半個世紀(jì)，浙江醫(yī)生情暖非洲

陳寧

2月，平緩的尼日爾河穿過馬里首都巴馬科城，蜿蜒的河道綿延至遠(yuǎn)方。又一個春天即將來臨，河水淌過之處，新的生命正在醞釀。

1968年2月，在流域北部的馬爾格拉，20位浙江青年篳路藍(lán)縷，寫下浙江省援非醫(yī)療的序曲。50年間，浙江省已派出25批援馬里醫(yī)療隊，共計825人次，為當(dāng)?shù)靥峁╅T、急診服務(wù)總計931萬多人次……

近日，筆者萬里赴西非，親歷援非醫(yī)療。半個世紀(jì)后的今天，我們把目光定格在13000公里之外，聽聽新老隊員的馬里記憶，見證這段跨越時空的中馬友誼——

崢嶸歲月勇戰(zhàn)種種艱難困苦

又是一個新春佳節(jié)，馬里正值干燥的冬季。夜已深，中國第25批援馬里醫(yī)療隊隊長余仁橋案前的臺燈依然亮著。他又一次翻開手邊的筆記本，核對第二天全體隊員下鄉(xiāng)義診的線路、時間、物資和應(yīng)急方案，并在捐贈物資一欄，添上了一箱常用藥。

第二天一早，25名隊員準(zhǔn)時趕到35公里之外的KIRINA村，村子的衛(wèi)生室外已經(jīng)排起長隊。隊員周天安、隨隊翻譯鄒毅等人穿上印著中國國旗的白大褂，在一間簡易的診室內(nèi)搭起眼科儀器，用中文、法語、邦巴拉語，開啟了一天的工作……

不通的語言、不同的膚色，就這樣一次次交集在同一個空間里，串起了50年歷史長河中，中國援非醫(yī)療的過去、現(xiàn)在與未來。

1960年，中國與馬里建交。從1968年開始，浙江省承擔(dān)了援馬里醫(yī)療隊的選派任務(wù)。1968年2月12日，來自內(nèi)、外、婦、兒、針灸、放射、麻醉、檢驗、護(hù)理等科的20名醫(yī)療專業(yè)人員抵達(dá)馬里，把醫(yī)療援助的地點選在了距離馬里首都巴馬科285公里之外的馬爾格拉。

崢嶸歲月，定格在中國第1批援馬里醫(yī)療隊隊員的心中——

醫(yī)院設(shè)在馬爾格拉下轄的馬西納省，沒有供水、沒有供電、沒有足夠的宿舍……年輕隊員就輪流到尼日爾河里挑水，一人一盞桅燈點著煤油照明。

比起生活上的困難，當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)療衛(wèi)生條件的簡陋，才是隊員們面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)。

護(hù)士吳永紅回憶，當(dāng)時醫(yī)院里連基本的血清標(biāo)本都沒有。知道自己血型的隊員就抽出自己的血，逐一與患者作比對，從而推測他們的血型。

受衛(wèi)生條件限制，當(dāng)?shù)氐脑挟a(chǎn)婦死亡率、新生兒死亡率居高不下。婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生陳秋波就帶著隊員給新生兒進(jìn)行人工呼吸，搶救了一個又一個幼小的生命。有一次，一位產(chǎn)婦大出血，陳秋波毫不猶豫挽起袖子獻(xiàn)血，也正是這一個小小的舉動，開啟了當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)生為病人輸血的歷史。

麻醉醫(yī)生葉林祥回憶說：“50年前的今天，20位素不相識的年輕人，離開祖國，在西非內(nèi)陸揮灑著熱血與青春。在那個通訊尚不發(fā)達(dá)的年代，我們無比思念故鄉(xiāng)與親人，但大家相互扶持，醫(yī)療隊就是我們的大家庭?！?/p>

中國第1批援馬里醫(yī)療隊隊長馬振山在《回憶中國援馬里醫(yī)療隊的工作與生活》中記錄道：剛到馬里的一段時間內(nèi)，中國醫(yī)生一度因當(dāng)?shù)厝说钠姸艿嚼溆觥潭處啄陜?nèi)，隨著醫(yī)療隊的影響越來越大，病人從四面八方、甚至馬里的鄰國慕名而來。

