• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Factors influencing hybrid maize farmers’ risk attitudes and their perceptions in Punjab Province, Pakistan

    2018-06-06 09:13:20ShoaibAkhtarLlGuchengRazaUllahAdnanNazirMuhammadAmjedlqbalMuhammadHaseebRazaNadeemlqbalMuhammadFaisal
    Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2018年6期

    Shoaib Akhtar, Ll Gu-cheng, Raza Ullah, Adnan Nazir, Muhammad Amjed lqbal, Muhammad Haseeb Raza, Nadeem lqbal, Muhammad Faisal

    1 College of Economics & Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R.China

    2 Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan

    3 The Management School, Lancaster University, LA1 4YX, United Kingdom

    1. lntroduction

    Farmers have to work in an environment intricate by different kinds of vulnerabilities and uncertainties that are always encouraged by natural environment, market faults and social uncertainties (Ellis 2000; Akcaoz and Ozkan 2005).To evade many types of risks, growers should invest in term of time and money to develop some approaches and to take different adaptive measures. These investments have more expectation of return, but also at the same time they have more failure of risk (Alderman 2008). Farming risks arise mainly due to the variability of climate, the density of biological diseases, production seasonality, the different geographical production area and consumer of agricultural production (McNeilet al. 2015; Ullahet al. 2015), regular natural catastrophes (World Bank 2011), the production and prices unpredictability of agriculture products, imperfect input/output markets (Musser and Patrick 2002) and the absence of financial facilities along with partial extent and design of risk management strategies such as credit and insurance (Musser and Patrick 2002; Jain and Parshad 2006). Some of these categories may overlap each other.

    Since farming is a key source of revenue for farmers,therefore it is imperative for agricultural households to recognize and overcome risks (Drollette 2009). The concern about risk in agriculture should be left not only to the agricultural household but also to the whole society, as the risk averse nature of farmers may result in misallocation of resources that lessen overall welfare. Even if the farmer is risk neutral, the presence of risk could have an impact on production decisions due to its impact on expected marginal productivity when randomness occurs inside the production or cost functions (Just and Pope 1979). Understanding of the risk sources can help farmers in taking wise decisions related to crop management and adaptive measures. To analyze farmers’ decision in risky and uncertain conditions,it is necessary to observe how they perceive risk and react in risky situations (Lucas and Pabuayon 2011).

    Maize being the highest yielding cereal crop in the world is of significant importance for countries like Pakistan, where rapidly increasing population, food and fodder demand have already out stripped the available food, feed and fodder supplies. Out of total maize production, about 60% is used in poultry feeds, 25% in industries and remaining is used as food for human and animals. Maize accounts for 0.5%in gross domestic product (GDP) and 2.7% in agriculture value addition. In 2016–2017, maize was cultivated on 1 334 thousand hectares, and the production of maize was 6.130 million tonnes, showing an increase of 16.3% from the previous year of 5.271 million tonnes (GOP 2016a). Maize enjoys an important position in the existing cropping systems of Pakistan. It ranks the third after wheat and rice and is grown in almost all the provinces of the country, but Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are the main areas of production.In Punjab Province, both hybrid and non-hybrid maize varieties are being grown. The introduction of hybrid maize varieties is mainly attributed to the efforts of private sector.Hybrid maize varieties are very popular among the farming communities mainly due to their higher yield potential which generates higher returns to the growers. Like other crops,hybrid maize crop also has to face environment (excessive rainfall, hail storm, flood, lodging of crop, drought), biological(insect/pest diseases related to maize crop), institutional(government support price policy negligible, lack of credit facility, lack of insurance companies, lack of government research institute in producing hybrid seed) and economic issues (higher input and lower output prices, lack of market facilities) ( Abidet al. 2015; Gorstet al2015; Abidet al. 2016;Iqbalet al. 2016). All these problems lead growers in a very uncertain situation which could result in dissatisfaction and disenchantment among growers.

    Due to financial constraints and limitation of resources,capability of Pakistan to adapt to exposed risks at national as well as at farm level is very limited (Abidet al.2015).Moreover, the existence of public institutions at local level are unable to provide support to farmers because of their limited resources. The crop loan insurance scheme (CLIS)was launched in Pakistan during 2008, however, the scheme is still at an immature stage (Kassamet al. 2014; Iqbalet al.2016) and farmers mostly rely on traditional methods to manage farm level risks.

    Assessing farmers’ perceptions and attitudes towards risk are crucial factors shaping farmers’ decision when faced with an uncertain situation (Akcaoz and Ozkan 2005). Decisions made by farmers can be analyzed in risky and uncertain situations by considering their risk perceptions and attitudes towards risk (Lucas and Pabuayon 2011). Previous studies on the impacts of social, economic and demographic factors on farmers’ perceptions of risk and risk attitudes showed mixed results. Characteristics of farms and farm household impact risk perceptions and risk attitudes of farmers. Literacy and agricultural experience lead farmers to understand risk sources; their incidence and severity, and consequently effect their perceptions and enhance their capabilities to manage farm risk more efficiently. Earlier literature has found that risk preferences diverge (Flatenet al. 2005) momentously based on age (Kammar and Bhagat 2009; Kisaka-Lwayo and Obi 2012; Ashraf and Routray 2013; Iqbalet al. 2016),education (Khanet al2010; Dadzie and Acquah 2012),income (Einavet al2010), agricultural experience (Lucas and Pabuayon 2011), off-farm income (Ullahet al. 2015), contract farming (Luet al2017) and farm size (Lucas and Pabuayon 2011; Iqbalet al. 2016). Climate information is of significant importance in managing production risk in agriculture arising from climate variability (Chaudhary and Aryal 2009). Farmers access to extension workers enables understanding and management of agricultural risks through the adoption of effective risk management strategies (Arce 2010).

