趙菁
摘 要:延遲臍帶結(jié)扎或擠壓臍帶可通過胎盤輸血增加新生兒血容量、增加?jì)雰鸿F儲備,減少貧血及輸血,減少早產(chǎn)兒腦室內(nèi)出血、增加血氧飽和度,早產(chǎn)兒在出生時(shí)進(jìn)行臍帶擠壓可以減輕窒息和降低機(jī)械通氣的需求。但臨床上也有DCC或UCM可使新生兒黃疸加重的情況出現(xiàn),而產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生更加關(guān)注DCC或UCM對產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)時(shí)出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響。有研究表明,臍帶延遲結(jié)扎并不影響小兒的黃疸和搶救風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。目前,生后立即結(jié)扎臍帶依然是大多數(shù)國家一直沿用的臨床措施,對胎盤輸血的利與弊及臍帶結(jié)扎的方式需進(jìn)一步研究討論。
關(guān)鍵詞:臍帶延遲結(jié)扎;臍帶擠壓法;早產(chǎn)兒
中圖分類號:R722.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2018.04.017
文章編號:1006-1959(2018)04-0053-03
Abstract:Delayed umbilical cord ligation or extrusion through the placenta umbilical cord blood volume,blood transfusion increases increase newborn infants iron reserves,reduce anemia and blood transfusion,reduce intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants,increase blood oxygen saturation, premature infants cord can reduce asphyxia and reduce extrusion mechanical ventilation demand at birth.But there are also DCC or UCM in the clinic that can aggravate neonatal jaundice,and obstetricians pay more attention to the impact of DCC or UCM on the risk of bleeding during parturients.Studies have shown that delayed ligation of umbilical cord does not affect jaundice and risk of rescue in children.At present,ligation of umbilical cord immediately after birth is still the most common clinical practice in most countries.The advantages and disadvantages of placental transfusion and the way of umbilical cord ligation need further research.
Key words:Delayed ligation of umbilical cord;Umbilical cord extrusion;Premature infants
臍帶結(jié)扎的方式仍是目前一個(gè)爭議的話題。對于正常分娩的新生兒的結(jié)扎方式、延遲結(jié)扎對于早產(chǎn)兒利弊的探討還在繼續(xù),目前還沒一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的方案,需要我們進(jìn)一步探討,現(xiàn)綜述如下。
1臍帶結(jié)扎的方式
臍帶結(jié)扎的方式:早期臍帶結(jié)扎(early or immediate cord clamping,ECC或ICC),延遲臍帶結(jié)扎[1](delayed cord clamp, DCC),臍帶擠壓法[2](milking of the umbilical cord,MUC;umbilical cord milking,UCM)。研究表明[3],在剪斷臍帶前多次擠壓臍帶和剪斷臍帶后一次擠壓臍帶對早產(chǎn)兒影響沒有差異。
大多學(xué)者對DCC或UCM研究時(shí)將新生兒身體位置明顯低于母親和胎盤。Vain等[4]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),順產(chǎn)的小兒隨機(jī)放于陰道口與放于母親的腹部或胸部,胎盤輸血量差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。不同位置的新生兒,相同的胎盤血流入嬰兒體內(nèi),同時(shí)嬰兒與母親早接觸,具有促進(jìn)母子感情的好處。
2有關(guān)專業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)提出的建議
WHO(2014年)提出[5]:新生兒應(yīng)延遲臍帶結(jié)扎1~3 min,除非需要復(fù)蘇。歐洲新生兒呼吸窘迫綜合征管理指南(2013)[6]建議:將新生兒置于低于母親的位置,并至少延遲結(jié)扎臍帶60 s,以促進(jìn)胎盤-胎兒間的血流灌注。美國婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)師協(xié)會(ACOG)于2012年推出了臍帶結(jié)扎最佳時(shí)機(jī)后,又于2014年再次提出實(shí)施延遲結(jié)扎臍帶[7],該建議分析了延遲結(jié)扎臍帶對新生兒和產(chǎn)婦的影響。
3對新生兒的影響
3.1心血管系統(tǒng)
3.1.1血容量、血壓的改變 有學(xué)者[8]用超聲研究各個(gè)妊娠期胎兒臍帶中的血量,將23~34孕周的新生兒擠壓30 cm的臍帶,發(fā)現(xiàn)可額外獲得8~28 ml血容量。Hosono等[9]研究擠壓實(shí)際臍帶血量的研究顯示,20例低出生體重兒30 cm的臍帶顯示的殘留血量為(15.5±6.7)ml,這是首次對臍帶的一個(gè)特定長度直接測量臍血量的研究。臍血中富含更早期的造血干細(xì)胞/祖細(xì)胞,是造血細(xì)胞和免疫細(xì)胞的起源,提高了造血能力和免疫力,因而對于早產(chǎn)兒意義更大。
