孫昌建
電影快結(jié)束的時候,有王力宏駕機欲撞向日本軍艦的鏡頭,此時他的視線中出現(xiàn)了一片天空,一名戰(zhàn)友正拉著一頂降落傘緩緩下降,這名戰(zhàn)友實際上已經(jīng)被日本飛行員鎖定了射擊目標(biāo)……當(dāng)我看到這一組鏡頭的時候,看懂了這部名叫《無問西東》的電影。我不僅能講出王力宏飾演的沈光耀的原型是誰,也能講出那名跳傘戰(zhàn)友的原型,以及那一片云南的天空和杭州的天空到底有些什么不同。
這是因為我寫了一本名叫《鷹從筧橋起飛》的非虛構(gòu)作品,內(nèi)容雖然只是中國空軍抗戰(zhàn)的鱗爪碎片,但背后卻是一片又一片或硝煙彌漫或無比蔚藍的天空。
當(dāng)時浙江檔案館有一批選題讓我們?nèi)懀梢詰{興趣各自認領(lǐng)。我認領(lǐng)了“筧橋航校”的題目。因我之前先后淘過一本《筧橋英烈傳》的同名影碟,想看看在版本和制式上有何異同,對此積累了一點興趣。
幾個月之后,在檔案館同志的幫助之下,我寫成了關(guān)于筧橋中央航校的文章,在《都市快報》上發(fā)了4個版。一年后,一本叫《檔案時空》的書在同事們的努力下也出版了。如果從工作的角度講,我們的這個規(guī)定動作已經(jīng)完成了。但是沒想到,我竟然一頭扎進了“筧橋航校”,且越走越遠。我去了南京去了芷江去了騰沖,然后再去了臺灣的岡山。我想獲得更多的材料,我在臺灣上網(wǎng)搜文史資料,發(fā)現(xiàn)我寫筧橋航校的文字在那邊的網(wǎng)上也都有,連我的小差錯都原封不動地保留在那里,怎么讓人不臉紅呢?
一開始我是相當(dāng)孤陋寡聞的。我只知道筧橋有個航空學(xué)校,不知道一墻之隔還有個中央飛機制造廠。我在南京找到當(dāng)年的學(xué)徒工、今年已經(jīng)101歲的朱老先生,讓他講一講他那個年代的生活,他眼里的航校戰(zhàn)士。誰知他給我親手繪了當(dāng)年飛機廠的平面示意圖,這是多么有意思的事情??!兩年后,在他百歲壽宴上,他率先起身致辭,祝在座的各位都要超過他,要長命百歲。去年秋天,他來杭州尋訪他出生的地方,這讓我們喜不自禁。8月14日那一天,他堅持自己一步一步走上南京航空烈士公墓的數(shù)百級臺階,手里拿著一束花,在烈日下站了半個多小時祭奠他的那些戰(zhàn)友們。
話說杭州上空的“八一四”空戰(zhàn),之前我看到的材料上基本都是說我們打下了日本的6架飛機,我們卻毫發(fā)無損。另一種表述是6比0完勝,但后來我看到在南京的航空紀(jì)念館里說是4比0,有的地方又說是3比0……這可不是玩笑,怎么辦呢?只有找更多的史料,找來自各方包括來自日本的史料,然后把這些史料一一列舉出來,這樣就可以自己判斷了。后來我甚至看到有9比0的說法,還是在當(dāng)年的空軍最高長官、浙江臨海人周至柔的文章中出現(xiàn)的。我跑到臨海鄉(xiāng)下去找他的故居,故居里真的沒有什么了,但是找到了心就安了,正如我也在尋找他們說6比0乃至9比0的依據(jù)。
再比如高志航在“八一四”的第二天還在杭州上空跟日本人激戰(zhàn),又打下了敵機,但是他的手臂被日本飛行員用手槍射傷。我找到兩本高志航的傳記,一本說是左臂受傷,一本說是右臂受傷,到底是哪一只手臂?找到他在廣濟醫(yī)院的照片,也看不清楚。包括我們的一些王牌飛行員,如劉粹剛到底打下了多少架日機,這在幾種文本中也是不一樣的。后來我才知道有時候是幾個戰(zhàn)友合力打下了一架,比如三個人同時開火的,但這樣也只能說是擊落了一架,而不能說是三架呀……我舉這個例子只是想說明,如果你光寫一個人一件事好像還不易出問題,但你要寫一個團隊,問題就出來了。你要給出一個答案,為了這個答案,你得找多少書啊,因為親歷者找不到了。
講到電影《無問西東》中沈光耀的原型沈崇誨,我早就知道他是一名英雄,但那只是網(wǎng)上搜來的一點內(nèi)容,不要說寫書了,甚至都構(gòu)不成一種談資。2016年觀看紀(jì)錄片《沖天》時,我從浙江關(guān)愛抗戰(zhàn)老兵志愿者吳緣那里知道了筧橋有一名收藏者在做航校的民間紀(jì)念館,叫高建法,是筧橋本地人。于是我趕過去,為了去見大英雄高志航的兒子高耀漢。在那里竟然發(fā)現(xiàn)了沈崇誨他那班同學(xué)的紀(jì)念冊,上面有他撰寫的關(guān)于航校新生的調(diào)查報告,還有他的照片,后來又在三十年代的舊雜志《中國的空軍》上發(fā)現(xiàn)了他的遺照。