    The inadequate information on farmers’ risk attitudes and risk perceptions poses a big challenge for researchers and policy makers to develop a comprehensive risk management system at the farm level (Ellis 2000; Ayinde 2008; Lucas and Pabuayon 2011). Hence, to develop an effective policy to help farmers with risk management at the farm level, risk information at the farm level needs to be considered locally. Hybrid maize is becoming more and more important food stuff in developing countries, and it is a critical issue to analyze farmers’ risk perceptions,policy preferences, and behaviors (Leiserowitz 2005; Denget al. 2017). Therefore, this research aims to explore risk perceptions and risk attitudes of hybrid maize growers and analyze the potential impacts of various factors on their risk perceptions and attitudes towards risk. The findings may provide better understanding of the farmers’ perceptions and attitudes towards risk that ultimately shape their decisions under risky situations. Knowing the influence of various farm and farm household characteristics on farmers’risk perceptions and attitudes may help policy makers to chart out sound policies for the adaptation of farmers to constantly changing bio-physical environment in which they operate.

    2. Data and methods

    2.1. Study area

    The rural areas of Punjab Province were selected for this research. It is the second largest and most populous province of the country, located in the semi-arid lowland zone (Abidet al.2015). Punjab has 20.63-million-hectare geographical area, of which 59% is cultivated. The main criteria for selecting Punjab Province as the study area include that: i) Punjab shares 53% of the overall agriculture GDP and 74% for the entire cereal production of the country(Badaret al. 2007; Abidet al. 2015); ii) 81.3% of the total hybrid maize, and all of spring hybrid maize is produced in Punjab province only (GOP 2016b); iii) like other crops the hybrid maize crop in Punjab is highly exposed to various kinds of risk, i.e., climate risk, biological risk, price risk and financial risk (World Bank 2011).

    The study was conducted in four maize producing districts of Punjab based on their shares to total maize production in the province following the statistics from these four districts show some variation in climate, socioeconomic structure and exposure to various kinds of risks (BOS 2016). Location of the selected districts is given in Fig. 1. The annual average minimum and maximum temperature in Punjab ranges from 16.3 to 18.2°C and 29.3 to 31.9°C, respectively, between the period 1970–2001. Punjab receives 50 to 75% rainfall during the monsoon (Abidet al. 2015). The pattern of rainfall is different in different agro-ecological zones of Punjab, rain-fed zones receive the highest quantity of rainfall followed by irrigated zones receiving a lower quantity of rainfall (Mohammad 2005). There are two main seasons in Punjab, Province, i.e., Rabi (November–April) and Kharif(May–October). Major crops cultivated in these districts are sugarcane, maize, wheat, potato and cotton (Naqvi and Ashfaq 2014).

    Fig. 1 Map of study districts in Punjab Province, Pakistan.

    2.2. Sampling

    To full fill the study objective, a multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select the study area and farm household. In the first step, Punjab Province was selected as the main study area based on its higher contribution towards total agricultural GDP. In the second step, four hybrid maize growing districts were selected at random. In the third step from each selected districts, one village was selected using random sampling techniques. In the final stage, farm households were selected from each village from the list of farmers provided by the revenue department.Specifically, 100 hybrid maize growers were selected(interviewed) from each village. Yamane’s formula (Yamane 1967) was used for farm household sample selection in the study area, which is given as below:

    Where,n, sample size;N, total number of farmers in the study area;e, margin of error, used as ±15% (0.15).

    The interview schedule included all the relevant information regarding socioeconomic characteristics of the farm and farm household, income sources, perception of the farmers about different risk sources for the hybrid maize crop, and indicators to assess farmers’ risk attitudes and risk perceptions. Prior to the start of the survey, a pretesting was done to avoid missing any essential information.

    2.3. Risk perception

    Farmers were asked to score the severity and incidence of risk source (climate, market, biological and financial risks)on a Likert scale from 1 (very low) to 5 (very high) based on their understanding of each risk source. Following Cooper(2005), the given scores were then pooled in a risk matrix and were classified as low if the score is from 2 to 5 and higher if its range from 6 to 10. Fig. 2 shows risk matrix.

    2.4. Risk attitude

    Fig. 2 Risk matrix.

    An equally likely certainty equivalent (ELCE) model was used to figure out the attitudes of farmers toward risks.Certainty equivalents (CEs) were derived for a sequence of risky outcomes and matched them with utility values(Biniciet al. 2003). For example, farmers were asked to identify the monetary value of a certain outcome that made them indifferent in a choice amid two risky outcomes of total annual household income (PKR 80 000) and PKR 0 each with same probabilities (in this example the utility related with PKR 80 000 is 1 and with PKR 0 is 0).Suppose that the reply is PKR 41 000; this is the certainty equivalent (CE) of the agriculturalists for the income level of PKR 80 000 and PKR 0 with same probabilities. The farmer was once more enquired to state the monetary value of a sure outcome that make him indifferent between the two risky outcomes of PKR 41 000 and PKR 0 with equal probability. This process continued till appropriate data points were found. The similar method is followed for the other half of the income distribution to get the CE points and match them with utility values. The farmer response of PKR 41 000 is the CE for uncertain payouts of PKR 80 000 and PKR 0 with equal probabilities (0.5 each) and utility values for this CE are calculated as:

    u(41 000)=0.5u(0)+0.5u(80 000)=0.5(0)+0.5(1)=0.5 (2)

    uis utility, in our case, is a function of wealth, but we use it as a function of income (Olarindeet al. 2007). After finding few certainty equivalent points and matching them with utility values, a cubic utility function was applied for assessment of the utility of each individual respondent. The equation of cubic utility function is:

    Where,αare the parameters andwrepresents the wealth of the farmers and their attitudes toward risk, which is dependent on several factors. This cubic utility function is associated with risk aversion, risk preferring and risk indifferent behavior (Biniciet al. 2003). As utility is frequently estimated on an ordinary scale, the shape of utility function on an ordinary scale can be transmuted into a quantitative measure of risk aversion called absolute risk aversion (Arrow 1964; Pratt 1964; Raskin and Cochran 1986). The absolute risk aversion is arithmetically written as:

    ra(w) is a parameter of absolute risk aversion,′ andare the first and second order derivatives of wealth (w),respectively. Following Olarindeet al. (2007), income is substituted for wealth. If individual is risk averse, then coefficient of absolute risk aversion is positive, negative if individual prefers risk and zero if individual is indifferent to risk. The risk attitudes of farmers are included in the study as 1, if individual reflect risk averse nature and 0,otherwise.

