能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施城市化初探

劉志強 朱文一

能源（Energy）是人類發(fā)展過程中永恒的主題之一，是人類賴以生存的根本。三次技術(shù)革命無不伴隨著主要能源角色的更替，其應(yīng)運而生的能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施(Energy Infrastructure)則成為城市正常運轉(zhuǎn)的發(fā)動機，為城市提供生產(chǎn)、生活的保障。能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施包括電力生產(chǎn)供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)、燃氣生產(chǎn)供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)、供熱生產(chǎn)供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)以及其他四大類，四大類型中又可以分為發(fā)電設(shè)施、變電配電設(shè)施、輸電設(shè)施、煤氣站、天然氣站、液化石油氣站、燃氣輸送管道、供熱站、供熱輸送管道、民用燃煤制品站等。

能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施城市化（Energy Infrastructure Urbanism）(圖1）是指隨著城市的發(fā)展，原來的能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的使用狀況發(fā)生改變，包括能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施形式的變化和其使用功能的轉(zhuǎn)變。大多數(shù)現(xiàn)存的能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施是工業(yè)革命后才完成建設(shè)的，與水利基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施相比，其歷史相對較短，多數(shù)都不超過200年。隨著能源獲取技術(shù)和環(huán)境意識的提升，能源使用類型和方式也在發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變。目前，有不少被淘汰的能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施亟待改造利用；此外，隨著城市的發(fā)展，部分能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施也有著搬遷的訴求，而遺留的設(shè)備廠房也有著再利用的潛力，這兩部分是能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施城市化的動力源泉。

能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的建設(shè)目標相對單一，相較于交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和水利基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施而言，其生產(chǎn)屬性十分突出，所以，籠統(tǒng)來講，我們可以簡單地將其分為生產(chǎn)與運輸兩個環(huán)節(jié)，其對應(yīng)的是各種類型的供能廠、站和輸送設(shè)施。供能廠、站中的發(fā)電站、煤氣站是能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施城市化的主要內(nèi)容，而液化石油氣站和民用燃煤制品站則隨著這些年能源結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整淡出了我們的視野。輸送設(shè)施中的輸配電設(shè)施是現(xiàn)階段城市化的核心內(nèi)容，輸配電設(shè)施包括高壓輸電塔和配電站、變電站等構(gòu)筑或建筑物。

圖1 / Figure 1 Category of infrastructural urbanism of energy infrastructure能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施城市化類別來源：作者自繪

發(fā)電廠（Power Plant）是指將自然界的各種能源轉(zhuǎn)化為電能的工廠，按其能源來源類型可以分為水力發(fā)電廠、火力發(fā)電廠、垃圾發(fā)電廠、核能發(fā)電廠、太陽能發(fā)電廠、風能發(fā)電廠、地熱發(fā)電廠、太空發(fā)電廠等。其類型的不同決定了每種發(fā)電廠的規(guī)模和設(shè)備的多樣，但通常城市發(fā)電廠的規(guī)模較大。目前，比較常見的是火力發(fā)電廠和水力發(fā)電廠，這兩者也是能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施城市化的最主要內(nèi)容，世界著名的巴特西發(fā)電廠（Battersea Power Station）（圖2a）、泰特現(xiàn)代美術(shù)館（The Tate Gallery of Modern Art）（圖2b）均是此類電廠城市化的知名案例，由于這部分已經(jīng)有學(xué)者進行過相關(guān)研究，筆者在此不再贅述。風能發(fā)電廠、太陽能發(fā)電廠等新型能源發(fā)電廠目前仍處于發(fā)展時期，可以預(yù)見的是，前者的風力發(fā)電機和后者的太陽能電池板等發(fā)電設(shè)施或許會成為這類電廠在城市化過程中的再利用重點，這是與現(xiàn)在以廠房空間再利用的水力及火力發(fā)電廠所不同的。地熱發(fā)電廠則具有較強的地域性，同時，地熱資源存在綜合利用的潛力，是目前發(fā)電廠城市化過程中的一種新嘗試。

