徐崇凱,劉池洋,郭佩,黎茂穩(wěn),黃雷,趙巖,潘銀華,張益銀
1.西北大學(xué)大陸動(dòng)力學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,西北大學(xué)地質(zhì)學(xué)系,西安 710069
2.頁巖油氣富集機(jī)理與有效開發(fā)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,中國石油化工股份有限公司石油勘探開發(fā)研究院,北京 100083
我國的古近紀(jì)咸化含油氣盆地(凹陷),如江漢盆地、東濮凹陷、柴達(dá)木盆地、塔里木盆地等,其主力烴源巖與膏鹽層無論在平面上還是剖面上均存在較好的共生關(guān)系[1-3]。一般來說,烴源巖形成于溫暖潮濕深水環(huán)境,而膏鹽巖形成于干旱淺水蒸發(fā)環(huán)境,二者似乎難以共生。這種似乎矛盾但卻共生的巖性組合,使人們對(duì)長(zhǎng)期流行的北西西向“古近紀(jì)干旱氣候帶”[4-7]的存在提出質(zhì)疑,即認(rèn)為我國古近紀(jì)期間并不存在一條緯向亞熱干燥帶[7-11];同時(shí)也對(duì)烴源巖及鹽巖形成的環(huán)境、水深、鹽度產(chǎn)生疑惑,即認(rèn)為咸化環(huán)境下烴源巖可形成于淺水條件下[12-13]或鹽巖亦可形成深水環(huán)境中[14-16]。以往對(duì)該類咸化含油氣湖盆古環(huán)境的研究集中于膏鹽巖形成環(huán)境方面[17-20],但分析結(jié)果差異較大,不同指標(biāo)指示結(jié)果自相矛盾[21],而對(duì)與其互層共生的富有機(jī)質(zhì)泥巖、白云質(zhì)泥巖形成的環(huán)境探討較少。因此關(guān)于我國古近紀(jì)咸化湖盆的形成環(huán)境及古氣候條件仍存在廣泛爭(zhēng)議。
江漢盆地是我國古近紀(jì)咸化面積最大的盆地,盆內(nèi)潛江組烴源巖與鹽巖最發(fā)育的地區(qū)為潛江凹陷,始新統(tǒng)—漸新統(tǒng)潛江組為主要的烴源巖和儲(chǔ)集層。潛江凹陷為潛北、通??诖髷鄬涌刂葡碌睦^承性凹陷,生烴中心與沉降—沉積中心基本一致,暗色泥巖厚度最厚可達(dá)2 200 m(廣深1井實(shí)鉆厚度為1 994 m),鹽巖最厚可達(dá)1 800 m,油氣資源豐富。其中潛江組的潛三下段生油巖厚度大、埋藏深,有機(jī)質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化程度高,為潛江凹陷的主要烴源層系。前人對(duì)潛江凹陷潛江組的構(gòu)造[22-23]、鹽源及成因[24-25]、沉積相展布[25-27]以及控藏因素[28-30]等進(jìn)行了諸多研究,雖對(duì)該區(qū)地球化學(xué)特征方面亦有研究[6,31-33],但相對(duì)甚少。
隨著元素地球化學(xué)的發(fā)展,沉積巖中的常量元素、微量元素與稀土元素的研究已經(jīng)引起地質(zhì)界的廣泛關(guān)注[34-36]。由于稀土元素、部分微量元素及其比值在巖石風(fēng)化、剝蝕、搬運(yùn)、沉積過程中變化較小,更易反映當(dāng)時(shí)的沉積環(huán)境[36-37],因此對(duì)盆地演化史、沉積時(shí)的古氣候與古環(huán)境和沉積物質(zhì)來源和構(gòu)造背景的研究意義重大。本文通過系統(tǒng)連續(xù)采集潛江凹陷內(nèi)部古近系潛三下段白云質(zhì)泥巖、泥質(zhì)白云巖及含鈣芒硝泥巖等樣品,分析全巖主微量、稀土元素含量及分布特征,旨在揭示潛江凹陷古近紀(jì)咸化湖盆形成的古氣候,古鹽度和氧化還原環(huán)境,從而為認(rèn)識(shí)潛江凹陷古近系古地理環(huán)境提供依據(jù)。