    2.5. Dependent and independent variables

    Based on the contemporary review of relevant literature farm household characteristics like age, education, maize farming experience, off-farm income, contract farming, family size,contact to extension agents and farm characteristics like distance from main market, maize farming area are used as independent variables as these factors can influence farmers’ risk attitudes and risk perceptions (Ullahet al.2015; Iqbalet al. 2016). The dependent variables used in the study are risk attitudes and farmers’ perceptions of four types of risks, i.e., climate risk (high rain fall, flood, storm,lodging), biological risk (insect/pest diseases and other hybrid maize crop related diseases), price risk (high input prices, low output prices and market related issues) and financial risk (non-availability of credit, high interest rate and finance related issues).

    2.6. Probit regression

    By following Ullahet al. (2015) and Iqbalet al. (2016) and keeping in view the dichotomous nature of the dependent variables, a probit model is used in the present study which is given as:

    Where,Yiis the dichotomous dependent variable, in our studyYishows the high-risk perceptions and risk averse behavior.xiis a vector of independent variables used in the analysis (such as socio-economic characteristics of the farm and farming households),βiis the vector of unknown parameter (to be estimated) andεis the error term.

    3. Results and discussion

    3.1. Descriptive statistics

    The descriptive statistics of the variables used in the analysis are presented in Table 1. In the analysis, two types of variables were used, i.e., continuous and discrete choice dummy variables. Results showed that mean age of the farmers was 45 years with 7 years of average educational background. On average, farmers had 12 years of hybrid maize farming experience. The average distance that farm from the main city market was 16 km. The average hybrid maize farm size in the selected area was 33 acres.An average six members were included in the family size.Analysis also indicated that 78% of the farmers show risk averse attitude as they were not ready to take any type of opportunity that involves any type of risk. Ellis (2000)documented growers’ decision related to farm productionby using income method and defined risk attitude as “a person is described as risk averse if he chooses a situation in which a given income is certain to a situation yielding the same expected value for income but involves uncertainty”.Analysis also divulged that risk of high input prices was the most perceived risk by more than three fourths of the hybrid maize growers while financial risk was the least perceived by hybrid maize growers. The climate risks (high rainfall,flood, lodging, hail storm, temperature and drought) and biological risks (insect/pest diseases, other hybrid maize crop related diseases) were perceived by less than three fourths of the growers as shown in Table 1.

    Table 1 Depiction of variables used in the model1)

    3.2. Factors affecting risk attitude

    Probit regression was used in the present study to explore the factors affecting farmers’ risk attitudes and risk perceptions. The findings of the probit approach presented in Table 2 indicate that distance from the main market, offfarm income, and location dummies for Sahiwal District were the imperative and significant factors determining the risk attitudes of the sampled growers. The negative coefficient of age presented that older growers are more likely to take risks as compared to younger growers. The findings were related with those by Dadzie and Acquah (2012), Ullahet al.(2015) and Iqbalet al. (2016). Our findings recommend that with an increase in the year of schooling of the farmer,the risk aversion attitude also increases. Education of the farmers (decision maker) expands his/her information on several sources of risk, its effects at farm level and possible strategies which can be used to protect their earnings from various source of risk. The results were in line with the studies of Lucas and Pabuayon (2011) and Iqbalet al.(2016). Furthermore, the farmers situated far away from the main market are less risk averse in nature as compared to the farmers near to the main market. The probable reason may be the difference of information level as farmers in distant areas have lesser opportunities to meet input/output dealers and progressive growers and are mostly unaware of the emerging risks. Growers with low off-farm incomes are found to be more risk averse in nature compared to growers with higher off-farm incomes. Higher off-farm incomes may indicate a greater risk bearing capacity and represents a form of diversification that would have an influence on farmers’ risk attitudes. The finding is in line with results of Lamb (2003) and Iqbalet al. (2016) who also documentedthat growers with lower incomes are more risk averse and avoid uncertain situations.

    Table 2 Parameters estimates of probit model

    Moreover, the results indicate that farmers’ access to extension workers has a negative relationship with their risk attitudes. Access to extension workers enhance farmers’understanding of the risks from various sources and enable them to better manage farm level risks. However, this relationship is statistically insignificant at 5% probability level. It is very important for the growers to have more and more access to market related information, crop management information during disease and contact with input and output dealers and agricultural extension workers during farming. Having access to agricultural information can enhance the farm productivity and at the same time transform the risk attitudes of farmers (Ayinde 2008). Other variables including hybrid maize farming experience, family size, and location dummies (Faisalabad, Okara, Sahiwal)have a positive and insignificant impact, but farming area has an insignificant and negative impact on farmers’ attitudes towards risk. Growers with more farming experience are more risk averse in nature compared to farmers with less farming experience. Our findings are in contrast to the results of Ayinde (2008) who stated that farming experience and risk averse attitude have negative relationship. Our findings also point to the importance of farm size in relation to farmers’ risk attitudes. The results suggest that larger farmers tend to take more risks compared to smallholders.Large farm size are associated with greater wealth and greater capacity to absorb risks arising from various sources.The findings are in contrast to the results of Lucas and Pabuayon (2011) and Ullahet al. (2015) who documented a positive effect of farming area on risk averse attitude of farmers. The findings also revealed that farmers with larger family size tend to be more risk averse in nature. Dadzie and Acquah (2012) and Ullahet al. (2015) also found similar findings for the effect of family size on farmers’ risk averse attitude and argued that with higher family size the consumption needs of the household raises which translates into risk attitudes of the farmers.

