宋大利,侯勝鵬,王秀斌,梁國慶,周 衛(wèi)
(中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)資源與農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)劃研究所/農(nóng)業(yè)部植物營養(yǎng)與肥料重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100081)
農(nóng)作物秸稈是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中主要的產(chǎn)物之一,也是主要的農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物,其含有豐富的氮、磷、鉀大量元素以及中微量元素,同時(shí)含有纖維素、半纖維素、木質(zhì)素、蛋白質(zhì)和糖類等有機(jī)能源[1]。在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中,秸稈是一種重要的生物質(zhì)資源,秸稈還田作為一種保護(hù)性耕作措施,能培肥土壤[2]、降低土壤容重[3]、改善土壤結(jié)構(gòu)[3-4]、增加土壤養(yǎng)分速效量[5]、促進(jìn)作物增產(chǎn)[6],還可通過增加土壤有機(jī)碳的直接輸入實(shí)現(xiàn)固碳,維持土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)平衡[7],促進(jìn)土壤養(yǎng)分循環(huán),同時(shí)秸稈還田與化肥配施可以減少10%~20%氮、磷、鉀化肥用量[8]。王振忠等[9]研究表明,與單施化肥處理相比,秸稈與化肥配施土壤生產(chǎn)力提高了19.5%,當(dāng)季氮肥利用率提高了13.2%,稻、麥分別增產(chǎn)6.2%和3.7%。秸稈配施氮磷鉀肥同時(shí)可減少土壤養(yǎng)分流失,徐泰平等[10]研究了冬小麥-夏玉米輪作區(qū)秸稈還田對紫色土坡耕地養(yǎng)分流失的影響,結(jié)果表明,與單施化肥相比,氮磷鉀肥與秸稈配施能減少泥沙量和地表徑流量,增加滲漏徑流量,并顯著減少氮、磷的流失,減幅達(dá)到60%~76%。研究認(rèn)為,秸稈還田的持續(xù)時(shí)間越長,越能體現(xiàn)其對土壤理化性狀的改善作用[11]。
中國具有豐富的生物質(zhì)資源,農(nóng)業(yè)每年產(chǎn)生各類農(nóng)作物秸稈約為7億t,其中水稻、小麥和玉米等大宗農(nóng)作物秸稈在5億t左右[12]。由于缺乏切實(shí)可行的處理與利用技術(shù),每年焚燒掉的秸稈超過2億t,其損失的氮、磷、鉀相當(dāng)于全國化肥總產(chǎn)量的 60%左右[13]。這不僅造成秸稈資源的巨大浪費(fèi),還導(dǎo)致了嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境污染[14-15]。而秸稈資源數(shù)量的估算是秸稈資源能夠綜合利用的基礎(chǔ)。已有學(xué)者采用不同的方法對其進(jìn)行研究,方放等[16]研究得出2012年京津冀地區(qū)農(nóng)作物秸稈資源總產(chǎn)量為5406.9 萬t,秸稈中氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分資源總量分別達(dá)到3.7萬t、7.4萬t、1.0萬t。包建財(cái)?shù)萚17]估算了2009年西部七省區(qū) (甘肅、新疆、內(nèi)蒙古、青海、寧夏、陜西和西藏) 農(nóng)作物秸稈資源理論數(shù)量達(dá)到0.882億t,秸稈養(yǎng)分資源量為237萬t,其中氮、磷和鉀三種養(yǎng)分的總量分別為86.3萬t、26.5萬t和124萬t。戴志剛等[18]估算了2009年全國主要農(nóng)作物秸稈產(chǎn)量約6.64億t,折合純N 600.80萬t、P2O592.56萬t、K2O 940.86萬t??梢?,我國不但秸稈資源豐富,而且氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分資源數(shù)量巨大。
