滕軍紅·說(shuō)青島

Q1 針對(duì)青島老城區(qū)，請(qǐng)您談?wù)勎幕瘋鞒信c城市發(fā)展的關(guān)系。

青島這座城市在中國(guó)近代史中占據(jù)重要地位，大量完整的歷史街區(qū)、歷史建筑等文化遺產(chǎn)為青島贏得了廣泛的美譽(yù)度和知名度，同時(shí)這些文化遺產(chǎn)在現(xiàn)代化城市中仍然扮演著重要的角色，這些集體記憶的傳承是青島城市未來(lái)發(fā)展不可替代的資本。青島城市的高水平發(fā)展，也為這些文化遺產(chǎn)的保護(hù)利用、持續(xù)“發(fā)光”贏得社會(huì)認(rèn)同，奠定經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)。在平衡兩者關(guān)系上，我們近些年做了一些探索和努力。

例如，在宏觀層面，制訂有利于老城區(qū)保護(hù)的城市空間發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略,更新和拓展是城市發(fā)展不可遏制的力量，在近三十年快速發(fā)展的時(shí)期，我們制定出“跳出老城、發(fā)展新城”的城市空間戰(zhàn)略。在90年代初將行政中心東遷，為青島老城區(qū)有效緩解了空間不足的壓力，“從城市空間發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略角度保護(hù)老城區(qū)”方面甚至是可以寫(xiě)入教科書(shū)的經(jīng)典案例。后來(lái)“西跨”開(kāi)發(fā)黃島、到“三城”推進(jìn)西海岸新區(qū)、北岸城區(qū)的建設(shè)，都是這一理念的延續(xù)。

微觀層面，鼓勵(lì)和調(diào)動(dòng)社會(huì)各界力量，合理、永續(xù)利用各類(lèi)老建筑，將部分老建筑和工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)活化為文化博覽設(shè)施和文化創(chuàng)意空間，例如啤酒博物館、郵電博物館、中聯(lián)U谷產(chǎn)業(yè)園等，均取得了良好的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。近些年，民間資本自發(fā)改造和利用老建筑也逐步成為一股新的力量，例如匯聚于大學(xué)路周邊的咖啡一條街，人氣和口碑極高。

文化傳承反映了歷史積淀，也映射出城市對(duì)未來(lái)發(fā)展的憧憬，我們需要構(gòu)建屬于未來(lái)城市的集體記憶，增強(qiáng)市民的歸屬感，讓青島不僅在經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)發(fā)展方面得到廣泛認(rèn)可，更在文化傳承方面獲得廣泛的認(rèn)同和尊重。

Q2 青島有不少具有特色的街區(qū)，請(qǐng)談?wù)勀J(rèn)為其中最具代表性的街區(qū)，它們對(duì)于青島有何影響？

青島共有13片歷史文化街區(qū)，有以文旅、商服功能為主的，例如中山路、館陶路、觀海山、四方路（圖2）和奧帆中心歷史文化街區(qū)；有以旅游、療養(yǎng)功能為主的，例如八大關(guān)、魚(yú)山和八關(guān)山歷史文化街區(qū)；有以居住功能為主的，例如信號(hào)山、觀象山、武定路、黃臺(tái)路和無(wú)棣路歷史文化街區(qū)。這些街區(qū)在空間上是相連的，在功能上是互補(bǔ)的，特色和價(jià)值不盡相同，其中最具代表性的街區(qū)有兩個(gè)，一是八大關(guān)歷史文化街區(qū)，二是中山路歷史文化街區(qū)。

八大關(guān)歷史文化街區(qū)（圖3）占地179公頃，現(xiàn)有建筑1,050棟，其中文物保護(hù)建筑236棟，2005年被《中國(guó)國(guó)家地理》雜志評(píng)選為中國(guó)最美的五大城區(qū)之一，2009年入選首屆中國(guó)歷史文化十大名街之一。街區(qū)內(nèi)主要道路以關(guān)隘命名，不同街道設(shè)置不同的綠化樹(shù)種，形成“一關(guān)一樹(shù)，關(guān)關(guān)不同”的景觀特色。在樹(shù)種的配植上經(jīng)過(guò)精心規(guī)劃，形成八大關(guān)三季有花，四季常青，主色調(diào)隨季節(jié)不斷變化，移步異景的獨(dú)特美景。街區(qū)內(nèi)歷史建筑集合了俄、英、法、德等24個(gè)國(guó)家的多種郊野別墅風(fēng)格和大量早期現(xiàn)代派風(fēng)格建筑，有“萬(wàn)國(guó)建筑博覽會(huì)”之稱(chēng)。

中山路歷史文化街區(qū)是青島在現(xiàn)代城市規(guī)劃思想指導(dǎo)下最早進(jìn)行開(kāi)發(fā)建設(shè)的區(qū)域之一，是青島城市規(guī)劃與建設(shè)的“起點(diǎn)”，也是青島唯一一條具有百年歷史的商業(yè)街。街區(qū)建設(shè)密切結(jié)合自然本底，保存了完整的空間形態(tài)和格局。街區(qū)內(nèi)保留了天主教堂、洋行、戲院、飯店等數(shù)量眾多的歷史公共建筑，風(fēng)格多元、設(shè)計(jì)考究、建造精美。同時(shí)，匯集了仍與現(xiàn)代城市生活息息相關(guān)的老字號(hào)商鋪，是城市的精華與名片，也是市民的情感寄托。目前，中山路的發(fā)展整合了青島灣濱海旅游資源、腹地里院傳統(tǒng)文化資源，延續(xù)傳統(tǒng)商業(yè)中心地位，引入高端特色酒店、精品商業(yè)，形成了多元化的旅游休閑區(qū)。