    3.3. Factors affecting risk perceptions

    Table 2 represents the determinants affecting hybrid maize growers’ perceptions of various kinds of risks. The impact of farm and farm household characteristics on farmers’ perception of risk are mix and mostly insignificant.Previous studies documented a mixed effect of farm and farm household characteristics on farmers’ risk perception(Lucas and Pabuayon 2011; Ullahet al.2015). Our findings suggest that age of the growers has a negative impact on farmers’ perception of biological risk (insect/pest diseases,other hybrid maize crop related disease) but positive affect on farmers’ perception of price risk, climate risk and financial risk. Aged farmers’ consider price risk, climate risk, and financial risk to be the potential threats to their farm enterprise while younger farmers perceived biological risks are the main source of risk that can change their farm income. Similarly, farmers with more schooling years perceived risk of climate and finance to be the main risk sources that can undermine their incomes from farm sector while farmers with lower educational attainments identified price and biological risks as main risks source. Farmers with more farming experience, consider biological risks as the main threats as compared to farmers with lower farm experience. Ullahet al. (2015) and Udmaleet al. (2014)also indicated that farmers with more farming experience have higher risk perception of climate risks. Farmers with larger farm size, consider risks of climate and finance to be major risk sources while small holders identified biological and price risks as major sources of risks at their farm.Farmers with larger family size perceived price and financial risks to be major threats while farmers with smaller family size considered biological and climate risks to be the main sources of risk at their farm. Distance from main markets has a positive impact on farmers’ perception of all risk sources.Higher off-farm income reduces farmers’ concerns of financial risks, however, higher off-farm income is associated with higher perceptions of biological, price and climate risks. Our results also indicate that contract farming has a positive impact on farmers’ perception of all risk sources.One possible explanation for this may the fact that the higher risk perception induce farmers to adopt contract farming to overcome negative shocks resulting from various risks and uncertainties. Similarly, farmers with more contacts with agricultural extension worker perceived price and biological risks to be higher threats to their farm earnings. More contacts with extension workers have a negative effect on farmers’ perceptions of climatic and financial risk sources.The coefficients of location dummies indicate that farmers in Faisalabad District perceived financial risk as the major threat while farmers from Okara District perceived climatic and financial risks to be the main sources of risks to their farm incomes. Similarly, farmers from Sahiwal District perceived price, climate and financial risks to be the main sources of risks.

    4. Conclusion

    The present study was conducted in Punjab Province of Pakistan using cross-sectional data of 400 hybrid maize growers with the main objective of assessing farmers risk attitudes and risk perceptions. Analysis also explores the effect of various socio-economic and institutional factors on farmers’ perceptions and attitudes. Majority of the farmers were aware of different sources of risk to which hybrid maize crop was exposed and they also ranked those risks according to their observations and knowledge. The findings suggest that most of the farmers bear risk averse attitude and the risk averse attitude may have implications in farmers’farm and risk management decisions. Growers ranked price, biological, climate and financial risks as major risks to their hybrid maize crop. In addition, analysis also revealed that distance from farm to main market, off-farm income and age, maize farming experience, access to extension agent, and location are the determinants significantly (either negatively or positively) influencing farmers’ risk attitudes and risk perceptions. Although the findings of this research are specific to the selected hybrid maize growing districts of Punjab Province in Pakistan, they may have wider intimations particularly for developing countries whose economies are mainly dependent on agricultural sector.It is important to consider these factors during developing and executing risk management strategies at farm level.More investment on farmers’ education and better access to institutional services such as farm advisory services could help farmers better anticipate and manage the risks at farm level. The results may also be valuable for policy makers and other researchers to comprehend how farm and farm household characteristics play their roles in shaping farmers’attitudes towards risk which may, in turn, influence their risk management decisions at farm level.

    Acknowledgements

    This research work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, 71473100;NSFC-CGIAR, 71461010701).

    Abid M, Scheffran J, Schneider U A, Ashfaq M. 2015. Farmers’perceptions of and adaptation strategies to climate change and their determinants: The case of Punjab Province,Pakistan.Earth System Dynamics,6, 225–243.

    Abid M, Schilling J, Scheffran J, Zulfiqar F. 2016. Climate change vulnerability, adaptation and risk perceptions at farm level in Punjab, Pakistan.Science of the Total Environment,547, 447–460.

    Akcaoz H, Ozkan B. 2005. Determining risk sources and strategies among farmers of contrasting risk awareness: A case study for Cukurova region of Turkey.Journal of Arid Environments,62, 661–675.

    Alderman H. 2008.Managing Risk to Increase Efficiency and Reduce Poverty. World Bank Report. [2017-05-12]. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/9165

    Arce C. 2010. Risk management in the agricultural sector:concepts and tools. In:Strengthening the Caribbean Agri-food Private Sector: Competing in a Globalised World to Foster Rural Development. 18–19 October 2010, Grenada.

    Arrow K J. 1964. The role of securities in the optimal allocation of risk-bearing.The Review of Economic Studies,31, 91–96.

    Ashraf M, Routray J K. 2013. Perception and understanding of drought and coping strategies of farming households in north-west Balochistan.International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction,5, 49–60.

    Ayinde O E. 2008. Effect of socio-economic factors on risk behaviour of farming households: An empirical evidence of small-scale crop producers in Kwara State.Nigeria Agricultural Journal,3, 447–453.

    Badar H, Ghafoor A, Adil S A. 2007. Factors affecting agricultural production of Punjab (Pakistan).Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences,3, 44–49.

    Binici T, Koc A R, Zulauf C R, Bayaner A. 2003. Risk attitudes of farmers in terms of risk aversion: A case study of lower seyhan plain farmers in Adana Province, Turkey.Turkey Journal of Agriculture and Forestry,27, 305–312.

    BOS (Bureau of Statistics). 2016.Punjab Development Statistics. Governement of Punjab, Bureau of Statistics,Lahore, Pakistan.

    Chaudhary P, Aryal K P. 2009. Global warming in Nepal:Challenges and policy imperatives.Journal of Forest and Livelihood,8, 5–14.

    Cooper D F. 2005.Project Risk Management Guidelines:Managing Risk in Large Projects and Complex Procurements.John Wiley & Sons Ltd., England.

    Dadzie S K N, Acquah H D. 2012. Attitudes toward risk and coping responses: The case of food crop farmers at Agona Duakwa in Agona East District of Ghana.International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry,2, 29–37.

    Deng Y, Wang M, Yousefpour R. 2017. How do people’s perceptions and climatic disaster experiences influence their daily behaviors regarding adaptation to climate change? - A case study among young generations.Science of the Total Environment,581, 840–847.

    Drollette S A. 2009. Managing production risk in agriculture.Department of Applied Economics Utah State University,USA. AG/ECON/2009-03RM.

    Einav L, Finkelstein A, Cullen M R. 2010. Estimating welfare in insurance markets using variation in prices.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,125, 877–921.

    Ellis F. 2000. The determinants of rural livelihood diversification in developing countries.Journal of Agricultural Economics,51, 289–302.

    Flaten O, Lien G, M Koesling M, Valle P S, Ebbesvik M. 2005.Comparing risk perceptions and risk management in organic and conventional dairy farming: Empirical results from Norway.Livestock Production Science,95, 11–25.