江漢盆地面積36 350 km2,是發(fā)育在揚(yáng)子克拉通東部的白堊紀(jì)—新生代裂陷盆地。潛江凹陷是江漢盆地內(nèi)的一個(gè)次級(jí)凹陷,面積僅2 500 km2,在盆地各凹陷中面積居第三位。在江漢盆地,潛江凹陷油氣資源最豐富,發(fā)現(xiàn)油氣田最多,勘探程度也最高(圖1B)。該凹陷北、南邊界分別受潛北斷層、通??跀嗔芽刂疲瑸橐坏湫偷碾p斷式不對(duì)稱箕狀斷陷(圖1C)。始新—漸新統(tǒng)潛江組發(fā)育巨厚鹽巖沉積,最厚處可達(dá)1 800 m,鹽間段發(fā)育富有機(jī)質(zhì)泥巖,包括鈣芒硝泥巖、泥質(zhì)白云巖、白云質(zhì)泥巖等。
潛江凹陷潛江組分為四個(gè)層段,自下而上依次為潛四段、潛三段、潛二段和潛一段。潛四下段沉積時(shí),凹陷北部潛北斷裂活動(dòng)和凹陷裂陷強(qiáng)烈;至潛三段和潛二段沉積時(shí),潛北斷層活動(dòng)減弱,湖盆兼斷坳沉降特征,凹陷基底坡度小,整體地形相對(duì)平緩,表現(xiàn)為北厚南薄、中間厚斜坡帶薄的特點(diǎn)。至潛一段沉積時(shí)期,斷裂活動(dòng)進(jìn)一步減弱,湖盆以坳陷為主。潛三下段的鹽巖和砂巖都比較發(fā)育,具有良好的儲(chǔ)蓋組合條件,為研究區(qū)最重要的勘探目的層段之一。
研究樣品取自潛江凹陷北部QYX井潛三下段鹽間泥巖段,為連續(xù)采樣,屬于Ⅲ級(jí)韻律的相對(duì)淡化階段,其巖性主要為泥質(zhì)巖類夾部分碳酸鹽巖,在干旱氣候下蒸發(fā)濃縮也可析出鈣芒硝甚至鹽巖。采樣巖性主要為灰色白云質(zhì)泥巖、泥質(zhì)白云巖,及含鈣芒硝泥巖。選用新鮮巖樣進(jìn)行測(cè)試,樣品碎樣及地球化學(xué)測(cè)試均在西北大學(xué)大陸動(dòng)力學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室完成。全巖主量元素含量分析在Rikagu RIX 2100 X射線熒光光譜儀(XRF)上進(jìn)行,全巖微量元素和稀土元素含量測(cè)試在電感耦合等離子體質(zhì)譜儀(ICP-MS)上進(jìn)行,標(biāo)樣選用 BHVO-2,AGV-2 和GSP-1。每5個(gè)樣挑選一個(gè)重復(fù)樣,分析結(jié)果吻合,精度優(yōu)于10%。分析方法詳見文獻(xiàn)[39-40],所分析的15件樣品的層位分布、深度巖性及測(cè)試結(jié)果見表1,2。
表1 潛江凹陷潛三下段泥巖主量元素分析結(jié)果(%)Table 1 Major element concentrations (%) of the mudstone samples from the lower part of the Eq3 in the Qianjiang sag
潛江凹陷古近系潛江組泥巖樣品的主量元素分析結(jié)果見表1,除QYX-17外,均以SiO2、Al2O3、CaO為主,含較多的MgO(平均值為5.39%),說明與淡水泥巖、泥頁巖相比,咸化環(huán)境形成的烴源巖鈣質(zhì)、膏質(zhì)成分較高。分析SiO2、MgO、CaO與Na2O含量,可以看出MgO的含量是一個(gè)先增加,再減少的趨勢(shì),縱向上巖性是從白云質(zhì)泥巖—泥質(zhì)白云巖—白云巖—白云質(zhì)泥巖—鈣芒硝泥巖的變化序列。樣品中其他主量元素Fe2O3平均值為3.90%、Na2O平均值為3.40%、和K2O平均值為2.19%,樣品中還含有少量的TiO2(均值為0.42%),極少量的P2O5(均值為0.18%)與MnO(均值為0.05%)。