雖然我國對秸稈資源相關(guān)研究較多,但多數(shù)學(xué)者是對秸稈利用狀況的研究[19-23],并且大多集中在區(qū)域尺度[16,22-24],或者單一的某種、某類作物[20,22,25-27]。在國家尺度上對秸稈資源的分析鮮有報(bào)道,而且秸稈養(yǎng)分資源數(shù)量對化肥減施的影響未見研究。因此,本文利用2016年國家統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)和對已發(fā)表資料的統(tǒng)計(jì),探討和分析了中國秸稈資源數(shù)量及其養(yǎng)分資源量,以期為中國秸稈資源的高效利用提供理論依據(jù)。
本文主要研究對象為中國大陸31個(gè)省、市、自治區(qū),不包括香港、澳門、臺灣和南海群島。將中國分為六大農(nóng)區(qū)[28]:東北地區(qū),包括黑龍江、吉林和遼寧 3?。蝗A北地區(qū),包括北京、天津、河北、河南、山東、山西6省 (市);長江中下游地區(qū),包括上海、江蘇、浙江、安徽、湖北、湖南、江西 7 省(市);西北地區(qū),包括內(nèi)蒙古、陜西、寧夏、甘肅、青海、新疆 6 省 (自治區(qū));西南地區(qū),包括重慶、四川、貴州、云南、西藏 5 省 (市、自治區(qū));東南地區(qū),包括福建、廣東、廣西、海南 4 省 (自治區(qū))。研究的作物有水稻、小麥、玉米、大豆、馬鈴薯、花生和油菜。
根據(jù)相關(guān)研究資料[29-31]和2015年各種作物種植面積,將中國劃分為雙季稻種植區(qū),包括海南、廣西、廣東、福建、江西、湖南和浙江7省 (自治區(qū));稻麥輪作區(qū)包括上海、安徽、湖北和江蘇4個(gè)省 (市);小麥玉米輪作區(qū)包括河南、山東、山西、河北、天津、北京、陜西、寧夏、甘肅和新疆10個(gè)省 (市、自治區(qū));水稻/玉米單作區(qū)包括重慶、四川、貴州、云南、遼寧、吉林和黑龍江7個(gè)省(市);小麥單作區(qū)包括青海和西藏2個(gè)省 (自治區(qū));玉米單作區(qū)為內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)。
中國歷史上對作物秸稈養(yǎng)分資源產(chǎn)量沒有專門的統(tǒng)計(jì),本文參考國際上比較通用的和大多數(shù)研究所采用的方法,即通過作物經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)量與秸稈資源數(shù)量的關(guān)系 (草谷比) 計(jì)算得到秸稈產(chǎn)量 (Wj),根據(jù)其養(yǎng)分含量計(jì)算養(yǎng)分資源量。計(jì)算公式如下:
式中:Wi—第i個(gè)省市自治區(qū)農(nóng)作物秸稈資源數(shù)量;Yij—第i個(gè)省市自治區(qū)的第j種農(nóng)作物的產(chǎn)量;Rj—第j種農(nóng)作物的草谷比;WN—秸稈氮素 (N) 養(yǎng)分資源量;Wj—第j種農(nóng)作物秸稈資源數(shù)量;Nj—第j種農(nóng)作物秸稈氮素養(yǎng)分含量;WP—秸稈磷素(P2O5) 養(yǎng)分資源量;Pj—第j種農(nóng)作物秸稈磷素養(yǎng)分含量;2.29—單質(zhì)磷折算為五氧化二磷 (P2O5) 的系數(shù);WK—秸稈鉀素 (K2O) 養(yǎng)分資源量;Kj—第j種農(nóng)作物秸稈鉀素養(yǎng)分含量;1.2—單質(zhì)鉀折算為氧化鉀 (K2O) 的系數(shù)。i=1, 2, 3, ……, 31,j=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6。