    GOP (Government of Pakistan). 2016a.Economic Survey of Pakistan. Islamabad: Economic Advisor’s Wing, Finance Division, Islamabad, Pakistan.

    GOP (Government of Punjab). 2016b.Punjab Development Statisitics. Bureau of Statistics, Government of Punjab,Lahore.

    Gorst A, Groom B, Dehlavi A. 2015. Crop productivity and adaptation to climate change in Pakistan. Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Working Paper (189), UK.

    Iqbal M A, Ping Q, Abid M, Muhammad Muslim Kazmi S,Rizwan M. 2016. Assessing risk perceptions and attitude among cotton farmers: A case of Punjab Province, Pakistan.International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction,16, 68–74.

    Jain R C A, Parshad M. 2006.Working Group on Risk Management in Agriculture for the 11th Five Year Plan(2007–2012). Government of India Planning Commission,New Delhi.

    Just R E, Pope R D. 1979. Production function estimation and related risk considerations.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,61, 276–284.

    Kammar S K, Bhagat R. 2009. Constraints experienced by farmer’s in adopting risk and uncertainty management strategies in rainfed agriculture.Pusa Agricultural Science32, 70–74.

    Kassam A, Hongwen L, Niino Y, Friedrich T, Jin H, Wang X L.2014. Current status, prospect and policy and institutional support for conservation agriculture in the Asia-Pacific region.International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering,7, 1–13.

    Khan A N, Khan S N, Ali A. 2010. Analysis of damages caused by flood-2010 in district Peshawar.Journal of Science and Technology University of Peshawar,36, 11–16.

    Kisaka-Lwayo M, Obi A. 2012. Risk perceptions and management strategies by smallholder farmer’s in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa.International Journal of Agricultural Management,1, 28–39.

    Lamb R L. 2003. Fertilizer use, risk, and off-farm labor markets in the semi-arid tropics of India.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,85, 359–371.

    Leiserowitz A A. 2005. American risk perceptions: Is climate change dangerous?Risk Analysis,25, 1433–1442.

    Lu W, Latif A, Ullah R. 2017. Simultaneous adoption of contract farming and off-farm diversification for managing agricultural risks: the case of flue-cured Virginia tobacco in Pakistan.Natural Hazards,86, 1347–1361.

    Lucas M P, Pabuayon I M. 2011. Risk perceptions, attitudes,and influential factors of rainfed lowland rice farmer’s in Ilocos Norte, Philippines.Asian Journal of Agriculture andDevelopment,8, 61.

    McNeil A J, Frey R, Embrechts P. 2015.Quantitative Risk Management:Concepts,Techniques and Tools. Princeton University Press, UK.

    Mohammad S. 2005. Supply response of major crops in different agro-ecological zones in Punjab. Ph D thesis, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

    Musser W N, Patrick G F. 2002. How much does risk really matter to farmers? In:A Comprehensive Assessment of the Role of Risk in US Agriculture. Springer, USA.

    Naqvi S A A, Ashfaq M. 2014. Estimation of technical efficiency and it’s determinants in the hybrid maize production in District Chiniot: A Cobb-Douglas model approach.Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences,51, 181–188.

    Olarinde L O, Manyong V M, Akintola J O. 2007. Attitudes towards risk among maize farmer’s in the dry savanna zone of Nigeria: Some prospective policies for improving food production.African Journal of Agricultural Research,2, 399–408.

    Pratt J W. 1964. Risk aversion in the small and in the large.Econometrica,32, 122–136.

    Raskin R, Cochran M J. 1986. Interpretations and transformations of scale for the Pratt-Arrow absolute risk aversion coefficient:Implications for generalized stochastic dominance.Western Journal of Agricultural Economics,11, 204–210.

    Udmale P, Ichikawa Y, Manandhar S, Ishidaira H, Kiem A S. 2014. Farmer’s perception of drought impacts, local adaptation and administrative mitigation measures in Maharashtra State, India.International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction,10, 250–269.

    Ullah R, Jourdain D, Shivakoti G P, Dhakal S. 2015. Managing catastrophic risks in agriculture: Simultaneous adoption of diversification and precautionary savings.International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction,12, 268–277.

    Ullah R, Shivakoti G P, Ali G. 2015. Factors effecting farmer’s risk attitude and risk perceptions: The case of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction,13, 151–157.

    World Bank. 2011. Weather index insurance for agriculture:Guidance for development practitioners. Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper 50.

    Yamane T. 1967.Problems to Accompany Statistics:An Introduction Analysis. Harper & Row, New York, USA.

