國內(nèi)外主要糧食作物對施用鋅肥響應(yīng)的研究進展

王子騰，耿元波

（1 中國科學院地理科學與資源研究所，北京 100101；2 中國科學院大學，北京 100049）

鋅 (Zn) 是人體必需的微量營養(yǎng)元素，對人體健康至關(guān)重要，是僅次于鐵的第二大微量元素[1]。研究表明，缺Zn嚴重危害人體健康，會影響人體正常發(fā)育[2–3]；使人體更易受到致病菌的入侵，更易患病[4]；降低人體耐受氧化脅迫的能力[5]。例如在中東地區(qū)，由于缺Zn而導致的侏儒癥患者都于25歲之前死于并發(fā)的感染[6]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，成年人每天需要通過飲食攝入15～25 mg的Zn，兒童需要5～7 mg，糧食作物可食部分的Zn含量要達到40～50 mg/kg才能滿足人體正常生命活動的需求[7–8]。據(jù)此，世界上約一半人口飲食中Zn的攝入不足[9]。在發(fā)展中國家，糧食作物是主要的食物來源，但是糧食作物的可食部分Zn含量普遍比較低，尤其是種植在缺Zn土壤中[10]。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，全球至少60%的耕地土壤Zn等微量元素含量不足，50%的人口健康受到影響[11]。目前，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)上主要通過施用Zn肥的方式來提高糧食作物可食部分的Zn含量，但是施用的Zn肥其表觀利用率都不高，尤其是施加到土壤中的無機Zn肥受到土壤理化性質(zhì) (如pH、有機質(zhì)含量等) 的影響，有效性普遍比較低[12–13]。此外，施Zn肥增加了農(nóng)戶的成本，如果沒有產(chǎn)量優(yōu)勢或者不能降低成本將很難大面積推廣[14]。本文擬探討主要糧食作物的產(chǎn)量、籽粒部分的Zn含量、Zn分配對Zn肥施用的響應(yīng)，發(fā)現(xiàn)問題并提出切實可行的改善措施，展望研究前景，為今后的相關(guān)研究提供理論依據(jù)。

1 主要糧食作物籽粒鋅含量現(xiàn)狀

糧食作物主要是指小麥、水稻、玉米等農(nóng)作物。小麥大約占糧食總產(chǎn)量的30%[15]，小麥籽粒中的Zn含量在20～30 mg/kg之間，美國、北歐等發(fā)達國家小麥籽粒的平均Zn含量為28.7 mg/kg左右[16]，中國的在24～33 mg/kg之間[17]，在發(fā)展中國家由于土壤缺Zn，加上農(nóng)戶不注重Zn肥的施用，小麥籽粒的Zn含量會低至 7～11 mg/kg之間[18]；水稻供給了全球人口21%的能量與蛋白質(zhì)，90%的水稻種植在東亞、南亞、東南亞等發(fā)展中國家[19]，水稻籽粒的Zn含量在20 mg/kg左右[20–21]；玉米是繼小麥、水稻之后人類最主要的食物，在非洲的一些國家，如埃及和南非等，玉米是主要的食物來源，即使在發(fā)達國家，玉米也是日常食物中不可或缺的一部分[20]，玉米籽粒的Zn含量約為20 mg/kg左右[22]，在缺Zn土壤中，會低至13 mg/kg左右[23]，不同國家主要糧食作物籽粒Zn含量詳細數(shù)據(jù)見表1。通過分析可以看出，主要糧食作物籽粒部分的Zn含量普遍低于40～50 mg/kg，達不到人體對Zn元素的需求。

造成糧食作物Zn含量不足的原因主要有兩方面：一方面是糧食作物對于土壤Zn含量的變化非常敏感，其產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)易受到土壤缺Zn的影響[24]；另一方面是用于種植糧食作物的耕地，微量營養(yǎng)元素Zn普遍缺乏[25]。據(jù)估計目前占全球50%的用于種植糧食作物的耕地缺Zn[26–27]，Zn的有效性也比較低[28]，從而導致糧食作物可食部分的Zn含量普遍不足，并且這種情況在發(fā)展中國家呈惡化趨勢[29]。此外，糧食作物中植酸的含量比較高，植酸可以與Zn在胃腸道形成絡(luò)合物或者沉淀，從而影響人體對于Zn的吸收[30–31]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果飲食中P∶Zn ＜12，則認為基本上不會存在Zn攝入不足的情況；如果飲食中P∶Zn ＞ 18，則認為人體Zn攝入不足[32]。簡言之，以糧食作物為主食的人較易出現(xiàn)缺Zn狀況，目前主要利用補施Zn肥這一農(nóng)藝措施來提高糧食作物的Zn含量，如土施Zn肥、葉面噴施Zn肥等。