史瓦特森格尼地熱發(fā)電廠資源公園（Svartsengi Geothermal Power Station Resource Park）是地熱發(fā)電廠城市化的典型。史瓦特森格尼地熱發(fā)電廠位于冰島的格林達維克，其創(chuàng)始人是Albert Albertsson。Albert之前是一位蒸汽動力學(xué)學(xué)者，他于1978年創(chuàng)立該電廠（以第一臺汽輪機啟動時間為準），這是世界上第一座可以同時供熱供暖和發(fā)電的地熱發(fā)電廠。事實上，冰島人從1755年便開始了 以 Eggert ólafsson 和 Bjarni Pálssson 為 先驅(qū)的對于地熱資源的勘探，1930年開始在雷克雅未克（Laugardalur）鉆探熱水，地熱被用來加熱雷克雅未克東部的學(xué)校、醫(yī)院、游泳池和60所房屋。1在1978年史瓦特森格尼地熱發(fā)電廠建立后，發(fā)電廠開始排出廢水，這些廢水被排到附近的火山巖坑里，但廢水與火山巖坑中的氧化硅發(fā)生反應(yīng)，堵住了巖石的孔洞，使得廢水無法被正常排出，進而形成了后來的藍湖（Blue Lagoon）（圖3a）。后來，Valur Margeirsson發(fā)現(xiàn)藍湖中的水因含有大量礦物質(zhì)，對于皮膚病患者具有很好的療效，很多皮膚病患者靠在這里泡澡成功治愈了牛皮癬等皮膚病，所以，越來越多的人來到這里。1987年，藍湖正式面向公眾開放，隨后這里配套建設(shè)了更衣室、康復(fù)理療中心、皮膚病診所、研發(fā)中心、酒店等設(shè)施，這里便成為了世界著名的旅游度假勝地。史瓦特森格尼地熱發(fā)電廠的裝機容量，也從1992年的50MW到2006年的145MW再到2008年的175MW。此外，史瓦特森格尼地熱發(fā)電廠資源公園還利用地熱發(fā)電廠的熱能來干燥魚產(chǎn)品。截至2013年，史瓦特森格尼地熱發(fā)電廠資源公園的旅游業(yè)、能源生產(chǎn)和漁業(yè)的總產(chǎn)值為205億冰島克朗，占同年冰島國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的1%。史瓦特森格尼地熱發(fā)電廠資源公園（圖3b）是地熱電廠城市化的成功案例，其多元化綜合利用資源的開發(fā)理念值得我們借鑒。

變電站（Converting Station）是指運輸電流的過程中，接受電流并對電壓和電流進行變換、分配的場所。變電站最初為露天式，隨著電力系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，變電站也出現(xiàn)了戶內(nèi)變電站和地下變電站，其占地面積也在逐漸縮小。目前，城市變電站較為常見的是戶內(nèi)型變電站，我國的戶內(nèi)型變電站通常由混凝土或木材建筑而成，現(xiàn)階段更多的是關(guān)注其功能性，即為放置在內(nèi)的變電設(shè)備提供遮蔽，對于變電站的形式關(guān)注較少，缺乏地域性考量。在行業(yè)標準的規(guī)定范圍內(nèi)，多數(shù)的變電站僅僅滿足了標準的底線，但作為城市中數(shù)量眾多的構(gòu)筑或建筑物，隨著城市的發(fā)展，其自身也具有城市化的需求，這也為建筑師的介入提供了可能。

位于芬蘭萬塔（Vanda）的L?nsisalmi 電站（L?nsisalmi Power Station）是建筑師介入變電站設(shè)計的優(yōu)秀案例之一。該電站位于較為明顯的公路轉(zhuǎn)角處，是一處400KV的變電站的擴建和更新。Parviainen Architects事務(wù)所認為光是電的視覺表現(xiàn)形式，所以這一變電站的主要理念便在于“光”的設(shè)計，他們對舊的主變壓器外墻進行了更新，拆除了舊的控制建筑和開放式工廠，主變壓器建筑的下部采用天然混凝土，上部采用了半透明的玻璃，玻璃類型與配電行業(yè)廣泛使用的釉絕緣子相呼應(yīng)，內(nèi)部設(shè)置有照明，在夜晚點亮時，變電站像一個燈籠，這與傳統(tǒng)的變電站灰暗、峻冷的形象截然不同（圖4a）。其他設(shè)施則位于變電站主變壓器建筑的南側(cè)，高拱形景觀門戶由直徑800mm的Cortene鋼管制成（圖4b），拱門型的設(shè)施同樣經(jīng)過精心的照明設(shè)計，在夜晚，Cortene的天然和溫暖的銹色與其他立面材料和諧共鳴。整組設(shè)施用建筑的語言表達了看不見摸不著的“電”這一主題，對于變電站城市化十分具有啟發(fā)性。