“我們只有一個信念——勇往直前，迎接挑戰(zhàn)，克服困難，完成任務(wù)?！瘪R振山說。

妙手仁心大愛福澤一方民眾

不畏艱苦、甘于奉獻(xiàn)、救死扶傷、大愛無疆。以馬爾格拉為起點，中國援馬里醫(yī)療隊先后在卡地、錫加索、巴馬科駐點。他們循著尼日爾河的廣闊流域，以飽滿的工作熱情，用仁心仁術(shù)幫助當(dāng)?shù)厝罕娊獬⊥?，奏響了一曲曲生命之歌?/p>

在環(huán)境惡劣，缺醫(yī)少藥的艱苦條件下，醫(yī)療隊員創(chuàng)造了馬里醫(yī)療史上無數(shù)個“第一”。

“這兩例成功的手術(shù)也是現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)的先例，它將載入馬中合作的史冊?！?982年10月，馬里國家電臺一則《卡地醫(yī)院創(chuàng)馬里醫(yī)學(xué)史上首例》的新聞，讓中國第7批援馬里醫(yī)療隊隊員李世騏的名字，傳遍尼日爾河畔。

中國第8批援馬里醫(yī)療隊隨隊翻譯朱耀傳回憶說，其中一例“切除前臂惡性腫瘤段，再行肢體再植”的手術(shù)十分艱難，進(jìn)行了整整6個小時。當(dāng)?shù)貨]有電子顯微設(shè)備，李世騏就將自己帶的放大鏡綁在眼睛上；當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院沒有縫合條件，李世騏用的還是從杭州帶去的針線。

李世騏的故事被口口相傳，數(shù)不清的病人排著隊上門尋找這位中國醫(yī)生……1984年，李世騏完成兩年援非任務(wù)，受當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院的邀請，又在馬里多留了一年。

馬里特殊的局勢和社會環(huán)境，使得醫(yī)療隊發(fā)揮著不可替代的作用。隊員們說，那里的人民很需要他們。

2012年3月，馬里醫(yī)院負(fù)責(zé)搶救一名從高處墜落的中國傷員?！皞麊T傷情比較嚴(yán)重，由隊員護(hù)送回國?！钡?2批援馬里醫(yī)療隊隊員周馳回憶，由于時間緊迫，這位難得踏上祖國土地的隊員在北京的機場做過簡單交接之后，又匆匆返回馬里。

2014年3月以來，西非部分國家出現(xiàn)埃博拉疫情。馬里自10月23日發(fā)現(xiàn)首例輸入性確診埃博拉病例以來，在1個多月的時間里，共確診7例。在此期間，中國第23批援馬里醫(yī)療隊及時制定抗埃博拉應(yīng)急預(yù)案，一直堅守工作崗位。

2015年11月20日，巴馬科麗笙酒店發(fā)生恐怖襲擊事件。接到指令后，中國第24批援馬里醫(yī)療隊立即攜帶急救箱、水和干糧趕赴離現(xiàn)場僅500米的安置中心。

醫(yī)療隊還將新的醫(yī)療技術(shù)和醫(yī)療改革項目落地馬里，幫助馬里改善醫(yī)療條件。

上世紀(jì)80年代，中國醫(yī)療隊開始在卡地駐點，并重點支持卡地醫(yī)院的骨科建設(shè)。如今雖然撤銷了駐點，但精湛的技術(shù)卻留在了當(dāng)?shù)?。時至今日，卡地醫(yī)院的骨科實力依然是馬里最強的?！斑@是中國醫(yī)生立下的功勞?！贬t(yī)院院長索古巴說。

中國第24批援馬里醫(yī)療隊隊員陸秀娥將婦科內(nèi)分泌疾病和不孕不育的診治技術(shù)留在了當(dāng)?shù)?。醫(yī)療隊還將HPV病毒的早期免費篩查帶到當(dāng)?shù)兀钊f千婦女受益。

馬里醫(yī)院長期醫(yī)藥分離，醫(yī)療隊出面與當(dāng)?shù)匦l(wèi)生部門多方溝通，為部分醫(yī)用耗材建立了穩(wěn)定的供銷渠道。

為加強兩國醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的交流，醫(yī)療隊還選拔當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)生遠(yuǎn)赴杭州學(xué)習(xí)。