表 1 不同國家主要糧食作物籽粒Zn含量 (mg/kg, DW)Table 1 Zn contents of main food crops in different countries

2 主要糧食作物產(chǎn)量對鋅肥的響應(yīng)

主要糧食作物小麥、水稻和玉米的產(chǎn)量會因為土壤缺Zn而顯著下降，補施Zn肥后其產(chǎn)量會明顯提升[83–84]。因為Zn不僅是葉綠體的組成成分[85]，而且會對碳酸酐酶 (催化光合作用過程中可逆的CO2水合反應(yīng)) 的活性產(chǎn)生影響[86]，所以缺Zn會導致葉綠體合成受阻，碳酸酐酶活性降低，光合速率下降，最終使農(nóng)作物減產(chǎn)。對于小麥來講，不同的Zn肥施用方式均可以增加小麥產(chǎn)量 (圖1)。如Yilmaz等[87]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在缺Zn土壤中，小麥產(chǎn)量很低，不同的補施Zn肥措施均可以顯著提高其產(chǎn)量，在土施Zn肥措施下，小麥的產(chǎn)量最高，達到了2042 kg/hm2，與不施Zn肥相比產(chǎn)量提高了262%，與葉噴Zn肥相比提高了約63%。葉噴Zn肥的增產(chǎn)效果顯著低于土施Zn肥，一方面是由于在本研究中土施Zn肥的施Zn量為23 kg/hm2，而葉噴Zn肥為440 g/hm2，施用量差異極大；另一方面是由于根系Zn的吸收對于小麥的增產(chǎn)效果要優(yōu)于葉噴Zn肥[88]。然而也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，補施Zn肥后小麥的產(chǎn)量與不施Zn肥相比沒有顯著差異[89]。這種結(jié)果可能是由土壤Zn含量所決定的，例如Yilmaz等的研究區(qū)域，農(nóng)田土壤有效Zn含量為0.12 mg/kg，顯著低于農(nóng)田土壤缺Zn臨界值0.5 mg/kg[90]，屬于極度缺Zn土壤，已經(jīng)對小麥產(chǎn)量造成了顯著的減產(chǎn)效應(yīng)，補施Zn肥后，小麥產(chǎn)量顯著提高，這與郝明德等[91]18年長期施用Zn肥的研究一致，補施Zn肥后小麥有明顯的增產(chǎn)效應(yīng)；然而也有一些研究區(qū)域，農(nóng)田土壤有效Zn含量雖然不高，但是并沒有達到使小麥減產(chǎn)的水平，因而補施Zn肥后并沒有明顯的增產(chǎn)效果[92]。與小麥一樣，有研究表明補施Zn肥對于水稻有明顯的增產(chǎn)作用 (圖2)，從圖2中可以看出，水稻產(chǎn)量隨著施Zn量的增加先上升后下降。產(chǎn)量下降是由于過量的

Zn會對水稻產(chǎn)生毒害作用[93–94]，例如Kumar等[95]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，過量的Zn會降低水稻Fe和Ca等元素的吸收量，并降低產(chǎn)量。然而，也有研究表明施用Zn肥后，水稻產(chǎn)量變化不顯著[40]，造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因與小麥類似，所選取的試驗地農(nóng)田土壤有效Zn的背景值比較高，Zn不是作物生長的限制因子。此外，馮緒猛等[96]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，與小麥一樣，土施Zn肥的水稻籽粒產(chǎn)量明顯高于葉噴Zn肥，說明土施Zn肥的增產(chǎn)效果要優(yōu)于葉噴Zn肥。對于玉米來講，補施Zn肥也會顯著增加其產(chǎn)量，尤其是在缺Zn土壤中[41,79]。Liu等[48]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，玉米產(chǎn)量會隨著施Zn量的增加先上升，后趨于平穩(wěn)，說明在施Zn超過一定量之后，Zn將不再是玉米生長的限制因子，增加施Zn量對于玉米就沒有顯著的增產(chǎn)作用 (圖3)。與小麥、水稻不同的是，以往的研究[41,48,78–79,97]都表明玉米產(chǎn)量會隨著施Zn量的增加而增加，一方面是因為玉米對于Zn肥的響應(yīng)很高，產(chǎn)量潛力很大[98]，另一方面可能是由于被研究的用于種植玉米的農(nóng)田土壤嚴重缺Zn，Zn已成為玉米產(chǎn)量的主要限制因子之一。