    久久精品夜色国产| 亚洲内射少妇av| 国产国拍精品亚洲av在线观看| 国产精品一区二区在线不卡| 日韩一区二区三区影片| 人妻 亚洲 视频| 久久女婷五月综合色啪小说| av福利片在线| 亚洲情色 制服丝袜| 人妻少妇偷人精品九色| 黄色欧美视频在线观看| 国产有黄有色有爽视频| 国产精品国产三级国产av玫瑰| 午夜福利视频精品| 国产一级毛片在线| 欧美日本中文国产一区发布| 日韩中字成人| 男男h啪啪无遮挡| 黄色一级大片看看| 伊人亚洲综合成人网| 亚洲一级一片aⅴ在线观看| 毛片一级片免费看久久久久| 久久精品国产a三级三级三级| 九草在线视频观看| 国产欧美日韩综合在线一区二区 | 特大巨黑吊av在线直播| 国产精品一区二区三区四区免费观看| 亚洲av成人精品一二三区| 久久99热这里只频精品6学生| 麻豆精品久久久久久蜜桃| 一本色道久久久久久精品综合| 黑人高潮一二区| 国产成人免费无遮挡视频| 亚洲精品中文字幕在线视频 | 亚洲av.av天堂| 91精品伊人久久大香线蕉| 久久国内精品自在自线图片| 国产色婷婷99| 欧美日韩一区二区视频在线观看视频在线| 精品午夜福利在线看| 亚洲精品国产av成人精品| 久久久久久久国产电影| 亚洲经典国产精华液单| 99热网站在线观看| 中文字幕精品免费在线观看视频 | 简卡轻食公司| 亚洲精品一二三| 老司机影院毛片| 国产一区二区在线观看av| 国产免费视频播放在线视频| 亚洲精品国产av蜜桃| 伊人久久精品亚洲午夜| 五月伊人婷婷丁香| 午夜91福利影院| 高清在线视频一区二区三区| 日本免费在线观看一区| 多毛熟女@视频| 亚洲国产精品成人久久小说| 中文资源天堂在线| 久久精品国产自在天天线| 亚洲色图综合在线观看| 欧美成人精品欧美一级黄| 免费看光身美女| 哪个播放器可以免费观看大片| 人人妻人人添人人爽欧美一区卜| 99热这里只有精品一区| 国产有黄有色有爽视频| 欧美少妇被猛烈插入视频| 熟女人妻精品中文字幕| 伦精品一区二区三区| 国产精品福利在线免费观看| 久久 成人 亚洲| 亚洲人成网站在线播| 免费大片黄手机在线观看| 国产一区二区在线观看日韩| 国语对白做爰xxxⅹ性视频网站| 乱码一卡2卡4卡精品| 高清午夜精品一区二区三区| 精品久久久久久久久av| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 精品酒店卫生间| 看非洲黑人一级黄片| 在线观看免费高清a一片| 中文字幕制服av| 亚洲在久久综合| 免费高清在线观看视频在线观看| 日韩成人av中文字幕在线观看| 欧美日韩亚洲高清精品| 国产熟女欧美一区二区| 各种免费的搞黄视频| 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 久久精品熟女亚洲av麻豆精品| 国内少妇人妻偷人精品xxx网站| 多毛熟女@视频| 国产美女午夜福利| 大又大粗又爽又黄少妇毛片口| 亚洲精品aⅴ在线观看| 国产男女内射视频| 国产成人aa在线观看| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免| 国产黄频视频在线观看| 日日爽夜夜爽网站| 亚洲图色成人| 永久免费av网站大全| 黑人猛操日本美女一级片| 免费在线观看成人毛片| 伦理电影大哥的女人| 少妇人妻久久综合中文| 麻豆成人午夜福利视频| kizo精华| 免费观看a级毛片全部| 少妇猛男粗大的猛烈进出视频| 精品99又大又爽又粗少妇毛片| 国产欧美亚洲国产| 久久久久久伊人网av| 我要看黄色一级片免费的| 久久久久久久亚洲中文字幕| 在线观看免费日韩欧美大片 | 欧美日韩亚洲高清精品| 九九在线视频观看精品| 欧美少妇被猛烈插入视频| 国产69精品久久久久777片| 人人妻人人爽人人添夜夜欢视频 | 午夜福利影视在线免费观看| 熟女av电影| 国产午夜精品久久久久久一区二区三区| 午夜免费鲁丝| 一级爰片在线观看| 国产精品成人在线| 中文字幕av电影在线播放| 久久精品国产鲁丝片午夜精品| 成年美女黄网站色视频大全免费 | 精品人妻熟女av久视频| 国产在线免费精品| 亚洲内射少妇av| 99热这里只有是精品在线观看| 麻豆成人av视频| 视频区图区小说| 亚洲精品国产av成人精品| 久久这里有精品视频免费| 国产精品成人在线| 国产成人a∨麻豆精品| 老女人水多毛片| 91久久精品电影网| 中文字幕av电影在线播放| 国产色爽女视频免费观看| 久久热精品热| 欧美日韩视频精品一区| 中文字幕av电影在线播放| 丝袜喷水一区| 久久免费观看电影| 久久午夜福利片| 久久精品熟女亚洲av麻豆精品| av播播在线观看一区| 久久 成人 亚洲| 久久久国产欧美日韩av| 黄片无遮挡物在线观看| 久久韩国三级中文字幕| h视频一区二区三区| 亚洲精品亚洲一区二区| 亚洲成人手机| 国产欧美日韩精品一区二区| 人人妻人人澡人人看| 99久国产av精品国产电影| 亚洲欧美成人精品一区二区| 伊人亚洲综合成人网| 黑人高潮一二区| 国产成人aa在线观看| 免费看光身美女| 亚洲av成人精品一二三区| 搡老乐熟女国产| 亚洲精品中文字幕在线视频 | 国产亚洲5aaaaa淫片| 一区二区三区四区激情视频| 秋霞伦理黄片| 国产一区二区在线观看av| 亚洲欧美中文字幕日韩二区| 99re6热这里在线精品视频| 亚洲av.av天堂| 久久精品夜色国产| 你懂的网址亚洲精品在线观看| 国国产精品蜜臀av免费| 久热久热在线精品观看| 久久久亚洲精品成人影院| 免费观看性生交大片5| 一个人免费看片子| 五月伊人婷婷丁香| 亚洲欧美日韩另类电影网站| 人体艺术视频欧美日本| 国产黄片视频在线免费观看| 一个人免费看片子| 街头女战士在线观看网站| 亚洲婷婷狠狠爱综合网| 秋霞伦理黄片| 亚洲美女视频黄频| a 毛片基地| 久久鲁丝午夜福利片| 成人国产av品久久久| 99热这里只有精品一区| 免费高清在线观看视频在线观看| 五月天丁香电影| 亚洲精华国产精华液的使用体验| 国产精品人妻久久久影院| 色视频www国产| 最近中文字幕2019免费版| 亚洲精品国产色婷婷电影| 九九爱精品视频在线观看| 亚洲精品aⅴ在线观看| 国精品久久久久久国模美| 国产色婷婷99| 五月伊人婷婷丁香| 久久精品国产亚洲网站| 午夜福利网站1000一区二区三区| 亚洲高清免费不卡视频| 精品人妻熟女毛片av久久网站| 十分钟在线观看高清视频www | 亚洲精品aⅴ在线观看| 久久精品久久精品一区二区三区| 欧美变态另类bdsm刘玥| 日韩三级伦理在线观看| 欧美 日韩 精品 国产| 亚洲av日韩在线播放| 观看美女的网站| 一级爰片在线观看| 国产一区二区在线观看av| 一级黄片播放器| av天堂中文字幕网| 一区二区三区四区激情视频| 国产欧美日韩精品一区二区| 亚洲精品乱久久久久久| 晚上一个人看的免费电影| 成人毛片60女人毛片免费| 校园人妻丝袜中文字幕| 久久久久国产网址| 亚洲欧美成人综合另类久久久| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 日本-黄色视频高清免费观看| 日本爱情动作片www.