本文涉及的農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量和種植面積均來自于《中國統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒2016》和《中國農(nóng)村統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒2016》。農(nóng)作物秸稈數(shù)量計(jì)算中的草谷比通過國內(nèi)外大量相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)收集和整理所得,秸稈中氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分含量參照全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心數(shù)據(jù) (表1)[32]。
不同作物生長所需化學(xué)養(yǎng)分量是根據(jù)不同作物養(yǎng)分需求系數(shù)與產(chǎn)量乘積所得 (表2)。
本研究估算2015年中國主要農(nóng)作物秸稈資源量為71878.53萬t (表3),其中秸稈數(shù)量仍以水稻、小麥和玉米三大糧食作物最大,分別占到總量的29.0%(水稻)、19.9% (小麥) 和 37.5% (玉米),其他作物秸稈資源量僅占13.6%。從秸稈養(yǎng)分資源量看,三大糧食作物養(yǎng)分資源數(shù)量分別占總養(yǎng)分量的33.1% (水稻)、14.5% (小麥) 和34.2% (玉米),其他作物以油菜秸稈養(yǎng)分?jǐn)?shù)量最高,占7.6%。秸稈養(yǎng)分總量中鉀養(yǎng)分?jǐn)?shù)量最高,其次分別為氮和磷,分別占總養(yǎng)分量的 58.5% (K2O)、31.5% (N) 和 10.0% (P2O5)。作物秸稈養(yǎng)分?jǐn)?shù)量中以玉米氮和磷養(yǎng)分?jǐn)?shù)量最高,分別占單質(zhì)養(yǎng)分總量的37.4% (N) 和41.5% (P2O5);鉀養(yǎng)分?jǐn)?shù)量以水稻最高,占36.9% (K2O)。
表1 不同作物的草谷比和秸稈養(yǎng)分含量(風(fēng)干基)Table 1 The ratio of grain to straw and the nutrient contents in straws (air-dried base)
表2 作物單位經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)量所需吸收的養(yǎng)分?jǐn)?shù)量 (kg/t)Table 2 Nutrient requirement for unit economic yields of different crops
表3 2015年中國不同作物秸稈所含養(yǎng)分資源量及其在全部秸稈中的占比Table 3 Crop straw yield, contained nutrient quantities and their percentages in the whole straw yileds in China in 2015
從不同地區(qū)秸稈及其養(yǎng)分資源分布來看,2015年中國31個(gè)省市自治區(qū)的秸稈及其養(yǎng)分資源分布各地區(qū)差異較大 (表4),華北和長江中下游地區(qū)秸稈總量較多,分別占全國總量的26.4%和26.2%,其中秸稈數(shù)量前3的省份是河南、黑龍江和山東,分別占全國秸稈總量的10.7%、10.0%和7.9%。秸稈養(yǎng)分資源總量最高的為黑龍江省,其次為河南和山東,分別占全國秸稈養(yǎng)分資源總量的10.3%、9.5%和6.8%。從各省的秸稈數(shù)量看,大于3000萬t的省(市、自治區(qū)) 11個(gè),2000萬t~3000萬t的省 (市、自治區(qū)) 2個(gè),1000萬t~2000萬t的省 (市、自治區(qū)) 9個(gè),100萬t~1000萬t的省 (市、自治區(qū))7個(gè),低于100萬t的省 (市、自治區(qū)) 僅2個(gè)。