圖 1 不同施Zn肥處理對小麥產(chǎn)量的影響Fig. 1 Effects of different Zn application methods on wheat yields

圖 2 不同施鋅量對水稻產(chǎn)量的影響Fig. 2 Effects of Zn application rates on rice yields

圖 3 不同施鋅量對玉米產(chǎn)量的影響[48]Fig. 3 Effects of different Zn application rates on maize yields[48]

3 主要糧食作物籽粒鋅含量對鋅肥的響應(yīng)

3.1 小麥籽粒鋅含量對施用鋅肥的響應(yīng)

補施Zn肥對于提高小麥籽粒的Zn含量有明顯的效果[104]，產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)得到明顯改善。Maqsood等[105]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，土施Zn肥后，小麥籽粒的Zn含量由34.9 mg/kg增加到69.93 mg/kg，這與陸新春等[106]、曹玉賢等[107]、Yilmaz等[87]的研究結(jié)果基本一致，土施Zn肥可明顯提高小麥籽粒的Zn含量。Wojtkowiak等[108]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，土壤有效Zn含量與小麥籽粒Zn含量之間的決定系數(shù)達到了0.9105，存在極顯著的相關(guān)關(guān)系。但是直接向土壤中施用Zn肥會受到土壤理化性質(zhì)的影響[109–110]，Zn的利用效率比較低，例如土壤中磷酸鹽含量會顯著影響Zn的有效性，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)土壤中磷酸鹽含量越高，被土壤吸附固定的Zn就越多[111]。葉噴Zn肥可以顯著提高Zn的表觀利用率，并且葉噴Zn肥處理下的小麥Zn含量也明顯高于土施Zn肥[112]。Zheng等[39]在7個國家的23個試驗點進行了相關(guān)研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)葉噴Zn肥均顯著提高了Zn在小麥籽粒中的含量，平均增幅為84%，而土施Zn肥僅為12%，Kutman等[113]和Cakmak等[100]也有類似的研究結(jié)果。Zheng等[39]在研究中還發(fā)現(xiàn)，不同的小麥品種對于Zn肥的響應(yīng)存在差別，小麥籽粒中Zn含量在30～60 mg/kg之間不等，因此在品種的選擇上要優(yōu)先考慮對于Zn肥響應(yīng)較高的類型，提高Zn肥利用率。此外，元素之間存在競爭或者協(xié)同的作用，例如，Stepien等[67]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，與只施Zn肥相比，同時用含有Cu、Zn、Mn的微肥葉噴小麥能夠最大幅度的提高小麥籽粒的Zn含量，說明其他微量元素的補充促進了小麥對于Zn的吸收與富集。Zhang等[114]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，施肥過程中P與Zn會有拮抗作用，在一定量之后，Zn在小麥籽粒中的含量會隨著P的增加而逐漸降低。買文選等[115]通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，補施Zn肥會降低小麥籽粒的植酸含量，提高小麥籽粒中Zn的生物有效性。雖然葉噴Zn肥可以顯著提高小麥籽粒中的Zn含量，但是葉噴Zn肥增加了小麥種植的成本，增產(chǎn)效益也不如土施Zn肥，所以需要去降低施肥成本，增加收益。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)小麥種植為防治病蟲災(zāi)害 (如蚜蟲)，需要噴灑農(nóng)藥[116]，Ram等[38]通過田間試驗發(fā)現(xiàn)，將Zn肥和農(nóng)藥一起葉噴與只噴Zn肥相比，小麥籽粒中的Zn含量無顯著差異。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，將農(nóng)藥與Zn肥一次性葉噴到小麥上與分兩次相比，每公頃小麥的凈收入增加了118美元，例如中國作為主要的小麥種植國家，種植面積達到了2400萬公頃，則每年農(nóng)民的凈收入可以增加接近29億美元[117]。