潛江凹陷潛三下段鹽間泥巖樣品的微量元素分析結(jié)果見表2,其微量元素上陸殼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化蛛網(wǎng)圖見圖2。微量元素Nb、Zr、Hf含量明顯低于上陸殼平均豐度,與本次所采樣品均為細(xì)粒泥質(zhì)巖有關(guān),因上述元素主要賦存于重礦物等粗粒礦物中。微量元素Co、Cs、Ni、Li含量高于上陸殼平均豐度值,說明泥質(zhì)含量較高,其中Li是咸化湖盆中的重要保留元素之一,可在湖盆中滯留較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,Li的高含量說明湖水鹽度較大,濃縮強(qiáng)烈。沉積巖中微量元素Sr含量一般與主量元素Ca密切相關(guān),本次所采樣品Sr含量均高于上陸殼平均豐度值,最高值可達(dá)3 085×10-6,平均值為1 215.4×10-6。值得注意的是,樣品QYX-17主量元素Ca含量較高,其Sr含量較低,說明灰?guī)r白云化期間可能會(huì)釋放Sr元素(圖2)。
稀土元素分析結(jié)果見表2。本文所研究樣品稀土元素含量較低,稀土元素總量為42.56×10-6~142.89×10-6,平均值為109.76×10-6,低于大陸上地殼(UCC)平均值,而且LREE較富集,平均值為98.75×10-6,占90.0%;HREE豐度較低,平均值為11.01×10-6,占10.0%。因此,LREE的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的變化基本決定了REE的變化?!芁REE/∑HREE比值范圍7.72~9.71,反映了研究區(qū)輕稀土富集的特征[41],(La/Yb)N平均值為9.97(7.85~10.83),有明顯的Eu負(fù)異常,δEu平均值為0.67(0.65~0.71),無Ce異常。從15個(gè)樣品稀土元素對(duì)球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化配分圖上看出(圖3A):1)La/Yb比值均大于1;2)曲線為右傾斜模式;3)La-Eu段曲線較陡;4)Eu-Lu段曲線較平緩;5)在Eu處“谷”狀特征(虧損),顯示中等程度的負(fù)Eu異常。樣品(Nd/Yb)N比值在3.63~4.41之間(表2),平均值為4.18,顯示輕稀土略虧損,但分異度不大。樣品含量呈現(xiàn)高低不同的特征,暗示沉積時(shí)部分樣品受物源或水動(dòng)力條件等因素影響,整體上平緩且左高右低,說明所測(cè)樣品具相同的物源供給條件。從15個(gè)樣品稀土元素對(duì)北美頁巖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化配分圖上看出(圖 3B),輕、重稀土元素分餾不明顯,曲線比較平坦,斜率較小。稀土元素均值除了白云巖樣品低于北美頁巖,其他均高于北美頁巖。
表2 潛江凹陷潛三下段泥巖稀土、微量元素測(cè)試結(jié)果(×10-6)Table 2 Trace and rare earth element concentrations of the mudstone samples from the lower partof the Eq3 in the Qianjiang sag (×10-6)
由于Sr豐度和Sr/Ba值與古鹽度存在正相關(guān)性,因此可作為沉積物沉積時(shí)古鹽度判別的靈敏指標(biāo)。Sr與Ba化學(xué)性質(zhì)相似,在不同沉積環(huán)境下因不同地球化學(xué)行為而發(fā)生分離,隨著水體鹽度加大,Ba會(huì)以碳酸鹽、硫酸鹽形式先發(fā)生沉淀,隨著水體鹽度繼續(xù)增大,Sr再發(fā)生沉淀[43-45]。因此,Sr/Ba比值通常被用來恢復(fù)水體古鹽度[31,46]。對(duì)于QYX井,取樣段總長(zhǎng)80 m,Sr的含量最低386×10-6,最高3 085×10-6,且變化快,說明潛江組的古鹽度變化很快,古鹽度的變化對(duì)古氣候的變化具有一定的指示作用。Sr的高含量主要是溫濕氣候下海侵導(dǎo)致或是干熱氣候條件下的湖水濃縮沉淀所致[47],結(jié)合地質(zhì)背景,在潛江凹陷的潛江組并未有海侵的證據(jù)。C.M.卡特欽科夫提出Sr/Ba值指標(biāo),認(rèn)為Sr/Ba值<1為淡水沉積,Sr/Ba值>1為海相沉積,如果介于20~50之間變?yōu)辂}湖沉積[47-48]。本文所測(cè)樣品僅一個(gè)樣品的Sr/Ba<1(圖4),此樣品可能是因?yàn)闅夂蜃兓鸬耐话l(fā)性洪水使得湖水淡化,其余均大于1,比值范圍為0.80~5.04,平均值為2.35,說明此時(shí)沉積為咸湖沉積。潛江組鹽間泥巖沉積時(shí)盆地的古鹽度較大,其中發(fā)育的石膏、鹽巖晶體即是該環(huán)境下的產(chǎn)物。