中國2015年主要農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量為6.3億t,包括水稻、小麥、玉米、大豆、馬鈴薯、花生和油菜,種植面積1.2億hm2,作物理論N、P2O5和K2O需求量分別為1500萬t、600萬t、1700萬t,需求比例為1∶0.4∶1.2(N∶P2O5∶K2O)(表5)。在生產(chǎn)中三大糧食作物仍占據(jù)主要地位,其中作物產(chǎn)量和種植面積以玉米最高,其次為水稻和小麥,而對N、P2O5和K2O需求量玉米遠(yuǎn)高于其他作物,其需求量分別占總量的 40.1% (N)、40.3% (P2O5) 和 37.8% (K2O),小麥對氮的需求量略高于水稻,水稻對P2O5和K2O的需求量高于小麥。在本研究的作物中產(chǎn)量和種植面積最低的分別為大豆和花生,馬鈴薯對N、P2O5和K2O需求量最低,其次為花生和大豆。
秸稈作為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中重要的副產(chǎn)物,含有豐富的養(yǎng)分。由表6可以看出,若將秸稈全量還田平均相當(dāng)于N 54.4 kg/hm2、P2O515.5 kg/hm2和K2O 88.1 kg/hm2施入農(nóng)田土壤中,其中三大糧食作物 (水稻、小麥和玉米) 秸稈全量還田其N、P2O5、K2O施入量分別為56.9、18.8和141.8 kg/hm2(水稻),36.6、9.7和 72.7 kg/hm2(小麥),61.5、21.6 和 94.8 kg/hm2(玉米),本研究的主要農(nóng)作物秸稈中分別以花生秸稈中氮,玉米秸稈中磷和水稻秸稈中鉀養(yǎng)分量最高。從目前研究的不同作物最佳施肥量看,N、P2O5和K2O平均施用量分別為157.3、83.2和107.3 kg/hm2,施用比例為 1∶0.5∶0.7 (N∶P2O5∶K2O)。
按目前研究的不同作物最佳施肥量計(jì)算,秸稈全量還田N、P2O5、K2O輸入量平均分別占化肥用量的 38.4% (N)、18.9% (P2O5) 和 85.5% (K2O)(表7)。三大糧食作物 (水稻、小麥和玉米) 對氮肥需求量最大,秸稈全部還田氮的輸入量分別占其化肥氮施用量的 31.6% (水稻)、22.5% (小麥) 和 28.8% (玉米);大豆和花生作為固氮作物,其每公頃秸稈中氮的數(shù)量占化肥施用量的62.6% (大豆) 和71.1% (花生)。分析秸稈中養(yǎng)分磷發(fā)現(xiàn),其養(yǎng)分還田占化肥施用量百分比不同作物之間變化較小,其百分比介于10.2%~27.7%之間。而秸稈還田鉀的輸入量較高,其中2/3油菜秸稈還田鉀的輸入與其化肥鉀的用量相近,
水稻、小麥和玉米秸稈全量還田鉀的輸入量分別占相應(yīng)化肥用量的129.0%、84.0%和91.9%。
表4 2015年中國不同地區(qū)秸稈養(yǎng)分資源分布Table 4 Distribution of straw nutrient resources in different regions of China in 2015
表5 2015年中國主要作物產(chǎn)量、種植面積及養(yǎng)分需求量Table 5 Yields, area and nutrient requirement of major crops of China in 2015
表6 不同作物秸稈養(yǎng)分量和最佳施肥量(kg/hm2)Table 6 The amounts of straw nutrients and optimum fertilizer rates
表7 不同比例的秸稈還田帶來的養(yǎng)分可替代化肥養(yǎng)分施用量的百分比 (%)Table 7 Percentage of chemical nutrients substituted by the straw nutrient from different straw returning ratio