3.2 水稻籽粒鋅含量對施用鋅肥的響應(yīng)

通過土施Zn肥，稻田施Zn量在2.5、5.5、7.5 kg/hm2的情況下與不施Zn肥相比，水稻籽粒Zn含量分別提高了0.9%、8.5%、16.4%[27]。Zn在水稻中的富集量明顯提高，但是要使水稻中的Zn含量達到要求，至少施用Zn肥 (以ZnSO4·7H2O計)25 kg/hm2，這對于農(nóng)戶來講，生產(chǎn)成本很高，很難實現(xiàn)[118]。Shivay 等[44]將包膜尿素 (含 ZnSO4·7H2O) 土施到土壤中，在低施用量 (0.5% ZnSO4·7H2O) 的情況下，可以顯著提高Zn肥的表觀利用率，達到了17.6%，但是產(chǎn)量不高，水稻籽粒中的Zn含量也比較低；如果要使Zn的富集量達到要求，就要增加Zn的投入量(2.0% ZnSO4·7H2O)，但是Zn的表觀利用效率下降到12%。Shivay等[119]通過另一研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，隨著施Zn量的增加 (施Zn量在1.3～9.1 kg/hm2之間)，第一年其表觀利用率從16.4%下降到8.3%，第二年從17%下降到10.6%。因此土施Zn肥雖然可以提高水稻籽粒中的Zn含量，但是施用的Zn肥量太大，Zn的表觀利用效率太低，約為10%[44]，這主要是因為施加到土壤中的Zn肥受到了土壤理化性質(zhì)的影響，其有效性顯著降低，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)葉噴Zn肥是克服這一缺點的有效途徑[120–121]。與土施Zn肥相比，葉噴Zn肥的農(nóng)學效益是其10倍，即用0.2% ZnSO4·7H2O的Zn肥葉噴水稻就可以達到用2% ZnSO4·7H2O的Zn肥土施到土壤中水稻籽粒Zn含量的水平，明顯提高了Zn的表觀利用率[43]。Phattarakul等[40]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在排除了土壤理化性質(zhì)、管理措施等對Zn在水稻中含量的影響，葉噴Zn肥對于水稻籽粒中Zn含量的提高效果比土施Zn肥增加了66%。Wissuwa等[77]通過研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)，無論哪一種水稻類型，葉噴Zn肥與土施Zn肥相比都能夠顯著增加水稻籽粒中的Zn含量。但是與小麥一樣，葉噴Zn肥的增產(chǎn)效益不如土施Zn肥，增加了農(nóng)戶的成本，一方面可以通過土施Zn肥與葉噴Zn肥的耦合進行互補，另一方面可以通過與其它農(nóng)藝措施相結(jié)合來降低成本，以增加收益[38]。土施Zn肥與葉噴Zn肥的耦合與只葉噴Zn肥相比，水稻籽粒產(chǎn)量平均提高了約2.1%，Zn含量平均提高了約4.0%，增加了農(nóng)戶凈收益[40]。此外，不同的水稻類型對于Zn肥的響應(yīng)是不同的，Saha等[122]研究了不同水稻品種在富Zn方面的差異，不同的水稻品種即使在同一施肥模式下，其產(chǎn)量與Zn含量也不同，并發(fā)現(xiàn)‘GB1’(品種來自于印度的阿薩姆) 水稻品種在一次基肥、兩次追肥的模式下，其Zn含量與產(chǎn)量均優(yōu)于其它品種。因此針對不同的水稻類型，在兼顧產(chǎn)量的前提下要優(yōu)先選用高富Zn的品種。

3.3 玉米籽粒鋅含量對施用鋅肥的響應(yīng)