在线观看| 夜夜爽夜夜爽视频| 亚洲伊人久久精品综合| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠久久av| av卡一久久| 日韩欧美一区视频在线观看 | 免费黄频网站在线观看国产| 69精品国产乱码久久久| 狂野欧美白嫩少妇大欣赏| 日本黄色日本黄色录像| 一级二级三级毛片免费看| 国产日韩欧美在线精品| 精品国产一区二区久久| 麻豆成人午夜福利视频| 成年美女黄网站色视频大全免费 | 国产 精品1| 美女中出高潮动态图| 国产精品偷伦视频观看了| 久久国内精品自在自线图片| 夫妻性生交免费视频一级片| 最近中文字幕高清免费大全6| 人妻系列 视频| 国产在线免费精品| 亚洲国产精品一区三区| 丝瓜视频免费看黄片| 精品国产露脸久久av麻豆| 9色porny在线观看| 午夜免费观看性视频| www.色视频.com| a级毛色黄片| 欧美xxⅹ黑人| 午夜91福利影院| 高清视频免费观看一区二区| 自拍欧美九色日韩亚洲蝌蚪91 | 日韩中文字幕视频在线看片| 丝瓜视频免费看黄片| 久久99蜜桃精品久久| 亚洲av免费高清在线观看| 十八禁网站网址无遮挡 | 高清视频免费观看一区二区| 黑人猛操日本美女一级片| av在线app专区| 国产午夜精品久久久久久一区二区三区| 在线 av 中文字幕| 国产精品久久久久久久电影| 久久97久久精品| 欧美变态另类bdsm刘玥| 2018国产大陆天天弄谢| 涩涩av久久男人的天堂| 少妇人妻 视频| 性色av一级| 高清黄色对白视频在线免费看 | 人妻夜夜爽99麻豆av| 卡戴珊不雅视频在线播放| 少妇的逼水好多| 精品久久久久久电影网| 成人二区视频| 亚洲欧美精品专区久久| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 高清黄色对白视频在线免费看 | 少妇的逼水好多| 亚洲国产精品专区欧美| 精品99又大又爽又粗少妇毛片| 自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇| 国产精品嫩草影院av在线观看| 久久鲁丝午夜福利片| 噜噜噜噜噜久久久久久91| 丁香六月天网| 日日撸夜夜添| 中文字幕免费在线视频6| 国产亚洲5aaaaa淫片| 在线 av 中文字幕| 免费观看在线日韩| 美女福利国产在线| av有码第一页| 国产亚洲最大av| 丝袜喷水一区| av免费在线看不卡| 涩涩av久久男人的天堂| 精品一区二区免费观看| 亚洲不卡免费看| 免费观看a级毛片全部| 一级黄片播放器| 我的老师免费观看完整版| 美女内射精品一级片tv| 久久久久久久久久久免费av| 美女福利国产在线| 精品酒店卫生间| 国产综合精华液| 人人妻人人看人人澡| 日韩中文字幕视频在线看片| 亚洲av成人精品一区久久| 国产伦精品一区二区三区视频9| 妹子高潮喷水视频| 一区二区三区精品91| 亚洲欧美中文字幕日韩二区| 91久久精品电影网| 国产成人aa在线观看| 欧美xxⅹ黑人| 日本欧美国产在线视频| 亚洲国产精品一区二区三区在线| 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看| 人人妻人人澡人人爽人人夜夜| 久久97久久精品| 国产精品99久久久久久久久| 一级毛片久久久久久久久女| 麻豆成人av视频| 久久久久人妻精品一区果冻| 国产午夜精品一二区理论片| 一本色道久久久久久精品综合| 十八禁高潮呻吟视频 | 国产日韩欧美亚洲二区| 99热网站在线观看| 又爽又黄a免费视频| 草草在线视频免费看| 丝袜在线中文字幕| 男女啪啪激烈高潮av片| 日日爽夜夜爽网站| 久久久a久久爽久久v久久| av网站免费在线观看视频| 久久青草综合色| tube8黄色片| 亚洲精品乱码久久久久久按摩| 国产成人免费无遮挡视频| 精品亚洲成国产av| 在线看a的网站| 国产黄片视频在线免费观看| av黄色大香蕉| 日韩av不卡免费在线播放| 观看美女的网站| 中文在线观看免费www的网站| 在线看a的网站| 一级片'在线观看视频| 亚洲婷婷狠狠爱综合网| 国产精品久久久久久精品古装| 成人午夜精彩视频在线观看| 全区人妻精品视频| av免费在线看不卡| 日日爽夜夜爽网站| 女性被躁到高潮视频| 日日啪夜夜爽| 国产在线免费精品| 日本与韩国留学比较| 又粗又硬又长又爽又黄的视频| 亚洲va在线va天堂va国产| 国产深夜福利视频在线观看| 黄色配什么色好看| 亚洲精品日韩av片在线观看| 国产一级毛片在线| 丝袜喷水一区| 欧美亚洲 丝袜 人妻 在线| 王馨瑶露胸无遮挡在线观看| 麻豆成人av视频| 欧美另类一区| av黄色大香蕉| 少妇被粗大猛烈的视频| 久久久久网色| 一个人看视频在线观看www免费| 国产精品人妻久久久影院| 久久久久久久大尺度免费视频| 边亲边吃奶的免费视频| 精品少妇内射三级| 97超碰精品成人国产| 18禁裸乳无遮挡动漫免费视频| 亚洲av综合色区一区| 国产免费一级a男人的天堂| 久久久久久久精品精品| 夜夜爽夜夜爽视频| 免费播放大片免费观看视频在线观看| 亚洲四区av| 女性生殖器流出的白浆| 丰满乱子伦码专区| 九九爱精品视频在线观看| 最新的欧美精品一区二区| 丰满少妇做爰视频| 欧美+日韩+精品| 日韩av免费高清视频| 免费黄网站久久成人精品| 