從不同種植制度下不同地區(qū)秸稈養(yǎng)分量分布來看,同一作物秸稈同一養(yǎng)分量差異較大 (表8),水稻秸稈中氮和鉀均以長江中下游地區(qū)稻麥輪作制度下最高 (N 69.1 kg/hm2、K2O 172.0 kg/hm2),最低是東南地區(qū)雙季稻中的晚稻 (N 45.1 kg/hm2、K2O 112.3 kg/hm2);小麥秸稈中氮和鉀均以華北地區(qū)小麥玉米輪作制度下最高,西北地區(qū)小麥玉米輪作制度下最低,平均高出49.2%;玉米秸稈中氮和鉀均以東北地區(qū)水稻和玉米單作制度下最高,西南地區(qū)水稻和玉米單作制度下最低,平均高出27.6%。從研究的不同作物最佳施肥量看,氮肥施用量以玉米最高,其次為小麥;磷肥施用量以小麥最高,其次為玉米;鉀肥施用量以水稻最高,其次為玉米。
表8 不同種植制度下作物最佳施肥量及秸稈養(yǎng)分資源量 (kg/hm2)Table 8 Optimum fertilizer rates and straw nutrient under different cropping systems
秸稈還田是秸稈資源綜合利用的主要形式,同時(shí)也是減少作物施肥量的重要途徑。由表9可以看出,理論上在雙季稻種植區(qū),早稻秸稈全量還田平均可以替代晚稻29.8% (N)、27.8% (P2O5) 和85.8%(K2O) 的化學(xué)養(yǎng)分施用量,晚稻秸稈全量還田平均可以替代早稻32.8% (N)、27.1% (P2O5) 和102.7% (K2O)的化學(xué)養(yǎng)分施用量。在冬小麥夏玉米輪作區(qū),小麥秸稈全量還田平均可以替代夏玉米14.8% (N)、11.8%(P2O5) 和74.2% (K2O) 的化學(xué)養(yǎng)分施用量,夏玉米2/3秸稈還田基本完全替代冬小麥化肥鉀的施用量,全量還田可以替代35.6% (N) 和22.8% (P2O5) 冬小麥化學(xué)養(yǎng)分施用量。在水稻、玉米單作區(qū),水稻2/3秸稈還田基本完全替代下季水稻化肥鉀的施用量,全量還田可以替代38.1% (N) 和33.9% (P2O5) 下季水稻化學(xué)養(yǎng)分施用量,玉米秸稈全量還田可以替代31.4%(N) 和26.2% (P2O5) 下季玉米化學(xué)養(yǎng)分施用量,完全替代化學(xué)鉀施用量。在稻麥輪作區(qū),水稻2/3秸稈還田可完全替代小麥化肥鉀的施用量,全量還田可以替代34.0% (N) 和34.7% (P2O5) 小麥化學(xué)養(yǎng)分施用量,小麥秸稈全量還田可以替代水稻19.7% (N)、12.0% (P2O5) 和54.2% (K2O) 的化學(xué)養(yǎng)分施用量。
表9 秸稈不同還田比例替代下季作物化肥施用量百分比 (%)Table 9 Percentage of straw nutrients for returning to field substituted for chemical fertilizers in next crops
長期不同養(yǎng)分管理研究對土壤質(zhì)量提升和維持其可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)力有重要理論意義。本研究收集了部分地區(qū)已公開發(fā)表的長期定位試驗(yàn)結(jié)果 (> 10年,表10),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),不同耕作制度下長期秸稈還田均可增加土壤中有機(jī)碳、全氮、堿解氮和全鉀含量,其含量NPK+S處理較NPK平均增加19.1% (SOC)、18.1% (TN)、22.6% (AN) 和 5.6% (TK),部分地區(qū)長期定位試驗(yàn)結(jié)果NPK+S處理土壤有效磷、全磷、速效鉀和土壤pH低于NPK處理,但其平均含量NPK+S處理高于NPK處理,分別高出27.4% (AP)、6.4% (TP)、24.6% (AK) 和0.2% (pH)。因此,長期秸稈與化肥的配合施用對土壤養(yǎng)分含量提高和質(zhì)量改善均有積極作用。