輸電鐵塔（Transmission Tower）是輸配電過程中架空電纜電線的支撐點，因架設(shè)回路數(shù)量的不同，又可以分為單回路輸電塔和雙回路輸電塔，前者指一個負荷有一個供電電源的回路，后者是指一個負荷有兩個供電電源的回路。輸電鐵塔通常為高聳的構(gòu)筑物，一般可達十幾米到幾十米不等，每隔一定間距需設(shè)置一個。所以，輸電鐵塔本身就具有一定的景觀性，高壓走廊內(nèi)的鐵塔具有很強的秩序感，若設(shè)計得當，可以成為城市中和城市間的一條景觀帶。目前，我國的輸電鐵塔基礎(chǔ)常用的結(jié)構(gòu)形式有獨立基礎(chǔ)、擴大基礎(chǔ)和樁基礎(chǔ)，所使用的材料較為單一，基本以Q235和Q345熱軋角鋼為主，與發(fā)達國家相比，強度較低，但隨著我國電力行業(yè)的發(fā)展，土地資源的日益緊缺和環(huán)保行業(yè)的要求逐漸提高，可以預(yù)見，我國的輸電鐵塔設(shè)計將逐漸與國際接軌，而這一過程我們則可以視其為輸電鐵塔的城市化。

設(shè)計型輸電塔（The Design Pylon）（圖5a）是由BYSTRUP設(shè)計的一款面向未來的輸電鐵塔。2設(shè)計型輸電塔適用于功率為400KV、330KV和132KV的輸電線路，其高度為100英尺（約合31m），所使用的材料為熱浸鍍鋅鋼軸和不銹鋼（前者用于大部分桿體，后者用于格子頭）。 設(shè)計型輸電塔的基礎(chǔ)為單樁基礎(chǔ)，安裝較為簡便。設(shè)計型輸電塔的總體策略是減少景觀中的視覺侵擾。塔架被簡化為幾個簡單的元素，塔頭構(gòu)造為焊接在一起的不銹鋼管的格子結(jié)構(gòu)，不銹鋼金銀絲頭與天空融為一體，節(jié)省材料的同時看上去簡潔輕盈。設(shè)計型輸電塔在2001年由Energinet.dk3組織的國際比賽中獲得一等獎。目前，該塔已在丹麥27公里的線路上成功安裝并通電。另一款由Zwarts & Jansma Architects事務(wù)所設(shè)計的輸電塔被稱為低磁場高壓塔（High Voltage Pylons）（圖5b）則體現(xiàn)了功能與形式相結(jié)合的思維。在形式方面，此種輸電塔的設(shè)計摒棄了傳統(tǒng)桁架式輸電塔復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)，采用現(xiàn)代設(shè)計語言和簡單的形式，由兩個細長的高57m的塔架構(gòu)成，塔架采用S355鋼，根據(jù)荷蘭天空最常見的顏色，塔架被涂成淺灰色，這使得塔架可以融入景觀。在功能方面，與現(xiàn)有的格子塔相比，低磁場高壓塔兩級的導(dǎo)體彼此相鄰懸掛，線束距離較近，此種設(shè)計降低了沿高壓連接路徑產(chǎn)生的磁場強度。目前，歐洲第一個跨境傳輸系統(tǒng)運營商TenneT已經(jīng)在沿著A12高速公路從海牙到高達的路段中采用了低磁場高壓塔，由于塔的形式和功能俱佳，其低磁場的特性有利于健康，所以獲得了周圍居民的好評。