通過本文所測(cè)樣品,Sr豐度和Sr/Ba值都顯示了此沉積期處于湖盆咸化期,而咸湖沉積有利于有機(jī)質(zhì)的堆積與保存[49],有利于烴源巖的發(fā)育。
圖2 潛江凹陷潛三下段微量元素上陸殼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化蛛網(wǎng)圖Fig.2 Upper continental crust normalized trace elementspattern of the mudstone samplesfrom the lower part of the Eq3 in the Qianjiang sag
圖3 潛江凹陷潛三下段稀土元素球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化(A)[42]和北美頁巖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化(B)配分曲線圖Fig.3 Chondrite and PAAS normalized REE distribution patterns of the mudstone samples from the lower part of the Eq3 in the Qianjiang sag
圖4 江漢盆地潛江凹陷潛三下段泥巖沉積環(huán)境地球化學(xué)判別Fig.4 Geochemical indicators for sedimentary environments in the Qianjiang Formation of the Qianjiang sag
氧化還原環(huán)境通??捎肰/Cr、V/Ni及V/(V + Ni)比值等指標(biāo)判別[40,50-53],具體判別指標(biāo)見表3。研究區(qū)樣品的相關(guān)分析見圖4。如圖4所示,本文分析樣品V/Cr 比值為1.25~1.97,反映沉積環(huán)境為弱氧化環(huán)境。如果鹽巖沉積時(shí),V/Ni比值大于1,則鹽湖為還原環(huán)境,即“深水成鹽”,反之,V/Ni比值小于1,則反映鹽湖為氧化環(huán)境[38]。本文樣品V/Ni比值為2.08~2.97,反映此沉積期鹽湖為還原環(huán)境(圖4)。
騰格兒指出V/(V + Ni)元素比值>0.5指示厭氧環(huán)境,其比值介于0.45~0.5為貧氧環(huán)境,比值<0.45指示富養(yǎng)環(huán)境[54]。V/(V + Ni)比值除了分析沉積物沉積時(shí)的氧化還原環(huán)境,還可以判斷沉積時(shí)底層的水體分層強(qiáng)弱,V/(V + Ni)比值介于0.4~0.6之間,表示水體呈弱水體分層的貧氧環(huán)境,比值在0.60~0.84之間表示中等分層的缺氧環(huán)境,而>0.84表示底層水體呈強(qiáng)分層的還原環(huán)境[53]。潛江凹陷潛江組的V/(V + Ni)元素比值為0.68~0.73,表示此時(shí)處于底層水體中等分層厭氧環(huán)境(圖4),這與東濮凹陷沙河街組鹽巖發(fā)育的沙河街一段和三段沉積環(huán)境相似[16]。V由于在有機(jī)質(zhì)中優(yōu)先被結(jié)合,因此V的高值一般是在還原條件下出現(xiàn)[50]。本文分析的15件樣品中,V值范圍為33.5~110,平均值為76.13,因此V的高值也指示潛江凹陷潛江組為還原環(huán)境(圖4)。