中國作為農(nóng)業(yè)大國,隨著農(nóng)業(yè)綜合生產(chǎn)水平的持續(xù)提高,秸稈總產(chǎn)量總體呈不斷增長趨勢,1990年中國秸稈總產(chǎn)量不到7億t[39],到2000年農(nóng)作物秸稈總產(chǎn)量達(dá)7.5億t[167]。已有研究對中國各年份秸稈資源數(shù)量進(jìn)行了估算,但結(jié)果存在一定的偏差。畢于運(yùn)等[39]研究認(rèn)為2005年中國秸稈資源總量估算為8.41億t,謝光輝等[168]估算為8.42億t,王亞靜等[169]認(rèn)為是6.86億t,曹國良等[170]估算中國2005年主要農(nóng)作物秸稈量為6億t,朱建春等[171]通過估算認(rèn)為是6.34億t,汪海波等[172]計(jì)算所得的結(jié)果為7.45億t,張培棟等[33]的研究結(jié)果為 7.29億t;高利偉等[36]估算得出2006年全國秸稈資源總量為7.62億t,朱建春等[171]估算為6.52億t,崔明等[173]的研究結(jié)果為4.33億t,謝光輝等[174]的估算結(jié)果為6.54億t,朱建春等[171]估算結(jié)果為秸稈總量達(dá)6.98億t;王舒娟等[175]估算2012年我國秸稈理論資源總量為8.63億t;本研究估算2015年中國主要農(nóng)作物秸稈資源量為7.19億t。結(jié)果的差異主要由于不同研究者獲取統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)來源有差異,對作物秸稈的界定不一致導(dǎo)致研究對象或范圍不一致,以及秸稈系數(shù)的選取問題均
導(dǎo)致了結(jié)果的差異[172],同時(shí)受作物生長環(huán)境、播種面積、估算精度等因素的影響,中國秸稈資源量估算結(jié)果同樣存在年際差異和年內(nèi)差異[21]。雖然這些研究結(jié)果存在一定差異,但均證明了中國農(nóng)作物秸稈資源量巨大,具有很大的利用潛力。若需準(zhǔn)確系統(tǒng)地獲得可比性較強(qiáng)的估算結(jié)果,應(yīng)對不同地區(qū)秸稈系數(shù)和養(yǎng)分含量進(jìn)行測定分析,然后通過科學(xué)統(tǒng)一的估算方法得到中國秸稈資源量的最佳估算值。
表10 長期秸稈還田對土壤肥力的影響Table 10 Effects of long-term straw return on soil fertility
農(nóng)作物秸稈是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中主要的產(chǎn)物之一,也是主要的農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物,其含有豐富的氮、磷、鉀大量元素以及中微量元素[1],對其進(jìn)行肥料化、能源化和飼料化等一系列資源化利用,在促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展和維護(hù)生態(tài)平衡方面起到重要作用。高祥照等[176]估算2000年中國秸稈資源總量達(dá)5.54億t,其中含N、P2O5、K2O分別為493.9萬t、156.7萬t、982.5萬t,總養(yǎng)分為1633.2萬t;戴志剛等[18]對2009年全國農(nóng)作物秸稈總產(chǎn)量的估算值為6.46億t,其中N 600.80萬t、P2O592.56萬t、K2O 940.86萬t;本研究估算2015年中國主要農(nóng)作物秸稈的N、P2O5、K2O養(yǎng)分資源總量分別達(dá)到625.6萬t、197.9萬t、1159.5萬t。各年的氣候條件的差異,作物的生物產(chǎn)量和養(yǎng)分吸收量會(huì)存在差別,秸稈養(yǎng)分資源量也會(huì)不同,以及隨著施肥措施日益完善,作物對養(yǎng)分的奢侈吸收,生產(chǎn)技術(shù)條件的進(jìn)步,更多的秸稈資源可能被收集,秸稈養(yǎng)分資源量可能隨之增加[21]。因此,秸稈養(yǎng)分資源量的利用不但可以降低環(huán)境污染,同時(shí)能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)農(nóng)田化肥減施,提高秸稈養(yǎng)分資源利用率。