……

半個世紀(jì)的時間軸上，馬里醫(yī)院是繞不開的里程碑。2006年，中國在“中非合作論壇北京峰會”上承諾，為非洲援建30所綜合醫(yī)院。2010年，一座嶄新的醫(yī)院在馬里首都巴馬科落成，并于2011年成為30所援建醫(yī)院中首家開放的。7年來，這里成為幾批醫(yī)療隊隊員的“主戰(zhàn)場”。

馬里醫(yī)院建成后的一年內(nèi)，馬里醫(yī)院放療中心隨即落成，并于2014年4月正式投入使用。它是整個西非地區(qū)唯一一家放療中心，每年收治200多例馬里當(dāng)?shù)啬[瘤患者，同時為來自多哥、貝寧、科特迪瓦等周邊國家的50余例腫瘤患者提供服務(wù)，結(jié)束了當(dāng)?shù)鼗颊咧荒芸炕熤委煇盒阅[瘤的歷史。

珍貴記憶中馬友誼代代相傳

在醫(yī)療隊駐地，墻上掛著一面鮮艷的五星紅旗，下方是一行醒目的紅色大字：祖國在我心中。老隊員們回憶，這六個字早在援馬里醫(yī)療隊在卡地駐點時就已經(jīng)貼在墻上。這句響亮的話語，給了不同年代的隊員們相同的信念。

洪禹思，中國第1批、第4批、第7批援馬里醫(yī)療隊隨隊翻譯，是省內(nèi)唯一精通邦巴拉語的人。退休后，他依然主動承擔(dān)著每一批醫(yī)療隊的語言培訓(xùn)工作，用一本自編的小冊子，把沒有文字的邦巴拉語常用語教給醫(yī)療隊隊員。“我們把美好的青春獻(xiàn)給了醫(yī)療隊。”50年后的今天，這位老隊員翻出兩張1968年的老照片，回顧著馬里歲月，感慨萬千。

洪禹思的精神也影響著他的女兒洪敏，洪敏從小立志從醫(yī)，并于2015年隨隊支援馬里。

馬振山、朱耀傳、戎永華、魏建功……在一份我省援馬里醫(yī)療隊隊員的不完整名單中，同樣的名字?jǐn)?shù)次出現(xiàn)在不同批次的醫(yī)療隊中。他們懷著使命與擔(dān)當(dāng)，出發(fā)，再出發(fā)。

50年的歲月，也定格著兩國醫(yī)患的友情——“中國醫(yī)生，您好！”一個個馬里患者用這句簡短的中國話，向一位位中國醫(yī)生問好，道出一聲聲衷心的感謝。

中國，也定格為一代又一代馬里人的共同記憶。

“與中國相遇是一件幸福的事?！瘪R里醫(yī)院院長嘎內(nèi)能說一口流利的中文。這位中國醫(yī)療隊的老朋友，與中國有著近40年的淵源。1974年，嘎內(nèi)先后在北京語言大學(xué)、北京醫(yī)科大學(xué)留學(xué)。1980年開始在馬爾格拉工作，自此與中國醫(yī)療隊結(jié)緣。2011年，馬里醫(yī)院落成后，他擔(dān)任院長一職。其間，見證了一批批中國醫(yī)療隊在馬里救死扶傷。

“醫(yī)療隊還在遙遠(yuǎn)的馬里傳播著中國文化。”中國駐馬里大使陸慧英對記者說起一個小細(xì)節(jié)：剛到馬里工作時，她遇到馬里當(dāng)?shù)氐墓賳T，他們隨口就唱起了《東方紅》等中國歌曲。他們告訴陸慧英，這些歌曲都是小時候村子里的醫(yī)療隊隊員一句一句教給他們的。

走過五十載，中國醫(yī)療隊與馬里的故事，仍在繼續(xù)……

Over the past 50 years， Zhejiang， a province in the east of China， has sent altogether 25 teams of doctors and nurses one after another to Mali to help local people. The first team from Zhejiang consisted of 20 medical workers in various disciplines and arrived in Mali on February 12， 1968. The team stationed in Markala， a commune in Malis Ségou Region on the Niger River and 285 kilometers from Bamako， capital city of the western African country.

