一套順應(yīng)地形的設(shè)計(jì)框架
——山之廁所

鐘惠城，合伙人

1 設(shè)計(jì)框架的構(gòu)建

1.1 立意

昆崳山國(guó)家森林公園正在進(jìn)行一系列的設(shè)施升級(jí)，保護(hù)區(qū)管委會(huì)邀請(qǐng)Lab D+H設(shè)計(jì)一座示范性公共廁所，作為設(shè)施升級(jí)的啟動(dòng)項(xiàng)目。項(xiàng)目伊始，業(yè)主并沒(méi)想好廁所的具體位置，我們也并沒(méi)有立即著手設(shè)計(jì)，而是展開(kāi)了基于場(chǎng)地的研究。昆崳山森林公園是一座方圓百里、峰巒綿延的野生動(dòng)植物基因庫(kù)（圖1），自然保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)山高坡陡、溝壑縱橫，新設(shè)施的建設(shè)必須遵循最低干預(yù)開(kāi)發(fā)（LID）的原則，同時(shí)，設(shè)施亦應(yīng)順應(yīng)復(fù)雜的地勢(shì)而輕巧地藏置于自然保護(hù)區(qū)之中。

了解到今后廁所將建設(shè)在地形復(fù)雜的山地上，我們構(gòu)建了一個(gè)單體模塊系統(tǒng)，它能夠靈活地根據(jù)不同地形自由組合，以便適應(yīng)性地推廣至整個(gè)自然保護(hù)區(qū)（圖2、3）。這一想法得到了業(yè)主的支持。

1.2 相地

基于這一體系，業(yè)主與我們一同“相地”，選擇了現(xiàn)有高山植物園的一處高差變化較大的土臺(tái)地作為廁所基址（圖4）。這處土臺(tái)地最大高差達(dá)4m，背靠山腰，面朝遠(yuǎn)山，可以充分發(fā)掘我們模塊系統(tǒng)組合的潛力。在英語(yǔ)系國(guó)家中，廁所被稱作“restroom”，即“休息處”，雖然起源于委婉的表達(dá)，但也希望如廁是件愜意的事情。因此，我們希望把臺(tái)地上的“休息處”設(shè)計(jì)成一個(gè)景觀化的“休息驛站”（圖5）。

2 設(shè)計(jì)

2.1 基于場(chǎng)地的設(shè)計(jì)框架

1 峰巒綿延的昆崳山國(guó)家森林公園Overlapping peaks, Kunyu Mountain National Park

3 模塊間靈活的組合以獲得適應(yīng)性的調(diào)整Combination of modules for adaptation to topography

2提議構(gòu)建的模塊體系Proposed modular system

4高山植物園一隅的土臺(tái)地Terrace at the corner of the alpine arboretum

通過(guò)單體模塊的組合，一個(gè)順應(yīng)地形變化的庭院生成了。袖珍的中庭被一條時(shí)上時(shí)下的圍廊環(huán)繞，為普通的如廁體驗(yàn)賦予了詩(shī)意的感受。在視野最佳處設(shè)置的景觀平臺(tái)，為等候的家庭成員提供休息與觀景場(chǎng)所（圖6）。起伏的庭院分為2部分：休憩空間與功能空間，通過(guò)一條環(huán)狀連廊串聯(lián)而成。休憩空間由幾組連續(xù)的模塊單體轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)渡而成，形成亭子與露臺(tái)，作等候與賞景之用。廁所空間按功能分為男廁、女廁、家庭用廁3類，環(huán)繞于庭院（圖7～13）。

2.2 設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)節(jié)

沿對(duì)角線起坡的單體，經(jīng)過(guò)適應(yīng)性地組合后，呈現(xiàn)出具有幾何美感的屋脊線，促成了與昆崳山嶙峋的山脊線的對(duì)話。廁所的表皮采用小枝與磨砂玻璃并置，在保證隱私的同時(shí)又能產(chǎn)生優(yōu)雅的光影效果。為考慮方便性，廁所內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)有放置小件物品的木臺(tái)和兼具桌子功能的矮凳。從材料到構(gòu)造方法上，我們都希望廁所的搭建為環(huán)境帶來(lái)最小的干預(yù)，并能將單體模塊的組合辦法推廣應(yīng)用至整個(gè)保護(hù)區(qū)（圖14～16）。中庭邊緣設(shè)有兩處洗手處，每處有兩塊折疊的耐候鋼板，一高一低分別給成人與兒童使用，用過(guò)的水從鋼板縫隙中流入礫石過(guò)濾池，水過(guò)多時(shí)會(huì)從無(wú)邊界的鋼板頂部溢流而出并回滲地下。

3 啟發(fā)

昆崳山國(guó)家森林公園的山之廁所，來(lái)自一套因場(chǎng)地而生成的設(shè)計(jì)方法，將選址、與業(yè)主溝通、設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程乃至建造高效地協(xié)同起來(lái)，這對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)是一次成功而有意義的設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐（圖17～21），同時(shí)這一實(shí)踐為我們帶來(lái)了一些啟發(fā)：1）業(yè)主開(kāi)放、包容的態(tài)度為設(shè)計(jì)師的思考與設(shè)計(jì)提供了互動(dòng)的空間。以這一項(xiàng)目為例，業(yè)主始于不確定場(chǎng)地的委托以及對(duì)模塊提議的接受是設(shè)計(jì)推進(jìn)的關(guān)鍵。2）從本項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)框架引申出來(lái)的設(shè)計(jì)方法，是一個(gè)開(kāi)放的設(shè)計(jì)與建造系統(tǒng)，尤其適用于山地上的建設(shè)。3）雖然設(shè)計(jì)框架是開(kāi)放而順應(yīng)地形的，模塊的獨(dú)特性可以為場(chǎng)所帶來(lái)獨(dú)特的場(chǎng)所身份。

