設(shè)的居住建筑提出了越來(lái)越高的要求。隨著現(xiàn)代居住建筑的興起與市民家庭條件的改善，現(xiàn)在室外的“過(guò)早”“乘涼”行為也已基本消失，傳統(tǒng)行為方式也隨之改變，這也在反過(guò)來(lái)影響著城市公共空間的流變。

Q6 您認(rèn)為游客與外來(lái)人口對(duì)武漢城市特色塑造有何影響？

武漢是一個(gè)具有悠久歷史和鮮明特色的城市，歷史的發(fā)展為武漢帶來(lái)了持續(xù)的變化，其中部分巨變也與外來(lái)因素有關(guān)。游客和外來(lái)人口除了促進(jìn)城市的多元化發(fā)展，也為武漢的城市建設(shè)提供了重要的力量。

圖2 / Figure 2天河機(jī)場(chǎng)T3航站樓 / Terminal 3, Tianhe Airport來(lái)源 / Source: Provided by GUI Xuewen

以漢口里分為例，漢口開(kāi)埠后，西方、沿海發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)帶來(lái)了大量歐美、上海的建筑元素，里分正是這些外來(lái)元素結(jié)合武漢氣候特點(diǎn)、使用習(xí)慣形成的，類(lèi)似Town house的居住建筑、豐富的群體空間形態(tài)。

武鋼是中華人民共和國(guó)成立后發(fā)展的大型鋼鐵企業(yè)，紅鋼城是與之配套的大型居住社區(qū)、生活基地。因?yàn)橛写罅繓|北地區(qū)的熟練技術(shù)工人來(lái)漢參加建設(shè)和生產(chǎn)，為了滿(mǎn)足其居住生活配套需求，政府規(guī)劃建設(shè)了大片居住社區(qū)，逐漸形成片區(qū)、小城市。他們帶來(lái)的生活習(xí)慣、語(yǔ)言對(duì)武漢的文化乃至城市風(fēng)貌均有一定的影響和交融。

武漢作為當(dāng)時(shí)重要的建設(shè)與生產(chǎn)城市，需要全國(guó)各地的人才參與規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)、建設(shè)，尤其是先進(jìn)城市和地區(qū)，比如中南建筑設(shè)計(jì)院就有大量從上海、廣州、香港、天津等地區(qū)來(lái)的設(shè)計(jì)師，除了迅速?gòu)浹a(bǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)的需求，同時(shí)也帶來(lái)了各個(gè)地區(qū)的生活習(xí)慣和文化。

Q7 請(qǐng)您列舉一例武漢最具特色的場(chǎng)所，并說(shuō)明理由。

武漢的自然格局、豐富的山水條件和人文歷史所形成的多元化城市風(fēng)貌，很難由一個(gè)場(chǎng)所代表，放大到一個(gè)區(qū)域來(lái)看可能更恰當(dāng)一些。我認(rèn)為武漢最具特色的區(qū)域應(yīng)該是長(zhǎng)江和漢江交匯的核心區(qū)域，包括蛇山、龜山、黃鶴樓、南岸嘴和漢口的部分街區(qū)，也就是武漢的“內(nèi)環(huán)”。它是集武漢得天獨(dú)厚的大江大河、秀美山體的自然資源與樓閣、大學(xué)、古城、老街等深厚的歷史底蘊(yùn)及當(dāng)代創(chuàng)新發(fā)展新型文旅商業(yè)等于一體的區(qū)域，是江城大武漢的精華與縮影。

圖3 / Figure 3CFD時(shí)代財(cái)富中心 / CFD Center, Wuhan

[U-TALK]GUI Xuewen·TALK about Wuhan City

[Interviewee] GUI Xuewen[Date]March 2, 2018[Place] Wuhan, China[Interviewer] DONG Yingjun, JIA Haifa[Translator] DONG Yingjun, JIA Haifa (from Chinese to English)

GUIXUEWEN, Chief Architect, Central South Architectural, Design Institute Co., Ltd., Executive Director of the 13th Council, of the Chinese Architectural Society, Executive Director of the First Council of the China Architectural Design Association Urban Design Branch, One hundred contemporary architects in China,State Council special allowance experts, Professor-level senior architect, National First-Class Certi fi ed Architect,Director of Architects’ Association of Civil Engineering and Architecture Society of Hubei Province (Figure 1).

Source: Provided by Mr. GUI Xuewen.

Q1 Please talk about the characteristics of the Jingchu architectural culture and its impact on shaping the urban space.