Back then， working and living conditions were extremely challenging. Chinese doctors needed to fetch water from the Niger River every day. The local hospital did not even have devices to determine blood types. Chinese doctors used their own blood types as bases to find out the blood types of their African patients. To save the life of an African woman who was giving birth to a child， the gynecologist Chen Qiubo donated her own blood and did blood transfusion， starting the blood transfusion practice at the local hospital.

Ma Zhenshan， leader of the first team in Mali， recalls in an essay one of the biggest challenges the medical team faced in the African country. “At first， local residents did not trust the doctors from China due to some misunderstanding. But pretty soon， they changed their minds. Within a few years， the medical workers from Zhejiang spread their fine reputation all over Mali. Some patients even came from neighboring countries.”

Over the five decades， the doctors from Zhejiang have moved their bases several times and based themselves respectively in Kati， Sikasso and Bamako， all important cities in the river valley of the Niger.

The doctors and nurses from Zhejiang have done some medical work never seen before in Mali. In October 1982， the surgeon Li Shiqi became a household name in the country. He amputated an arm of a patient and after cutting off the tumor part from the arm， he replanted the severed arm. Without a microscope， he fastened a magnifying glass to one of his eyes to do the operation. To do the sutures， he used the needles and threads which had been brought all the way from Hangzhou， capital city of Zhejiang Province. The operation lasted 6 hours. The news of the miraculous operation spread fast and patients flooded in to seek the assistance of the Chinese doctor. Lis two-year work term expired in 1984 and he stayed another year there at the invitation of the hospital.

The doctors and nurses from Zhejiang have responded to national emergencies in the African country. As of March 2014， Ebola plague cases were being reported in western African countries. The first case in Mali was diagnosed and confirmed on October 23. Within a month， seven cases were diagnosed and reported. The 23rd medical team from Zhejiang formulated an emergency response plan and its daily work proceeded normally during the plague period.

On November 20， 2015， Islamist militants took 170 hostages and killed 20 of them in a mass shooting at the Radisson Blu hotel in Bamako， the capital city of Mali. The medical workers of the 24th team from Zhejiang received an instruction to respond immediately to the emergency. They set up a medical center at a spot only 500 meters from the hotel and filled the center with supplies such as first-aid kits， bottled water and food.

What doctors and nurses from Zhejiang have brought to Mali is more than fifty years of medical services. They have helped Mali to improve medical services there. In the 1980s， the teams from Zhejiang set up their base in Kati and considered the orthopedics department of the hospital in Kati as a key unit to improve its medical services. The teams provided training courses. Today， the orthopedics department is the best in Mali although the doctors and nurses from Zhejiang are no longer based in Kati. The hospital president owes the fame of the orthopedic surgery of the hospital to the doctors from Zhejiang.

Lu Xiue， a doctor with the 24th team in Mali， brought latest expertise and technical know-how on medical conditions in womens infertility and endocrine system. Today， local doctors can provide proper diagnosis and treatment of diseases in these two fields.

China committed itself to funding and building thirty hospitals in Africa at the China-Africa 2006 Forum in Beijing. The construction of the Hospital of Mali in Bamako was concluded in 2010 and it became operational in 2011 as the first of the 30 hospitals in Africa. In the last seven years， doctors and nurses from Zhejiang have been based there. One year after the normal operation of the hospital， the radiotherapy center at the hospital began operating， making the hospital the only one that provides radiotherapy in the western Africa. About 200 local tumor patients are treated there every year. Moreover， about 50 patients from neighboring countries also come and receive radiotherapies at the hospital.

The medical workers from Zhejiang consider themselves working on behalf of China， as testified by Motherland in My Heart， a slogan painted in red on a wall of the living quarters of the medical team in Mali. Hong Yusi， the only fluent speaker of Bambara in Zhejiang Province， worked as an interpreter with the first， fourth and seventh teams in Mali from Zhejiang. Since his retirement， he has conducted language training courses with all the medical teams to be dispatched to Mali from Zhejiang. In 2015， his daughter Hong Min went as a doctor with a team to Mali. The 25 teams from Zhejiang have counted 825 people on a total list， but some doctors have returned to Mali with different teams. In total， they have taken care of 9.31 million out-patients and emergency cases in the past 50 years.