煤氣廠（Gas Plant）是指經(jīng)營煤氣生產(chǎn)的企業(yè)，顧名思義，煤氣是指以煤為原料加工制得的可燃氣體。20世紀80、90年代時，我國幾乎每家每戶均使用煤氣罐作為烹飪和洗浴的能源來源。然而，進入21世紀后，民用燃氣大部分改用液化石油氣，居民使用煤氣的數(shù)量大大降低，煤氣逐漸淡出民用市場。在國外，這一進程更早，所以，由于煤氣的產(chǎn)能過剩，國內(nèi)外均出現(xiàn)了很多廢棄的煤氣廠。煤氣廠的特征之一是具有巨大的煤氣儲氣罐，而這些煤氣儲氣罐成為煤氣廠改造過程中的重點。

位于德國奧伯豪森的煤氣廠在20世紀90年代進行改造，它被改造為奧伯豪森展覽館（圖6a），而展覽館的核心便是原本奧伯豪森煤氣廠的儲氣罐，該儲氣罐高117.5m、直徑67.6m，相較于傳統(tǒng)展覽館而言，這樣完整的圓柱形通高大空間為藝術(shù)家們策劃展覽提供了新的可能，原本受制于展覽空間的想象力隨著儲氣罐被改造為展覽館而得到了解放，這里成為了藝術(shù)家們爭先恐后進行先鋒展覽的場所（圖6b），催生了規(guī)模、形式完全不同于以往的各式展覽。此外，117.5m高的儲氣罐是城市的制高點，在奧伯豪森展覽館頂層可以俯瞰整座城市。如今，奧伯豪森展覽館成為了德國魯爾區(qū)奧伯豪森小城的標志，這座號稱歐洲最大的煤氣罐每年吸引大約40萬游客參觀，成為奧伯豪森小城重要的旅游景點，也是魯爾區(qū)工業(yè)文化路線25個“錨點”之一及歐洲工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)路線中德國境內(nèi)的一站4。

配電箱（Distribution Box）是指為城市配電設(shè)施所設(shè)計制作的箱柜。相較于具有升壓降壓功能的變電站，負責控制、分配和保護電力的配電箱規(guī)模通常較小。綜合式的變電站有時也含有配電功能，由于其規(guī)模通常較大，所以，城市中并不常見；而配電箱則是城市中最為常見的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施之一。在進行城市美化活動中，原本并不美觀而又數(shù)量眾多的配電箱成為了不可忽視的元素。

圖2 / Figure 2 a. 巴特西發(fā)電廠 / b. 泰特現(xiàn)代美術(shù)館a: Battersea Power Station / b: The Tate Gallery of Modern Art來源：a. https://www.goodfon.com/wallpaper/liesthru-a-lens-photography-5425.html, b. http://blog.sina.cn/dpool/blog/s/blog_8a89690a0101h4t5.html

圖3 / Figure 3 a. 史瓦特森格尼地熱發(fā)電廠“藍湖” / b. 史瓦特森格尼地熱發(fā)電廠資源公園a: Blue Lagoon / b: Svartsengi Geothermal Power Station Resource Park來源：a. http://www.privatehire.is/wp-content/uploa ds/2015/09/9647874918_21cdc5218a_k.jpg,. b. http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/geothermal-powerplant-svartsengi-the-blue-lagoon-grindavik-icelandpicture-id128892367

瑞典技術(shù)配電箱（Technical Building）（圖7a）是小型配電箱城市化的作品，這個由U.D.Urban Design AB事務(wù)所設(shè)計的位于斯德哥爾摩的配電箱，采用了柯爾頓鋼板和木條板的雙層結(jié)構(gòu)，木條板形成一個長條形的板凳面向廣場，而另一側(cè)立面則可以用激光雕刻機在柯爾頓鋼板上雕刻出麋鹿等與城市主題相應(yīng)的圖形（圖7b）。此外，配電箱外還裝有電子顯示屏，可以看到城市的用電情況。一系列的設(shè)計都旨在增強配電箱的公共屬性，使得原本不受居民關(guān)注的配電設(shè)施融入城市，走進居民的生活。