目前秸稈資源主要以工業(yè)原料、畜牧飼料、造肥還田和農(nóng)村生活能源等方式被利用 (表11)。近年來,由于國家對農(nóng)作物秸稈利用的補(bǔ)貼以及政策的引導(dǎo),秸稈綜合利用成效顯著,2015年全國可收集秸稈資源量為9.0億t,利用量為7.2億t,秸稈綜合利用率為80.1%。從利用途徑看,秸稈作為肥料利用量為3.9億t,占可收集資源量的43.2%;作為飼料利用量1.7億t,占可收集資源量的18.8%;作為基料利用量為0.4億t,占可收集資源量的4.0%;燃料量為1.0億t,占可收集資源量的11.4%;作為原料利用量為0.2億t,占可收集資源量的2.7%。雖然中國農(nóng)作物秸稈綜合利用率在提高,但秸稈養(yǎng)分資源可利用空間依然很大。秸稈還田作為秸稈資源利用方式,加大開發(fā)新型秸稈分解技術(shù),將秸稈養(yǎng)分資源充分利用是實(shí)現(xiàn)化肥施用零增長行動(dòng)和維持糧食穩(wěn)產(chǎn)增產(chǎn)的潛在重要措施之一。
表11 中國秸稈資源利用變化 (%)Table 11 Changes in utilization of straw resources in China
隨著中國化肥用量的增加,廄肥、綠肥和生活有機(jī)肥量的大幅度降低,秸稈已成為培肥土壤的重要有機(jī)肥源[177-178]。秸稈種類不同,其養(yǎng)分含量也有差別,有研究表明油料作物和豆科作物秸稈粗蛋白及粗脂肪含量高于糧食作物[179],過腹還田不適用于飼用價(jià)值不高的糧食作物秸稈[180]。中國秸稈還田的研究主要是北方小麥和玉米,南方主要是在水稻和小麥上。中國秸稈資源總量前三分別為長江中下游、華北和東北地區(qū),這也是我國三大糧食作物的主產(chǎn)區(qū),其資源量占到了27.9%、23.0%和19.0%,這些地區(qū)多為雙季稻、稻麥輪作和冬小麥/夏玉米輪作區(qū),作物種植茬口緊,秸稈還田量大,對機(jī)械要求較高,加速秸稈的腐解和養(yǎng)分釋放是迫切需要解決的問題。
農(nóng)田土壤中秸稈腐解伴隨氮磷鉀養(yǎng)分的釋放是重要的生物地球化學(xué)過程,也是秸稈還田替代化肥養(yǎng)分的基礎(chǔ)[181]。秸稈還田后總的腐解特征為前期快,后期較慢[182],秸稈的C/N比值在一定程度上影響秸稈腐解的速度,一般認(rèn)為秸稈還田后C/N比調(diào)至25~30∶1即可滿足分解過程中微生物對氮素的需要[183]。秸稈的含碳量較高,其中三大糧食作物秸稈的C/N比為50~70∶1,豆科植物和油料作物C/N比較低,一般為10~20∶1[182,184-186]。李昌明等[181]利用寒溫帶-暖溫帶-中亞熱帶的黑土、潮土、紅壤互置試驗(yàn)平臺,研究了小麥、玉米秸稈在3年腐解過程中的養(yǎng)分釋放過程和影響因素,得出秸稈中養(yǎng)分釋放速率的大小順序?yàn)镵 > P > N;秸稈中氮素和磷素在寒溫帶以及在紅壤和潮土中表現(xiàn)為先富集再釋放特征,在暖溫帶、中亞熱帶以及黑土中表現(xiàn)為直接釋放特征; 秸稈中鉀素均表現(xiàn)為直接快速釋放特征,腐解0.5年平均釋放率達(dá)89.5%。前期氣候和土壤條件主導(dǎo)了氮磷的釋放,在腐解后期 (2~3年)土壤生物因素可能起了主導(dǎo)作用。馬琳等[187]研究認(rèn)為玉米秸稈腐解速度比小麥秸稈快,添加氮素可加快秸稈腐解和養(yǎng)分的釋放。戴志剛等[188]利用盆栽試驗(yàn)研究了水稻土水稻秸稈、小麥秸稈、油菜秸稈在淹水培養(yǎng)下養(yǎng)分釋放特征,結(jié)果表明,經(jīng)過124天的培養(yǎng),水稻秸稈、小麥秸稈、油菜秸稈的累積腐解率分別為49.2%、52.2%和49.8%。秸稈中養(yǎng)分釋放速率均表現(xiàn)為 K > P > C > N,釋放量表現(xiàn)為 C > K >N > P,水稻秸稈、小麥秸稈、油菜秸稈的碳釋放率分別為7.5%、66.6%、52.5%,氮分別為42.0%、49.3%、57.8%,磷分別為68.3%、59.9%、67.3%,鉀在培養(yǎng)12天后釋放率均達(dá)到98.0%。可見,秸稈種類、土壤、氣候和植被等因素均直接或間接影響秸稈的腐解和養(yǎng)分的釋放。