一般認(rèn)為,Ce的正異常是大陸環(huán)境沉積物的特征之一。從圖4中看出潛三下段的Ce含量基本表現(xiàn)為正偏或正異常,反映了潛三下段的大陸沉積特征。Ce的異常值可用Ce/La值代替[55],當(dāng)Ce/ La<1.5時(shí),反映富氧環(huán)境,1.5~1.8時(shí)為貧氧環(huán)境,大于2.0時(shí)為厭氧環(huán)境(圖4)。氧化還原環(huán)境還可通過δU來判別,吳朝東等[56]用鈾總量和自生鈾量關(guān)系建立了δU(δU = 2U/(U+Th/3),以此來判別沉積環(huán)境為氧化還是還原。潛江凹陷潛江組沉積環(huán)境為缺氧環(huán)境。本文樣品δU的變化趨勢(shì)不大,說明潛江組氧化還原條件相差不大,以還原環(huán)境為主(圖4)。Elderfield 和Greaves提出Ceanom可指示氧化還原環(huán)境,以北美頁巖為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),其計(jì)算公式為:Ceanom=lg[3CeN/(2LaN+NdN)]。當(dāng)Ceanom< - 0.10,表示Ce虧損,指示氧化環(huán)境;當(dāng)Ceanom> - 0.10時(shí),則表示Ce富集,指示缺氧、還原的古水體環(huán)境[57]。研究區(qū)潛江組Ceanom指數(shù)全部大于-0.1(圖4),表明Ce富集,表示其沉積時(shí)沉積環(huán)境以缺氧、還原環(huán)境為主。
表3 江漢盆地潛江凹陷潛江組元素比值特征表Table 3 Characteristics of element concentration ratiosof the samples from Qianjiang Formationfrom Qianjiang sag, Jianghan Basin
部分微量元素對(duì)氧化還原環(huán)境變化較為敏感,如V、U、Ni、Zn及Cr,其變化亦可反映水體氧化還原環(huán)境的變化[50,58-59]。本文所測(cè)樣品較富集上述元素,反映潛三下段沉積時(shí)水體處于厭氧環(huán)境。潛江凹陷潛江組氧含量較低,且縱向上潛江組的V、U、Ni、Zn和Cr的變化趨勢(shì)完全相同(圖4),并且一直處于波動(dòng)中,說明潛江組沉積時(shí),沉積環(huán)境整體處于還原環(huán)境,但是存在一定的波動(dòng),結(jié)合地質(zhì)背景,潛江凹陷鹽巖附近的泥質(zhì)沉積物多以深灰色及灰黑色為主,且廣泛發(fā)育黃鐵礦,缺乏底棲生物化石等特征,這些都表明了潛江凹陷潛江組鹽巖沉積時(shí)盆地整體范圍內(nèi)皆處于還原或強(qiáng)還原環(huán)境。
泥巖主量元素的相對(duì)含量能夠提供物源區(qū)風(fēng)化作用的信息,進(jìn)而可以推演出古氣候信息。在風(fēng)化過程中,穩(wěn)定的陽離子如Al3+、Ti4+易被保存在風(fēng)化產(chǎn)物中,而不穩(wěn)定的陽離子如Na+、K+、Ca2+等則易溶于水中,隨水體流失,上述主量元素富集與虧損的程度取決于原巖的化學(xué)風(fēng)化強(qiáng)度。Harnois于1988年提出化學(xué)蝕變指數(shù)(CIA = [Al2O3/(Al2O3+ CaO*+Na2O)×100])來判別物源區(qū)的化學(xué)分化程度,考慮到K元素的富集問題,F(xiàn)edoetal.[60]1995年提出斜長(zhǎng)石的蝕變指數(shù)(PIA = [(Al2O3-K2O) / (Al2O3+CaO*+Na2O-K2O)×100)作為替換。潛江凹陷潛三下段鹽間泥巖的化學(xué)蝕變指數(shù)CIA介于27.9~85.5,平均為61.3,PIA介于21.7~78.1,波動(dòng)較大(圖4),平均為53.3(表1),總體處于微弱至中等風(fēng)化程度,說明潛三段泥巖沉積時(shí)化學(xué)風(fēng)化并不強(qiáng)烈,氣候處于半潮濕—半干旱階段。