圖4 / Figure 4 a. L?nsisalmi 電站 / b. L?nsisalmi 電站輸電塔a. L?nsisalmi Power Station / b. Pylon of L?nsisalmi Power Station來源：http://www.parviainenark. fi/case/ fingrid/

能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的城市化相較于交通和水利基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施而言，在規(guī)模上并不突出。但是，能源廠、站類建筑的城市化在我國已經(jīng)如火如荼地進行。而能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施在國外也已悄然開始，危機倒逼改革，在能源危機的背景下，能源行業(yè)也必然迎來新一輪的革命浪潮，電動汽車、量子能技術(shù)、太空發(fā)電……未來，能源革命必然將加速能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的城市化。

圖5 / Figure 5 a.設(shè)計型輸電塔 / b. 低磁場高壓塔a. The Design Pylon / b. High Voltage Pylons來源：a. https://www.powerpylons.com/t-pylon, b.https://www.zja.nl/en/Wintrackmasten

圖6 / Figure 6 a. 奧伯豪森煤氣廠展覽館 / b. 奧伯豪森展覽館展會a. Gasometer Oberhausen / b. Exhibition in Gasometer Oberhausen來源：a. http://ferienwohnung-oberhausen-lirich.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/gasometer-oberhausen.jpg, b. https://www.dlr.de/dlr/Portaldata/1/Resources/portal_bilder/2016/2016_1/S145_TWF0703PK5a_Copy_Gasometer_Oberhausen_xl.jpg

圖7 / Figure 7 a. 技術(shù)配電箱 / b. 柯爾頓鋼板a. Technical Building / b. Corten Steel來源：a. https://www.en.urbandesign.se/energy, b. https://www.en.urbandesign.se/energy

注釋

Notes

1 根據(jù)Svartsengi Geothermal Power Station Resource Park官方網(wǎng)站https://www.resourcepark.is/history/中的關(guān)于該發(fā)電廠的歷史資料整理。

2 BYSTRUP是丹麥一家專注于設(shè)計輸電鐵塔的電力鐵塔設(shè)計公司，公司的理念之一是“Power Pylon of the Future-delivered today”。

3 Energinet.dk為丹麥電力公司，其職能類似于我們的國家電網(wǎng)，公司負責丹麥電力和燃氣的傳輸和供應(yīng)。

4 根據(jù)文章《德國，不能拆掉的舊工廠》一文整理得來。詳細可參見：https://www.xzbu.com/1/view-5538645.htm。

SYNOPSIS

A Study on the Infrastructural Urbanism of Energy Infrastructure

LIU Zhiqiang, ZHU Wenyi

Energy is one of the eternal themes in the development of human beings and the basis for human survival. The three technological revolutions are accompanied by the upgrading of major energy. The energy infrastructure, which came into being, has become the engine of normal operation of the city,providing production and living guarantee for the city. Energy infrastructure includes power production supply system, gas production supply system, heating production supply system and others. The four types can be divided into power generation facilities, substation distribution facilities, transmission facilities,gas stations, natural gas stations, LPG stations, gas transmission pipelines, heating stations, heating pipelines, civil coal products stations, etc.

Energy infrastructure urbanism refers to with the development of cities, there are changes in the use of the energy infrastructure, including changes in the form of energy infrastructure and changes in its use. Most of the energy infrastructure was built after the Industrial Revolution, and its history is relatively short compared to water infrastructure, most of which are less than 200 years old. With the improvement of energy acquisition technology and environmental awareness, the types and methods of energy use are also changing. At present, many energy infrastructures that have been eliminated need to be transformed and utilized. In addition, with the development of cities,some energy infrastructures also have the need for relocation. The legacy of the equipment factory has the potential to reuse. These two parts are the source of power for the urbanization of energy infrastructure.

The construction goal of energy infrastructure is relatively simple. Compared with transportation infrastructure and water infrastructure, its production attributes are prominent. Therefore, in general terms,we can simply divide it into two parts: production and transportation. Power plants and gas stations are the main contents of the urbanization of energy infrastructure, while the LPG stations and civil coalfired products stations have already faded out of our view with the adjustment of energy structure in these years. The transmission and distribution facilities in the transportation facilities are the core content of the current urbanization. The transmission and distribution facilities include transmission tower, converting station and other structures or buildings.