秸稈還田可為作物生長提供養(yǎng)分,并提高土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量和改善土壤理化形狀,其與化肥配施可提高農(nóng)田養(yǎng)分循環(huán)利用效率及肥料利用率[189]。秸稈還田存在腐解速率慢、養(yǎng)分釋放延遲的問題[190]。丁文成等[191]利用盆栽試驗(yàn)研究了小麥-玉米-玉米輪作下潮土中15N標(biāo)記的玉米秸稈中氮的有效性,結(jié)果表明15N標(biāo)記玉米秸稈對當(dāng)季冬小麥吸收氮的貢獻(xiàn)平均為6.2%~14.2%,其當(dāng)季回收率為7.1%~10.3%;第一茬和第二茬玉米對殘留秸稈氮的回收率為3.8%~5.5%和 2.3%~3.2%,種植3季后約56%~69%的15N標(biāo)記玉米秸稈氮?dú)埩粼谕寥乐?,損失 17%~26%,施氮肥越多秸稈氮的損失越多。單鶴翔等[192]的盆栽試驗(yàn)結(jié)果指出,氮肥用量為150和300 kg/hm2時(shí)冬小麥籽粒氮素來源于成熟玉米秸稈的比例為7%~10%,玉米秸稈氮素的當(dāng)季回收率達(dá)到22.8%~33.1%。Laberge等[193]的田間微區(qū)試驗(yàn)表明,16.5年后生長2個(gè)月的大麥仍可回收到1.7%的殘留豌豆秸稈氮。秸稈養(yǎng)分損失率低,大部分以有機(jī)態(tài)殘留在土壤中,養(yǎng)分在土壤中累積[194],而化學(xué)養(yǎng)分易被植物吸收,損失率大[195]。因此,在秸稈長期還田下不僅需要考慮當(dāng)季作物對秸稈養(yǎng)分的吸收,還需考慮秸稈養(yǎng)分的后效問題,而目前有關(guān)不同作物秸稈在不同土壤中養(yǎng)分有效性及其后效的相關(guān)研究較少。
秸稈還田是現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)實(shí)踐中的一項(xiàng)重要舉措,研究表明,2/3左右秸稈還田可以有效改善土壤質(zhì)量、緩解土壤養(yǎng)分流失、提高土壤供肥水平和土壤微生物活性[196],相對無秸稈還田可以增產(chǎn)5%~30%[197-202],同時(shí)可以減少10%~20%氮、磷、鉀化肥用量,同時(shí)處理有機(jī)廢棄物 6 250~22 500 kg/hm2[8]。秸稈還田后應(yīng)該調(diào)整鉀肥的施用時(shí)期與施用量,減少苗期基肥的施用量,增加追肥的用量,使作物整個(gè)生長期內(nèi)鉀素較為充裕;但是由于秸稈中氮、磷含量較低,釋放速度相對較慢,秸稈還田腐解初期易產(chǎn)生微生物與作物競爭營養(yǎng)元素的現(xiàn)象,因此秸稈還田配施一定量的氮、磷肥是有必要的[188]。因此,在秸稈還田中需綜合考慮秸稈種類、土壤、氣候和植被等因素,了解秸稈養(yǎng)分釋放規(guī)律及其有效性,以完善秸稈還田技術(shù)。
目前中國作物秸稈數(shù)量及其養(yǎng)分資源量依然巨大,2015年中國主要農(nóng)作物秸稈資源量為71878.53萬t,其中氮 (N)、磷 (P2O5)、鉀 (K2O) 養(yǎng)分資源總量分別達(dá)到625.6萬t、197.9萬t、1159.5萬t,秸稈養(yǎng)分還田是實(shí)現(xiàn)化肥減施增效的有效措施,具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。三大糧食作物秸稈產(chǎn)量仍然是秸稈資源主要組成部分,但其碳氮比比其他作物大,不利于微生物分解,而且做飼料適口性差。因此,改善秸稈還田方式及還田量,提高秸稈養(yǎng)分資源利用率是急需解決的問題,以提高秸稈資源充分利用,實(shí)現(xiàn)化肥施用零增長和保障國家糧食安全。
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