與小麥、水稻一樣，土施Zn肥與葉噴Zn肥不僅都可以提高玉米籽粒中的Zn含量[123]，還可以提高玉米的產(chǎn)量[98]。Harris等[66]通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，與不施Zn肥相比，在施Zn量為2.75 kg/hm2情況下，Zn在玉米籽粒中的富集量提高了18.0%；在施Zn量5.5 kg/hm2的情況下，富集量提高了39.8%。通過土施Zn肥，玉米籽粒中的Zn含量明顯提高，但是施加的Zn肥量太大，Zn肥的有效性偏低。在發(fā)展中國家補施Zn肥增加了農(nóng)戶的生產(chǎn)成本，降低了農(nóng)戶施Zn肥的積極性，例如在巴基斯坦，不超過5%的農(nóng)戶施用Zn肥[124]。Manzeke等[78]依據(jù)津巴布韋當?shù)氐膶嶋H情況，將秸稈 (實際施Zn量430 g/hm2)、畜禽糞便 (實際施Zn量113 g/hm2) 等作為含Zn有機肥與NPK肥一起施入到土壤中，與只施用NPK肥相比，玉米籽粒中的Zn含量分別提高了64.3%和50%，同時也提高了玉米的產(chǎn)量。這是因為畜禽糞便中含有豐富的有機Zn，不僅提供了農(nóng)作物生長所必需的微量營養(yǎng)元素Zn，而且提升了土壤肥力[110]。

4 施用鋅肥對主要糧食作物中鋅分配的影響

大量研究表明，施Zn肥可以顯著提高主要糧食作物Zn含量，緩解農(nóng)作物缺Zn情況，并能夠增加產(chǎn)量[125–126]。但是農(nóng)作物有特定的吸收分配機制，Zn元素正常情況下由根部吸收，經(jīng)過木質(zhì)部和韌皮部的運輸，才能夠在農(nóng)作物的可食部位進行富集[127]。例如，Jiang等[128]通過同位素示蹤的方法發(fā)現(xiàn)，水稻可食部分的Zn元素主要來自于根部的吸收，葉噴Zn肥大約50%的Zn元素留在了葉子里，另外的50%的分配到了其他有機體中，很少一部分被分配到谷粒當中。與水稻不同的是，小麥籽粒中的Zn還可以由葉子里的Zn重新分配進行補充[129]。通過施肥途徑施加的Zn元素是否能夠更多的在糧食作物可食部位分配，也是科學研究關(guān)注的熱點。

對于小麥，Maqsood等[105]研究了巴基斯坦的12個小麥品種后發(fā)現(xiàn)，向土壤中施用Zn肥對于小麥籽粒及秸稈的Zn含量均有顯著的提升作用，在秸稈中Zn的平均含量為41.54 mg/kg，在小麥籽粒中Zn的平均含量為58.92 mg/kg，與不施Zn肥相比分別提高了17.7%，22.1%。Li等[130]研究了葉噴Zn肥對小麥籽粒、白面粉、麩皮中Zn含量的影響，發(fā)現(xiàn)施用Zn肥后，Zn含量與不施Zn肥相比分別提高了92.5%、64.8%、77%，并且麩皮中的Zn含量最高為74.0 mg/kg，其次是小麥籽粒，為42.2 mg/kg，最低為白面粉，Zn含量為13.3 mg/kg。這與Zhang等[131]的研究結(jié)果一致，Zn在麥麩、小麥籽粒、白面粉中的含量是逐漸遞減的 (圖4)。在中國，小麥主要吃的是白面粉，所占的比重超過了85%[132]，補施Zn肥雖能顯著增加小麥籽粒的Zn含量，但是作為主要消耗品的白面粉，其Zn含量仍然比較低。對于水稻來講，Phattarakul等[40]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，通過土施Zn肥，Zn在精米中的含量為16.2 mg/kg，與稻谷、糙米相比Zn含量分別下降了15.3%、22.1%；通過葉噴Zn肥，Zn在精米中的含量為17.7 mg/kg，分別下降了45.2%、27.5%；通過土施Zn肥與葉噴Zn肥結(jié)合的方式，Zn在精米中的含量為18.4 mg/kg，分別下降了47.0%、27.8% (圖5)。這與相關(guān)研究的結(jié)果基本一致，發(fā)現(xiàn)補施Zn肥后稻谷中含Zn總量占水稻總Zn吸收量的比值為18.22%[44]，Zn在精米中的富集量與稻谷相比下降明顯，約為12%[20]。綜上所述，白面、精米等細糧的Zn含量與麥麩、糙米等粗糧相比具有很大的差異，因此在日常的飲食中應(yīng)該增加粗糧的攝入量，彌補細糧Zn含量不足的狀況。何宇納等[133]研究中國成年人粗雜糧攝入水平時也發(fā)現(xiàn)，高粗糧攝入水平的群體其每日的攝Zn量顯著高于低粗糧攝入水平的群體。