Power plant is a factory that converts energy from nature into electricity. According to their energy source types, they can be divided into hydroelectric power plants, thermal power plants, garbage power plants,nuclear power plants, solar power plants, wind power plants, geothermal power plants, and space power plants.The Svartsengi Geothermal Power Station Resource Park is typical of geothermal power plants.After the establishment of the Swarts Genni geothermal power plant in 1978, the power plant began to discharge wastewater, which was discharged into the attached volcanic rock pit, but the wastewater reacted with the silica in the volcanic rock pit, blocking the pores of the rock, making The wastewater could not be discharged normally, which formed the later Blue Lagoon(Figure 3).Later, Valur Margeirsson discovered that the water in the Blue Lake contains a lot of minerals, which is very effective for patients with skin diseases. In 1987, Blue Lagoon was officially opened to the public. Then, it built a locker room, rehabilitation physiotherapy center, dermatology clinic, research and development center, hotel and other facilities, it becomes a world-famous tourist resort.

A converting station is a place where a current is received or is converted and distributed during a process of transporting.The L?nsisalmi Converting Station in Vanda, Finland is one of the best examples of converting station design by architects. The converting station is located at a relatively obvious road corner and is a renewal of a 400 KV converting station. Parviainen Architects believes that light is a visual representation of electricity, so the main idea of this converting station is about the design of “l(fā)ight”.They updated the old main transformer exterior wall and removed the old control building. The lower part of the main transformer building is made of natural concrete, and the upper part is made of translucent glass. The interior is provided with illumination.When the night is lit, the converting station is like a lantern, which is different from the impressions of the gloomy and cold of traditional converting station(Figure 4).

The transmission tower is the support point for overhead cables and wires during transmission and distribution.The Design Pylon (Figure 5) is a future-oriented transmission tower designed by BYSTRUP.The Design Pylon is suitable for power transmission lines of 400 KV, 330 KV and 132 KV. Its height is 100 feet (about 31 meters). The tower is simplified into a few simple elements and the tower head is constructed as a lattice structure of welded stainless steel tubes. The stainless steel filigree head is integrated with the sky to save material while looking simple and light. Another transmission tower designed by Zwarts & Jansma Architects, called High Voltage Pylons, re flects the combination offunction and form.The design of such a transmission tower abandons the complicated structure of the traditional truss-type transmission tower, and adopts a modern design language. According to the most common colors of the sky, the tower is painted in light grey, which allows the tower to blend into the landscape. In terms offunction, compared with the existing lattice tower,the two-stage conductors of the low- field high-voltage tower are suspended adjacent to each other, and the harness distance is relatively close. This design reduces the strength of the magnetic field generated along the high-voltage connection path.

The gas plant in Oberhausen, Germany, was remodeled in the 1990s and was transformed into the Oberhausen exhibition hall, and the core of the exhibition hall was the original Oberhausen gas plant. The gas tank is 117.5 meters high and 67.6 meters in diameter.Compared with the traditional exhibition hall, such a complete cylindrical high space provides a new possibility for artists to plan exhibitions. (Figure 6).

The Swedish Technical Building (Figure 7) is the urbanization of a small distribution box. This distribution box in Stockholm, designed by U.D. Urban Design AB, uses a double-layer structure of Corlton steel and wood slats, which form a long bench facing the square, while the other side can be laser engraved on the Kelton steel plate. A figure corresponding to the urban theme such as the elk is engraved on it.

The urbanization of energy infrastructure is not as prominent in scale as it is in transportation and water infrastructure. However, the urbanization of power plants and station buildings is already in full swing in China and the energy infrastructure has quietly begun in foreign countries. The crisis has forced reforms. In the context of the energy crisis, the energy industry is bound to usher in new a round of revolutionary waves, electric vehicles, quantum energy technology,space power generation... In the future, the energy revolution will inevitably accelerate the urbanization of energy infrastructure.