（編輯/宋恬恬）

項(xiàng)目位置：煙臺(tái)，中國(guó)

業(yè)主：昆崳山國(guó)家級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū)管理委員會(huì)，于叢剛

完成時(shí)間：2018年1月

建筑師與景觀設(shè)計(jì)師：Lab D+H

主持設(shè)計(jì)師：鐘惠城

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)：鐘惠城、崔榮埈、梁宗杰、黃金、藍(lán)皓、宋妃敏

場(chǎng)地面積：250m2

獲獎(jiǎng)：WAN小空間類最終入圍獎(jiǎng)、International Green Apple環(huán)境獎(jiǎng)金獎(jiǎng)、Core77人居環(huán)境獎(jiǎng)

攝影：唐曦、于叢剛

文字：鐘惠城

5 設(shè)計(jì)框架構(gòu)建過(guò)程Process of design framework

6 平面圖Plan

7 不同朝向的屋頂坡面Pitched roofs with different angles

9 連續(xù)的景觀亭形成休憩空間Continuous transition of space

8 單體模塊間格柵的使用Use of louver

10 不同朝向的等候坐凳Waiting bench with different orientation

1 Formation of the design framework

1.1 Initial idea

China’s Kunyu Mountain National Park is promoting a series of facility upgrades within its 50km2national natural preserve, and the management committee invited Lab D+H to design a pilot public toilet which would serve as the new model of public facility in the Kunyu Mountain National Park. At the very beginning, client had not decided where the toilet would be located.Therefore, instead of proposing a restroom design,we put forward a modular system which can be adapted based on different topographic conditions.

1.2 Site selection

This site-specific strategy was greatly appreciated by the client and together, we chose a site: a terrace within the current alpine botanical garden at the edge of the forest.

In English-speaking society, a toilet is often referred to as a “restroom”, insinuating that it is a place for rest. Therefore, instead of designing the toilet building, we decided to create a graceful and restful place in dialogue with nature, specifically within this environmental sensitive place.

11休憩空間與功能空間Rest space and function space

12 2018年大雪瞬間Snow in 2018

13 冬天的山之廁所Restroom in winter

2 Design

2.1 Design framework that addresses topography

Through adaptation and organization of the modules, a courtyard was created based on existing terrace contour. The courtyard garden was wrapped by a canopied corridor running both up and down. The setting of the viewing deck provided a waiting place and the best viewing spot towards the mountain.

The canopied corridor threaded the courtyard’s two parts: the rest area and restroom area. The rest area was formed by continuous transition of modular pavilions, for waiting and view-seeing. The restroom area was divided into men’s room, lady’s room and family’s room.

2.2 Design details

After assembling the module, the diagonally pitched roof units formed a geometric silhouette,generating a dialogue with the rolling mountain ridge. The restroom skin was juxtaposed with twig and sanded glass, protecting privacy while creating interesting light & shadow effect. There were two hand-washing points at the edge of courtyardwhere water was charged directly to the ground after being filtered from the gravel basin.

14 單體模塊結(jié)構(gòu)軸側(cè)圖Modular axon

17 冬天的山之廁所，2018Restroom in winter, 2018

16 粗糙的小枝與細(xì)膩的格柵Juxtaposition of rough twig and smooth louver

18春天的山之廁所，2018Restroom in spring, 2018

20 初秋的山之廁所，2018Restroom in early fall, 2018

19 面朝大山，春暖花開(kāi)Restroom in blossomed spring

21 驢友發(fā)現(xiàn)廁所“驚喜”后的自拍Hikers’ selfie after finding restroom’s surprise

3 Inspiration

From site selection, design strategy and materiality all the way to construction method,an innovative low impact design approach was adopted. This modular system was proved to be easily applied to the facility upgrade endeavors throughout the national park. We are currently working on two more restrooms with client in two other locations based on this modular approach with different topographic conditions.

As landscape architect, sometimes we are committed with architecture design within landscape projects, our proposal always try to merge architecture with landscape. Views, planting,experience and topography related to the site are always our starting point of design. The Restroom in the Mountains is a meaningful practice, where a systematic design method is generated based on the site condition. This method coordinates site selection, communication with client, design process as well as construction seamlessly.

Project Location: Yantai, China

Client: Kunyu Mountain National Park Management Committee

Year of Completion: January 2018

Architects and Landscape Architect: Lab D+H

Project Designer: Huicheng Zhong

Design Team: Huicheng Zhong, YoungJoon Choi, Zongjie Liang, Jin Huang, Hao Lan, Feimin Song

Site Area: 250m2

Awards: WAN Small Space Finalist, Gold Award,International Green Apple Environment Award,Core77 Built Environment Award

Photographs: Xi Tang, Conggang Yu

Text: Huicheng Zhong