圖 4 噴施不同鋅肥小麥籽粒不同組分的Zn含量[35]Fig. 4 Zn contents in different grain parts of wheat sprayed with different Zn fertilizers[35]

圖 5 不同施鋅方式下水稻籽粒不同組分的Zn含量[40]Fig. 5 Zn contents in different grain parts of rice affected by Zn fertilization mode [40]

5 問題與討論

補施Zn肥可以提高糧食作物可食部分的Zn含量，增加作物的產(chǎn)量，但是兩種施肥措施都存在缺陷：Zn在人們主要消費的白面粉和精米中的含量很少；施用較高量的Zn肥雖提高了主要糧食作物的的Zn含量，但是在土壤有效Zn含量處于中等偏下水平的土壤上，主要糧食作物的產(chǎn)量對Zn肥的響應(yīng)不明顯，甚至過高的施Zn量會使農(nóng)作物減產(chǎn)，加上Zn肥的價格比較高，讓農(nóng)戶難以接受；Zn肥的利用率很低，尤其是盲目的大量施用Zn肥會造成浪費，并使土壤遭受潛在的Zn污染[134]；肥料中的各營養(yǎng)元素之間存在交互作用，Zn與其它營養(yǎng)元素之間存在競爭或者協(xié)同作用，影響Zn肥的吸收；不同的農(nóng)作物品種對于Zn肥的響應(yīng)具有較大差異，富Zn量較高的品種，其產(chǎn)量偏低，產(chǎn)量較高的品種，其富Zn量達不到要求，產(chǎn)量與Zn含量難以同時達標。

針對國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀及存在的一系列問題，今后的研究可重點關(guān)注：1) 深入開展與Zn元素在肥–土–作物系統(tǒng)中吸收分配機制相關(guān)的研究，清楚掌握Zn元素在肥–土–作物系統(tǒng)中的富集與分配規(guī)律，同時建立全國范圍內(nèi)主要農(nóng)田土壤的Zn數(shù)據(jù)庫，構(gòu)建產(chǎn)量、富Zn量與Zn肥之間的響應(yīng)模型，為通過施肥途徑改善糧食作物缺Zn狀況提供有力的理論依據(jù)，避免不必要的浪費與污染或者施Zn肥不足，實現(xiàn)精準施肥。2) 加大新型廉價肥料技術(shù)的研發(fā)力度，降低肥料制作成本，尋找其他廉價替代品，例如畜禽糞便、污泥堆肥等，降低補施Zn肥的成本，與其它農(nóng)藝措施相結(jié)合，提高產(chǎn)量，增加農(nóng)戶的凈收益。3) 進一步探索改善土壤理化性質(zhì)的有效措施，例如，pH、土壤有機質(zhì)和離子強度等，降低土壤對Zn的固定能力，提高Zn肥對于農(nóng)作物的有效性及其肥效的持久性，也可以通過添加其它物質(zhì)，如生物質(zhì)炭等。研究表明生物質(zhì)炭不僅含有一定量的微量元素[135]，能夠增加土壤保水保肥的能力[136]，而且還可以促進作物根系的生長，提高作物的養(yǎng)分吸收能力[137]，今后可進行生物質(zhì)炭與Zn的耦合研究。4) 加強系統(tǒng)研究，綜合考慮多種營養(yǎng)元素對糧食作物產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)的影響，探明微量元素、常量元素之間的交互作用，找到最佳投入量與最佳配比，整體提升糧食作物的營養(yǎng)價值。5) 對小麥、水稻、玉米等主要糧食作物的品種進行篩選，在兼顧產(chǎn)量優(yōu)勢的前提下，選出對施Zn肥高響應(yīng)的品種或通過雜交與基因工程育種技術(shù)來獲得對Zn肥高產(chǎn)量與高富

Zn量響應(yīng)的品種類型。6) 加強主要糧食作物富Zn的分子生物學機制研究，例如研究[138–140]發(fā)現(xiàn)ZIP轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白起到了將Zn轉(zhuǎn)入到根細胞的轉(zhuǎn)運子作用，增加了糧食作物對Zn的吸收富集能力，今后可在分子水平上對與Zn的吸收、富集及轉(zhuǎn)運相關(guān)的基因進行鑒定和篩選，并可通過基因工程育種技術(shù)和雜交技術(shù)等進行品種改良。

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