在陸相沉積物中,Cu與Cs等元素對(duì)氣候變化非常敏感[61]。當(dāng)氣候干旱炎熱時(shí),由于Cu、Cs等元素難以遷移到湖中,因而在湖泊沉積物中會(huì)顯示低值。如圖4所示,潛江組潛三下段Cu、Cs含量較低,且具有相同的頻繁波動(dòng)趨勢(shì),可能指示該期潛江組總體上處于半干旱炎熱氣候條件,且存在輕微的氣候波動(dòng)。從巖芯上觀察,巖性也主要是灰色白云質(zhì)泥巖、鈣芒硝泥巖,與地球化學(xué)分析相吻合。Mg/Ca、Sr/Cu也可作為反映古氣候特征的指標(biāo)[31,62]。Mg/Ca高值指示干熱氣候,低值指示溫濕氣候,所測(cè)樣品Mg/Ca為0.11~0.71(圖4),反映此時(shí)處于相對(duì)潮濕的氣候,并存在輕微的氣候波動(dòng)。
潛三下段沉積于晚始新世,據(jù)西寧盆地精確古地磁即孢粉化石研究,該時(shí)期我國氣候以快速變化為特征[63]。江漢盆地古近系孢粉組合亦顯示,始新世晚期我國有一次干旱氣候向溫濕氣候的轉(zhuǎn)變(圖6A),且濕生植物孢粉與旱生植物孢粉交替出現(xiàn),反映干濕氣候頻繁交替。頻繁的氣候變化使?jié)摻M呈現(xiàn)出各類環(huán)境的巖相組合特征,包括1)代表強(qiáng)烈蒸發(fā)的結(jié)核狀硬石膏,腸狀硬石膏(圖5A,B,C),該類硬石膏是石膏在埋藏過程中的成巖產(chǎn)物,是典型的泥坪、潮上帶等岸上沉積[64-65],說明此時(shí)氣候較為干旱;2)代表強(qiáng)烈蒸發(fā)的石鹽層,潛江組的石鹽多樣,既與頁理發(fā)育的泥巖、白云巖互層(圖5D,E),代表深水沉積,又發(fā)育溶蝕結(jié)構(gòu),底部見泥巖團(tuán)塊(圖5F,G),代表極淺水沉積,說明在湖盆強(qiáng)烈蒸發(fā)時(shí),鹽巖沉積遍布整個(gè)湖盆,即淺水石鹽、深水石鹽均發(fā)育;3)代表相對(duì)淡化期的富有機(jī)質(zhì)泥巖、泥質(zhì)白云巖,水生生物發(fā)育(圖5H,I),即使在淡化期,湖水亦出現(xiàn)多次短暫的咸化期(圖5J),沉積鈣芒硝等膏質(zhì)沉積。
綜上分析,所測(cè)樣品說明潛江凹陷潛江組潛三下段化學(xué)風(fēng)化并不強(qiáng)烈,為半干旱偏濕的氣候,這也說明鹽間沉積物沉積于咸化湖盆的淡化期。上述討論表明,江漢盆地潛江組的鹽間泥巖段形成于氣候相對(duì)潮濕的湖水淡化期,湖盆水體缺氧、還原,具較高鹽度。潛江凹陷潛江組的氣候?yàn)轭l繁的干濕交替[2,64],因此頻繁的湖水平面的變化尤為重要。一次小的氣候變化便生成一個(gè)Ⅳ級(jí)韻律,每一個(gè)韻律即代表一次湖水淡化—咸化的變化過程,而每一個(gè)韻律又構(gòu)成一個(gè)生儲(chǔ)蓋,有利于油氣的生成、聚集、保存。
關(guān)于咸化湖盆蒸發(fā)巖與烴源巖互層的形成條件,前人共總結(jié)出3種成因模式:淺水成鹽、深水成鹽及頻繁水平面變化。本文的地球化學(xué)證據(jù)較為支持第三種模式,即受始新世末期氣候頻繁變化的影響,蒸發(fā)巖主要形成于氣候相對(duì)干旱的淺水期,烴源巖主要形成于氣候相對(duì)潮濕的深水期。上述討論表明,江漢盆地潛江組的鹽間泥巖段形成于氣候相對(duì)潮濕的湖水淡化期,湖盆水體缺氧、還原,具較高鹽度。根據(jù)江漢盆地古近系孢粉化石組合研究認(rèn)為,古近系存在著氣候的頻繁變化(圖6A)。統(tǒng)計(jì)前人公開發(fā)表的潛江凹陷潛江組碳酸鹽巖碳氧同位素?cái)?shù)據(jù),發(fā)現(xiàn)潛江組沉積時(shí)湖相碳酸鹽的碳、氧同位素大多數(shù)落在開放性湖泊和封閉性湖泊之間(圖6B),說明潛江凹陷古近系沉積時(shí)期的湖盆水體具有一定的半封閉性,北部物源供給充分,入湖水系對(duì)白云巖碳氧同位素組成產(chǎn)生一定影響,使得沉積時(shí)湖盆的水體又具有一定半開放性??傮w分析認(rèn)為,其沉積環(huán)境為一半封閉半開放的咸水湖環(huán)境。