Jingchu is the ancient name of the “two lakes”region and is divided into Hunan province and Hubei province by the Dongting Lake. This area is rich in water resources, with obvious climate and geographical features. Therefore, there is an inseparable link between Jingchu architecture and water.Jingchu building has both hydrophilic and water loying, as well as flood control needed. Hydrophilicity is re fl ected in the settlements of cities and towns that live by water and commercial trac of rivers wharfs. Flood control can be detected from the traditional forms and sites of the Jingchu architecture found in archeology. Traditional Jingchu buildings often take the form of multiple platforms and high platforms, which are in conformity with the topography. They can adapt to the ups and downs of water by designing vertical changes in the site and buildings. Wuhan, Yichang, Shashi,Xiangyang in Hubei Province, and Changsha and Yueyang in Hunan Province have similar examples.The urban space in the Jingchu area is also mostly spread along the water. In ancient times, rivers and lakes were not only important transportation arteries but also became natural barriers against foreign enemies during the war. Today, big lakes and wide rivers highlight the characteristics of the Jingchu Area. Land along the river and lake have become the most valuable resources in the city and the development of urban space is mainly centered on large rivers and lakes, and is gradually expanding with the surrounding geographical conditions.For example, Wuhan is the “Jiangcheng” with the core of the Yangtze River and the Han River Interchange as the main features of commerce and transportation. Its rich “harbour culture” is also derived from here.

Q2 Wuhan is a distinctive city. What do you think of Wuhan’s vibrant public space and how do they work in the city?

Wuhan is divided into three towns of Wuchang,Hankou and Hanyang by the Yangtze River and the Han River which made the three towns have diあerent characteristics and show a multi-centered state.Therefore, Wuhan’s public space is also scattered and has a certain degree of dierence and diversity.The Yangtze River is the core element of Wuhan and the geographical boundary of the three towns,there are several large bridges connecting the two sides. The three-dimensional space formed by the Yellow Crane Tower, the Yangtze River Bridge,the Turtle Mountain and the Snake Mountain is the most distinctive and is the business card of Wuhan.In the past, the impression of the three towns in Wuhan was that Wuchang makes a feature of culture and education, Hankou attaches importance to heavy trade and Hanyang is with multiple factories. In recent years, all walks of life in Wuhan have gradually realized the value of these historical and cultural relics. As a result, they have gradually shifted from rapid demolition and construction to intensive cultivation. The urban public space is also developing and changing along with the city’s planning and construction.

Take Wuchang as an example, traditional university campuses and church settlements have both speci fi c functions and typical urban features, such as Wuhan University and Tanhua Lin District are typical examples. Their vitality has not diminished in recent years, and Wuhan University has also intensi fi ed the number of tourists attracted by the cherry blossom festival every year, and even has to restrict visitors during the opening of cherry blossoms and implement an appointment to visit them. These traditional urban features and public spaces are precious historical and cultural elements of Wuhan, other similar urban space like Jianghan Road Pedestrian Street in Hankou, Zhongshan Avenue, and Turtle Mountain North Exit in Hanyang.Of course, as a contemporary architect, apart from caring about the preservation and renewal of urban traditional public space, we should also participate in the innovative development of urban construction (Figure 2). In recent years, Wuhan has focused on creating a number of thematic core areas and actively considering and advancing the unique development process of Wuhan city, such as Wuhan Central Cultural District, Wuchang Riverside Cultural and Business District, Hanzheng Street, Wuhan Central Service Area, and Wuhan International Expo Exhibition Area. Among them,the “Chu River—Han Street” has been built with the “Artificial River”—“Chu River” as the link,which links Sha Lake and East Lake, forming a pedestrian mall on the south bank of the Chu River which named “Han Street.” Among the pedestrian mall, the architectural style is dominated by the Republican style, and a 1.7 kilometer pedestrian street has been formed with modern design techniques, it is a new type of urban space that combines experience-based business with the “Chu River” and the city. After the opening of the pedestrian, the city’s citizens and visitors from Wuhan were continuously received. It is a new type of window for Wuhan. The Hankou River Beach,Hanyang Arsenal, and Nan’anshi mouth also have their own characteristics. It is just the high-quality“base” for Wuhan to develop diversi fi ed characteristic urban spaces in the future.

Q3 The Yangtze River and Han River“vertically and horizontally” crossed in Wuhan, please talk about the views of urban waterfront space in Wuhan?