我很早就在文字上看到過在杭州的梅東高橋有航校新生入伍訓(xùn)練營。那不就在杭州體育館一帶在我上班的地方嗎?我從辦公室的窗口望出去,可以看到沈崇誨們在操場上跑步。這個訓(xùn)練營到底在哪里?后因抗戰(zhàn)全面爆發(fā),筧橋航校也遷至云南。老杭州人都知道,這一帶曾是清軍的營盤,杭州淪陷后又曾是日本軍隊的營盤,民國時這體育場就是杭州飛機場的雛形,且也降落過飛機。后來杭州舉辦全國運動會,遂有了體育場路,并將大營盤一分為二,即一邊是今天的體育場,一邊是今天的體育館……
當(dāng)這些謎團被我一一破解的時候,我覺得我的快樂也跟“長命百歲”大約是相同的吧。
采訪和寫作很多時候也如同進入了山間,你本來是奔著什么大瀑布而去的,事實上可能連小龍湫都沒有,但路邊無名的野花卻吸引住了你的眼光,然后再去網(wǎng)上搜索:這是什么花,這是什么草?南京的航空烈士陵園里,每一塊墓碑都有一個故事,也都有多多少少的秘密,這些秘密有的在當(dāng)年是公開的,有的直到今天還是秘密。比如說高志航的犧牲不是秘密,但他犧牲的消息是何時公布的?這直到今天我也還沒有搞清楚,我想這就是我還暫時停不下來的原因之一。
俗話說踏破鐵鞋無覓處,得來全不費功夫。踏破鐵鞋是前提,而且有可能你踏遍青山之后人已經(jīng)老了。我尋訪抗戰(zhàn)空軍的第二代第三代,其中第三代中有不少也都比我年長了。我覺得最苦的是這些烈士們的后代,他們并不是說要為自己訴苦,而是要為他們的上一輩、為抗戰(zhàn)老兵討一個說法。
去年在南京參加紀(jì)念“八一四”空戰(zhàn)80周年的活動時,我這一桌剛好有高志航留法同學(xué)的孫子和孫女在,還有一些起義投誠人員的子女,也有紅色將領(lǐng)的子女,那種印象和感慨是我永遠也不會忘的。當(dāng)他們相逢一笑舉起酒杯時,我突然又有了寫作的沖動。
是啊,當(dāng)年那些犧牲的空軍戰(zhàn)士太過年輕,平均年齡是23歲,他們就倒在抗戰(zhàn)衛(wèi)國的疆場上,有的瞬間就消失在天空中了。他們有的還沒有成家,有的成家了也沒有子女,不少有子女的則是遺腹子(女),這些子女今天最小的也70多歲了,實際上他們有的從沒有見過自己的父親。父親只是在照片上,在文字的傳說里。在未亡人妻子那里,正如電視劇《一把青》中所講的,飛行員的歸零很簡單,只是你的碎片,女人得去撿,你歸零了,女人卻要花一輩子的時間重新拼湊起來……這些抗戰(zhàn)老兵的二代和三代,有的在做志愿者,比如在杭州的飛虎隊員吳其軺的兒子吳緣可以說是傾其所有時間和精力都在為浙江的抗戰(zhàn)老兵服務(wù),這是令人感動和欣慰的。我的不少采訪線索都是他提供的。
如果把時間坐標(biāo)設(shè)定到抗戰(zhàn)全面爆發(fā)的1937年,到今年已經(jīng)81年過去了,當(dāng)年的親歷者已經(jīng)十分稀少了。我關(guān)注的又是空軍,它的高犧牲率是人所皆知的。只能去尋找他們的第二代和第三代,活人找不到,只能去墓園里尋找碑文,這有不少后來也遭人為破壞,但所幸又有重修。
由于是在戰(zhàn)爭年代,空軍的編隊組織在當(dāng)時也是軍事機密,這使得當(dāng)年的新聞報道有時也語焉不詳。我看到關(guān)于沈崇誨犧牲的報道,最權(quán)威的是出自當(dāng)年的空軍刊物《中國的空軍》,且不說年代久遠字跡模糊,咬牙仔細讀完發(fā)現(xiàn)那大半是散文詩風(fēng)格,都是在歌頌其精神。今天的人提幾個問題就會問倒我:他和同機戰(zhàn)友的尸體有沒有找到?被撞的出云艦到底受了多大的傷?他有沒有女朋友?日本報紙有沒有對此報道過?這恰恰都是我要去破解的。也許不能叫破解,只是去尋找,盡可能地去逼近或還原事實本身,無問西東,無問結(jié)果。這需要一種路徑,一種方式,一種默默前行的勇氣。
正如李宗盛在歌中所唱的:越過山丘,才發(fā)現(xiàn)無人等候。而我要說:越過山丘,我看到天空在向我招手。
At the end of the movie , Shen Guangyao (played by Leehom Wang) steers his plane towards the Japanese warship. At that moment, he sees his comrade parachuting from the sky into the shooting range of a Japanese pilot…
At that moment, I figured out what the film was trying to convey and realized who the prototypes of the characters were. At that moment, I could even tell the difference between the sky in Yunnan and that in Hangzhou.