ECC與UCM/DCC對照研究中[2,10],DCC和UCM處理后,出生時(shí)、出生后4 h、12 h、24 h、48 h的平均血壓明顯升高,有顯著性差異,但是仍在正常范圍,24 h、72 h尿量增加。早產(chǎn)兒大腦對血壓的波動(dòng)非常敏感,特別是由于缺乏大腦自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)的低血壓[11],胎齡越小,低血壓發(fā)生率越高,血壓不穩(wěn)定可能是引起腦室內(nèi)出血(IVH)的重要因素。早產(chǎn)兒血管調(diào)節(jié)能力差,若平均動(dòng)脈壓過低,則引起缺氧缺血性腦損傷,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致腦室周圍白質(zhì)軟化,穩(wěn)定的正常血壓大大改善小兒的預(yù)后,而UCM/DCC提供一種簡便的改善方法。
3.1.2提高血紅蛋白、血鐵水平、紅細(xì)胞壓積、減少貧血及輸血 目前很多研究[12-16]均證實(shí),DCC/UCM可以提高血紅蛋白,增加平均紅細(xì)胞體積及紅細(xì)胞容積,增加鐵儲存,減少新生兒貧血,很大程度上減少輸血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),尤其對早產(chǎn)兒這方面的研究眾多。一項(xiàng)Meta分析[15]顯示,UCM可明顯提高新生兒出生時(shí)及生后6周血紅蛋白水平。研究表明[16,17],新生兒每增加20~30 ml/kg的血容量,可使鐵貯備增加30~50 mg,并且延續(xù)到生后3~6個(gè)月。最近的一項(xiàng)貧血和非貧血的母親分娩的足月兒研究中[18],貧血母親分娩的小兒鐵蛋白較低,貧血母親的嬰兒經(jīng)UCM結(jié)扎與常規(guī)處理的比較,經(jīng)UCM處理的小兒在6個(gè)月時(shí)血紅蛋白和血清鐵蛋白較高,差異顯著。目前臨床上輸血仍然是治療早產(chǎn)兒貧血的主要方法,因而UCM/DCC或許成為降低早產(chǎn)兒輸血量、頻次的一種低成本高收益的方法。
3.2改善各臟器、組織的功能 早產(chǎn)兒研究中[19-21],應(yīng)用UCM后發(fā)現(xiàn),出生頭10 min可以獲得較高的血氧飽和度,減少了吸氧,與ECC組比較在出生的2~4 min內(nèi)心率顯示沒有變化。改善上腔靜脈血流和良好的心輸出量是各系統(tǒng)組織器官血流標(biāo)志,血容量及血壓的提高必然會各臟器組織的血流灌注和氧氣供應(yīng),改善其功能,減少早產(chǎn)兒的并發(fā)癥,改善早產(chǎn)兒的預(yù)后,同時(shí)降低了住院時(shí)間和住院費(fèi)用。
3.3死亡率的影響 Backes[22]等Meta分析顯示死亡率被降低了58%。近期在美國的4500例早產(chǎn)兒的搶救者應(yīng)用了DCC或UCM,研究結(jié)果顯示[23],胎齡<30周的嬰兒進(jìn)行DCC或UCM,對照歷史,DCC/UCM組<30周和<27周的早產(chǎn)兒生存率分別為84%~94%和76%~91%,降低死亡率的報(bào)道也是首次在論文提出。在今后臨床工作中還需進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
3.4心肌細(xì)胞的影響 血容量的增加是否會對新生兒的心臟受到負(fù)面影響,張春一等研究[24]對照ECC和DCC兩組6 h、72 h心鈉肽、腦鈉素及肌酸激酶同工酶差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,發(fā)現(xiàn)DCC在增加新生兒血容量的同時(shí)并沒有增加新生兒的心肌細(xì)胞的負(fù)荷,也沒有導(dǎo)致心肌細(xì)胞的損害。
3.5 DCC和UCM可能帶來的風(fēng)險(xiǎn) Rade等[9]回顧性對比研究顯示,Apgar評分在1 min、5 min和10 min評分統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上沒有差異;出生時(shí)平均體溫ECC比DCC/UCM組高0.14 ℃,統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)無差異;總膽紅素最高值比較,DCC/MUC組較ECC高15.01 μmol/L,盡管數(shù)據(jù)顯示有增加光療的趨勢,而實(shí)際在光療的頻率方面并沒有差異。許多研究表明[2,16],DCC/UCM沒有增加高膽紅素的發(fā)病率及光療頻次。研究表明[25],DCC不影響產(chǎn)婦的失血量,積極處理第三產(chǎn)程與DCC并不矛盾,胎盤血排空后會促使胎盤剝離,縮短第三產(chǎn)程的時(shí)間,預(yù)防產(chǎn)后出血應(yīng)該遵循促進(jìn)子宮收縮。DCC可使產(chǎn)婦體內(nèi)血液通過胎盤流入胎兒,從而再次提示孕期糾正貧血的重要性。
4 DCC與UCM的比較
近年來DCC與UCM的比較研究逐漸增多。對早產(chǎn)兒的研究顯示[26],生后的頭12 h UCM較DCC能獲得更多的上腔靜脈血流和右心室心輸出量,并且生后血紅蛋白、體溫、生后15 h后的血壓及24 h尿量UCM較DCC高,有顯著性差異。在對足月兒的研究中[27],血液動(dòng)力學(xué)、大腦中動(dòng)脈多普勒指標(biāo)、不良結(jié)局及6周血清鐵蛋白和血紅蛋白均無差異,提出在新生復(fù)蘇的緊急情況下DCC不可行。因此,在DCC不可行的情況下進(jìn)行UCM,需要進(jìn)一步的研究支持。
5前景
目前證實(shí)DCC/UCM會給新生兒帶來很多好處,許多權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)支持這一操作,但是目前還未被大多臨床醫(yī)生所采納,主要是對結(jié)扎的最佳時(shí)機(jī)還沒有權(quán)威性指南加以指導(dǎo);DCC/UCM的益處和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)還需要更多的研究,尤其是對早產(chǎn)兒不同胎齡處理;UCM擠壓的長度、速度也應(yīng)有相應(yīng)規(guī)定;UCM是否可取代DCC;對于窒息復(fù)蘇的嬰兒如何將復(fù)蘇與結(jié)扎臍帶最佳時(shí)機(jī)有機(jī)結(jié)合;DCC/MUC是否適于所有的嬰兒,如有紅細(xì)胞增多癥潛在危險(xiǎn)的嬰兒。這一系列的問題還需要展開進(jìn)一步研究。
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收稿日期:2017-10-9;修回日期:2017-10-16
編輯/楊倩