There are many water systems in Wuhan, and there are unique conditions of “Great Rivers and Great Lakes and Great Wuhan”, among them the Yangtze River and Han River are the two largest river systems. Take the Yangtze River as an example, the gap between the wet and dry periods is as high as several dozens of meters. Historically, people used

the Yangtze River as an important transportation resource and a barrier to war. However, they are also regarded as a temporary sleeping beast, it is a risk to be prepared for and guarded against. Therefore, in the past, the people of Wuhan set up a fl ood protection embankment along the outer side of the Yangtze River Avenue to separate the city from the Yangtze River and the city’s waterfront space is also mostly in the form of piers and beaches.

In recent years, with the development of economy and technology and the guarantee of fl ood control by the Three Gorges Dam, we can expect that Wuhan’s riverside space may have more hydrophilic and waterfront designs in the future. For example, the city can be better connected with river waterfront space by vertically layered trac,and the human activity space and car trac system can be three-dimensionally layered to form a richer and more urban public waterfront space with Jiangcheng characteristics. Give full play to the unique natural conditions and charm of Jiangcheng-Wuhan(Figure 3).

Q4 The spatial quality of the Old Quarter of Hankou has gradually increased.Would you please talk about the protection of the old city and the development of the city?

The old district exists in three towns in Wuhan,Hankou is a newly built urban area after the opening of the city and is relatively young. The protection of the old city and the development of the city should not be opposed to each other, but dierent aspects of the process of urban renewal, and it is the historical mark of a particular city that is dierent from other cities.

In my opinion, for the protection of the old city, it cannot be just for one building, one facade reconstruction and restoration protection, and more importantly, it is adapted to local conditions, give the old city new charm and vitality through small interventions and micro-transformations. Make it unique to the space, location and proper function, positioning,re-integration into contemporary urban life.

Q5 What characteristics do you think of the living habits of Wuhan residents? How does this feature afect the formation and use of urban space?

The living habits of Wuhan residents are greatly

With the development of the times and technological advancement, whether it is actively regulating the temperature of products, such as the popularity of home air conditioners, or the promotion of passive energy-saving technologies, such as the use of energy-saving materials, green building technology, as well as improving living conditions and enhancing the quality of life and the prevalence of ideas raises ever-increasing demands on new construction of residential buildings in cities. With the rise of modern residential buildings and the improvement of citizens’ living conditions, outdoor “guozao” and “cooling” behaviors have now largely disappeared, and their traditional behavioral patterns have also changed which in turn affects public urban spaces.

Q6 What do you think of the in fl uence of tourists and migrants on shaping urban characteristics in Wuhan?

Wuhan is a city with a long history and distinctive features. Historical development has brought about continuous changes in Wuhan, and some of these dramatic changes have also been related to external factors. In addition to promoting the diversified development of the city, tourists and migrants have also provided an important force for Wuhan’s urban construction.

Take “Li Fen” as an example in Hankou, after Hankou was opened, Western and coastal developed areas brought a large number of architectural elements from Europe, America and Shanghai. “Li Fen” is the combination of these foreign elements with the characteristics of Wuhan’s climatic features and habits. Similar to the Town House’s residential buildings, Rich group space form.

WISCO is a large-scale steel company developed after the founding of the People’s Republic of China and the Red Steel City is a large-scale residential community and a living base that it supports. A large number of skilled workers in the northeast region came to Wuhan to participate in construction and production. In order to meet the supporting needs of their living, a large number of residential communities were planned and built,gradually forming districts and small cities. Their living habits and language have a certain in fl uence on and blend with Wuhan’s culture and even the city’s style.

Wuhan, as an important city for construction and production at that time, talents were needed from all parts of the country to participate in planning,design, and construction. Especially the talents in advanced cities and regions, such as the South China Architectural Design Institute, there are a large number of designers from Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Tianjin and other regions, in addition to quickly make up for professional needs,but also brings the living habits and culture of various regions.

Q7 Please give an example of one of the most unique venues in Wuhan and explain why.

The diversified urban landscape of Wuhan was formed by natural landscape, rich mountain-river conditions, and humane history, so it is dicult to represent by a single site. It may be more appropriate to zoom in to a region. I think that Wuhan’s most distinctive area should be the core area where the Yangtze River and the Han River meet,including some sections of Snake Mountain, Turtle Mountain, Haunghe Tower, South Bank, and part of block in Hankou, which is Wuhan’s “inner ring.” It is an area that integrates the unique natural resources of Wuhan, such as the beautiful mountains, and the rich history of pavilions, universities,ancient cities, and old streets, as well as the innovation and development of new types of cultural and business businesses. It is the essence and epitome of Wuhan.