The realization stemmed from , a non-fiction I had written a few years before. It all started from a writing project commissioned by Zhejiang Archives. I chose the Chinese air force as the subject just because of a movie I had happened to watch. The writing of a cycle of articles about the Jianqiao Central Aviation School in Hangzhou took several months to complete. The articles got published in a local daily newspaper, followed by a book released a year later. My share of the mission seemed to be completed, but it turned out to be the start of my ‘Jianqiao Expedition that has reshaped my mentality as a writer and story-teller.
To find more about the aviation school in Jianqiao, I went to Nanjing, Zhijiang, Tengchong and Gangshan (in Taiwan) in search of historical details and witnesses of the schools past. In Nanjing I met Mr. Zhu, who worked at the plane factory of the school when he was young. I came home with a sketch map of the school hand-drawn by the 101-year-old. Last year, the man visited Hangzhou to seek his roots. On August 14, he went to see his comrades resting in peace at the Nanjing Aviation Martyrs Cemetery, carrying a bouquet of flowers in his hands.
For me, the process of digging into the past to get to the root of the matter turned out to be more rewarding than the success of the writing project. In order to get as closer to the truth about the ‘8.14 air battle in Hangzhou in 1937 as possible, I went to try my luck in the former residence of Zhou Zhirou in the outskirts of Linhai, Taizhou. The result of the war was mentioned in one of his articles by the chief commander. There was nothing to see in the house, but I came home feeling like a puzzle was solved.
One of the heroes in the ‘8.14 battle was Gao Zhihang, whose arm got shot when he was combating the Japanese in the high air. To find out which arm of his was wounded, I went out of my way to find a picture that shows the man in a hospital in Hangzhou, although the picture fails to give a clear answer.
The more I dug into the war past of Hangzhou, the more questions I felt duty-bound to clarify and answer. There were numerous details to figure out. Without the help of the recounts of witnesses, all I could do was to look for needles in a bundle of hay. Whats more, writing about a team instead of an individual added a lot to the difficulty of the task.
The prototype of Shen Guangyao is Shen Chonghui, about whom I knew too little to write a brief introduction, not to mention a book. In 2016, I learned from a documentary about Gao Jianfa, a Jianqiao native who was at that time working on a museum dedicated to the aviation school. I visited him, in hope of meeting the son of one of the ‘8.14 heroes. Much to my surprise, in the mans place I found a yearbook that contained valuable information about Shen Chonghui and a picture of him.
The aviation school in Jianqiao relocated to Yunnan after Chinas war of resistance against Japanese aggression officially broke out. Looking out of the window of my working place on todays Tiyuchang Road in downtown Hangzhou, I can feel the historical weight of this part of Hangzhou as if I went through the war flames together with the aviation heroes. Where a section of Tiyuchang Road is today was once known as Big Barracks, a military base of the Qing Dynasty. It later served as a military airport in the Republican years and it was turned into a Japanese military camp after the fall of Hangzhou.
My Jianqiao Expedition has given me a lot. One of the things I have learned is, writing and meeting people feels like walking into the depths of the mountain to see waterfalls. One often winds up seeing nothing at all. However, it is not a wild goose chase, for nameless roadside flowers always turn out to be worth exploring and admiring. Behind every tomb at the martyrs cemetery in Nanjing, there is a story untold. Some of them will be known by the whole world; some will remain secrets forever.