根據(jù)本文取樣層段巖性為泥質(zhì)巖類夾碳酸鹽巖,為Ⅲ級(jí)韻律的淡化階段[67],此時(shí)的每一次古氣候的較小變化便會(huì)形成一個(gè)Ⅳ級(jí)韻律,每一個(gè)Ⅳ級(jí)韻律即代表一個(gè)淡化—咸化的過程,而由氣候波動(dòng)導(dǎo)致湖水循環(huán)的淡化(feast)和咸化(famine)是咸化環(huán)境沉積物中發(fā)育豐富有機(jī)質(zhì)的主要模式,將有利于有機(jī)質(zhì)的生產(chǎn)及保存,是咸化湖泊富集有機(jī)質(zhì)的主要模式[65,68-69]?,F(xiàn)代和古代咸化湖盆只分布在干燥—半干燥地區(qū)[5,69]。但持續(xù)的干旱氣候會(huì)使鹽湖逐漸濃縮,面積日漸縮小,甚至消失,形成不了規(guī)模烴源巖。若在整體干燥氣候下,間歇性的出現(xiàn)溫暖潮濕氣候,河流徑流量增大,大量淡水注入鹽湖中,鹽湖面積增大,表面水體淡化,生物會(huì)出現(xiàn)短時(shí)間的大爆發(fā)(feast)[65,69],生產(chǎn)大量有機(jī)質(zhì);隨后氣候轉(zhuǎn)為干旱,強(qiáng)烈的蒸發(fā)使湖水面積減小,濃度增高,鹵水層上部的條件變得不適應(yīng)生物生存,大量生物將死亡(famine),先是耐鹽性生物,接著是適鹽性生物,最后是嗜鹽性生物。這種生物的短暫大爆發(fā)及隨后的快速死亡將在較短時(shí)間內(nèi)產(chǎn)生大量的有機(jī)質(zhì),抵消了由于湖底分解者所帶來的有機(jī)質(zhì)損失,可使有機(jī)質(zhì)較完整的到達(dá)湖底沉積物中,從而得以保存。
圖5 A.江漢盆地古近系孢粉化石組合[2];B.潛江凹陷潛江組湖相白云巖碳氧同位素組成與沉積環(huán)境分析圖[2,64,66]Fig.5 A. sporo-pollen assemblages of Paleogene strata in the Jianghan Basin; B. carbon and oxygen isotopes of the lacustrine dolomite from the Qianjiang Formation of the Jianghan Basin
本文所測(cè)樣品整體上為咸化湖沉積,且咸淡交替頻繁(圖4),每一個(gè)交替即產(chǎn)生一個(gè)Ⅳ級(jí)韻律,隨著每一個(gè)沉積韻律即淡化—咸化成鹽序列形成的過程,使得在各種鹽度適存的生物在所適鹽度范圍內(nèi)爆發(fā),提供了豐富的有機(jī)質(zhì),在鹽度高而不適存時(shí)又出現(xiàn)短范圍內(nèi)大量死亡,將豐富的有機(jī)質(zhì)堆積起來。又由于本文所測(cè)鹽間泥巖樣品表征此時(shí)處于半干旱偏濕的缺氧、還原的環(huán)境,使得形成的豐富有機(jī)質(zhì)良好保存。整體來說,潛三下段鹽間泥巖的沉積環(huán)境有利于有機(jī)質(zhì)的生成、堆積與保存,完全具備形成較好烴源巖的條件。
(1) 通過氧化還原指標(biāo)V/Cr、V/Ni、V/(V+Ni)、δU、δCe、Ce/La和Ceanom以及氧化還原敏感元素V、U、Ni、Zn和Cr的含量變化指示潛江組沉積期水體氧含量較低,處于底層水體中等分層厭氧環(huán)境;
(2) 通過Sr豐度、Sr/Ba值、碳氧同位素分析及鈣芒硝的存在揭示潛江組泥巖沉積時(shí)為一高鹽度的半封閉半開放的咸水湖環(huán)境;
(3) 通過主量元素化學(xué)蝕變指數(shù)CIA、Mg/Ca比值及對(duì)膏鹽層巖芯觀察反映潛三下段泥巖沉積于相對(duì)潮濕階段。
(4) 由氣候干濕波動(dòng)造成的淡化—咸化成鹽序列,伴隨著生物短期的爆發(fā)與死亡,有利于有機(jī)質(zhì)的生成與堆積;潮濕、缺氧的沉積環(huán)境有利于有機(jī)質(zhì)的保存,整體上鹽間泥巖具備形成較好烴源巖的條件。
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