亚洲精品自拍成人| 欧美 亚洲 国产 日韩一| 岛国毛片在线播放| 亚洲精品国产成人久久av| 一个人免费看片子| 精品国产乱码久久久久久小说| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区国产| 波野结衣二区三区在线| 久久午夜综合久久蜜桃| 国产中年淑女户外野战色| 亚洲久久久国产精品| 有码 亚洲区| 乱码一卡2卡4卡精品| 看非洲黑人一级黄片| 国产精品国产三级国产专区5o| 国产女主播在线喷水免费视频网站| 少妇猛男粗大的猛烈进出视频| 91精品一卡2卡3卡4卡| 97超视频在线观看视频| 纯流量卡能插随身wifi吗| 亚洲激情五月婷婷啪啪| 高清欧美精品videossex| 十八禁网站网址无遮挡 | 国产片特级美女逼逼视频| 三级经典国产精品| 9色porny在线观看| 男女无遮挡免费网站观看| 国产伦精品一区二区三区视频9| 久久精品久久久久久久性| 交换朋友夫妻互换小说| 免费观看的影片在线观看| 亚洲av二区三区四区| 国产黄片视频在线免费观看| 成人综合一区亚洲| 日本vs欧美在线观看视频 | 婷婷色麻豆天堂久久| av不卡在线播放| 伦精品一区二区三区| 黑人猛操日本美女一级片| 少妇精品久久久久久久| 成人国产麻豆网| 美女视频免费永久观看网站| 欧美激情极品国产一区二区三区 | 黄色一级大片看看| 色视频在线一区二区三区| 另类亚洲欧美激情| 男女边吃奶边做爰视频| 插逼视频在线观看| 啦啦啦视频在线资源免费观看| 春色校园在线视频观看| 99re6热这里在线精品视频| 噜噜噜噜噜久久久久久91| 中文字幕久久专区| 各种免费的搞黄视频| 日日啪夜夜爽| 视频区图区小说| 美女视频免费永久观看网站| 街头女战士在线观看网站| 简卡轻食公司| 人妻夜夜爽99麻豆av| 插阴视频在线观看视频| 五月开心婷婷网| 视频中文字幕在线观看| 日韩精品免费视频一区二区三区 | 国产美女午夜福利| 亚洲国产精品一区二区三区在线| 人妻人人澡人人爽人人| 成人免费观看视频高清| 人人澡人人妻人| 国产伦在线观看视频一区| 一级毛片电影观看| 青春草视频在线免费观看| 亚州av有码| 免费黄频网站在线观看国产| 草草在线视频免费看| 成人二区视频| 自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇| a级毛色黄片| 亚洲真实伦在线观看| 韩国av在线不卡| 这个男人来自地球电影免费观看 | 精品卡一卡二卡四卡免费| 大香蕉久久网| 一级毛片久久久久久久久女| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜添av毛片| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| 亚洲三级黄色毛片| 大片电影免费在线观看免费| 国产色婷婷99| 午夜激情久久久久久久| 国产日韩欧美在线精品| 2018国产大陆天天弄谢| 夜夜爽夜夜爽视频| 久久人人爽人人爽人人片va| 免费人成在线观看视频色| 一边亲一边摸免费视频| 成人美女网站在线观看视频| 大码成人一级视频| 一级毛片aaaaaa免费看小| 3wmmmm亚洲av在线观看| 精品一区二区三区视频在线| 免费观看在线日韩| 国内精品宾馆在线| 美女脱内裤让男人舔精品视频| 丰满少妇做爰视频| 午夜福利,免费看| 国产一区二区在线观看av| 日韩视频在线欧美| 久久影院123| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜添av毛片| 人人澡人人妻人| 一级毛片黄色毛片免费观看视频| 国产日韩欧美视频二区| 女人精品久久久久毛片| 亚洲精华国产精华液的使用体验| 能在线免费看毛片的网站| 这个男人来自地球电影免费观看 | 插逼视频在线观看| 青春草国产在线视频| 女人精品久久久久毛片| 成人午夜精彩视频在线观看| 国产高清国产精品国产三级| 熟女av电影| av福利片在线| 一级二级三级毛片免费看| 国产精品人妻久久久久久| 男女国产视频网站| 少妇的逼水好多| 亚洲精品久久午夜乱码| 久久久国产精品麻豆| 国产免费一区二区三区四区乱码| 99视频精品全部免费 在线| 国产精品久久久久久av不卡| 欧美日韩一区二区视频在线观看视频在线| 丝袜脚勾引网站| 国产黄色免费在线视频| 麻豆精品久久久久久蜜桃| 亚洲av国产av综合av卡| 国产精品99久久99久久久不卡 | 国产乱人偷精品视频| 各种免费的搞黄视频| 免费少妇av软件| 国产精品免费大片| 91精品一卡2卡3卡4卡| 观看美女的网站| 国产成人精品福利久久| 成人无遮挡网站| 亚洲第一区二区三区不卡| 久久久久精品性色| 久久免费观看电影| 性色av一级| 成人国产麻豆网| 中文在线观看免费www的网站| 大码成人一级视频| 赤兔流量卡办理| 丰满迷人的少妇在线观看| 亚洲欧美日韩东京热| 18禁在线无遮挡免费观看视频| 亚洲电影在线观看av| 亚洲欧美清纯卡通| 男女边摸边吃奶| 精品人妻一区二区三区麻豆| 激情五月婷婷亚洲| 插逼视频在线观看| 国产一级毛片在线| 亚洲欧洲日产国产| av福利片在线观看| 另类精品久久| 日韩av免费高清视频| 波野结衣二区三区在线| 99热这里只有是精品在线观看| 大码成人一级视频| 性高湖久久久久久久久免费观看| 韩国av在线不卡| 亚洲精品色激情综合| 伦理电影大哥的女人| 日韩一区二区三区影片| 国产一区亚洲一区在线观看| 欧美激情极品国产一区二区三区 | 一本一本综合久久| 精品国产乱码久久久久久小说| 80岁老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 性色avwww在线观看| 亚洲美女黄色视频免费看| 久久狼人影院| 嫩草影院入口| 国产午夜精品久久久久久一区二区三区| 日韩视频在线欧美| 精品卡一卡二卡四卡免费| 日本与韩国留学比较| 在线观看免费视频网站a站| 国模一区二区三区四区视频| 如日韩欧美国产精品一区二区三区 | 国产成人精品久久久久久| 晚上一个人看的免费电影| 亚洲欧洲精品一区二区精品久久久 | 99re6热这里在线精品视频| 亚洲国产精品成人久久小说| 亚洲av男天堂|