圖1 / Figure 1 2018年8月3日，滕軍紅在青島規(guī)劃局接受采訪，韓青博士協(xié)助訪談Ms.TENG Junhong in interview with Dr. HAN Qin, August 03,2018, Qingdao Urban Planning Bureau, Qingdao,China)來(lái)源 / Source: 劉志強(qiáng) 攝 / Photo by LIU Zhiqiang

Q3 您認(rèn)為西海岸新區(qū)的建設(shè)對(duì)于青島的整體城市空間發(fā)展有何影響？

青島自1891年建置100多年來(lái)，城市空間經(jīng)歷了多次發(fā)展變遷，形成了現(xiàn)在的“三城”格局。

（1）20世紀(jì)90年代以前，青島在最初殖民時(shí)期以棧橋、中山路為核心的區(qū)域，逐步沿膠州灣東岸向北，呈組團(tuán)式拓展到四方、滄口一帶，據(jù)1957年統(tǒng)計(jì)，城市建成區(qū)面積為35.6km2。城市從最初的港口商貿(mào)功能，逐步依托膠濟(jì)線發(fā)展紡織等輕工業(yè)以及鋼鐵、化工、機(jī)車(chē)等重工業(yè)；90年代，青島市政府提出行政中心東遷，東部成為青島市新的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化中心，青島東岸城區(qū)（圖4）的城市框架逐步拉開(kāi)。

（2）進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)，青島市在“十五”規(guī)劃中做出經(jīng)濟(jì)重心西移的戰(zhàn)略決定。為響應(yīng)這一決定，青島港于2002年將外貿(mào)集裝箱航線整體西遷至前灣港。青島市以港口西遷、城市西跨為契機(jī)，形成了青島為主城、黃島為輔城、環(huán)膠州灣發(fā)展的“兩點(diǎn)一環(huán)”的空間格局，也奠定了青島西岸城區(qū)的雛形。

（3）2008年青島市政府在膠州灣底打造國(guó)家級(jí)高新技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)，2012年成立紅島經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)，依托大沽河生態(tài)中軸，打造“科技、人文、生態(tài)新城”。青島逐步實(shí)施“三城聯(lián)動(dòng)”城市空間發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，環(huán)膠州灣城市框架形成。其中東岸老城區(qū)重在做優(yōu)做美，北岸城區(qū)重在做高做新，西岸城區(qū)重在做大做強(qiáng)。

2014年6月，國(guó)務(wù)院發(fā)布《國(guó)務(wù)院關(guān)于同意設(shè)立青島西海岸新區(qū)的批復(fù)》，青島西海岸新區(qū)包括青島市黃島區(qū)全部行政區(qū)域，其中陸域面積約2,096km2、海域面積約5,000km2。該區(qū)域的總體規(guī)劃即將批復(fù)，新區(qū)以海洋經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展為主題，并服務(wù)于青島主城，建設(shè)區(qū)域性經(jīng)濟(jì)中心和國(guó)際化城市。從規(guī)模上看，西海岸新區(qū)涵蓋了青島市近20%的陸域面積和40%的海域面積，其發(fā)展建設(shè)一方面為實(shí)施國(guó)家海洋強(qiáng)國(guó)戰(zhàn)略提供了空間載體，另一方面也是青島市由“環(huán)膠州灣三城格局”向“灣區(qū)城市群”空間跨進(jìn)的必然選擇。另外，對(duì)于港口運(yùn)輸和重工業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移、優(yōu)化城市功能結(jié)構(gòu)，打造青島新的標(biāo)志性濱海區(qū)域，體現(xiàn)青島氣派等也具有重要意義。

圖2 / Figure 2四方路里院建筑群Sifang Road Liyuan Complex來(lái)源 / Source: 青島市規(guī)劃局 提供 / Provided by Qingdao Urban Planning Bureau

Q4 青島擁有多項(xiàng)宜居城市的稱(chēng)號(hào)，您認(rèn)為青島的宜居性體現(xiàn)在哪幾個(gè)方面？

1996年聯(lián)合國(guó)第二次人居大會(huì)提出了“城市應(yīng)當(dāng)是適宜居住的人類(lèi)居住地”，得到了國(guó)際社會(huì)的廣泛共識(shí)，成為21世紀(jì)新的城市觀。青島市多次出現(xiàn)在國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)布的“宜居城市”排行榜上。其中，中國(guó)城市競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力研究會(huì)發(fā)布的《中國(guó)十佳宜居城市》，青島在綜合宜居性評(píng)價(jià)中榮登榜首。綜合比較，青島的宜居性主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面。

（1）社會(huì)和諧穩(wěn)定。根據(jù)中國(guó)城市競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力研究會(huì)發(fā)布2017中國(guó)最安全城市排行榜，青島緊隨香港之后位列第二位，成為了內(nèi)地安全排名第一的城市。青島市在社會(huì)治安、事故防范、生態(tài)控制等方面均形成了相對(duì)完善的安全防控體系。

（2）氣候環(huán)境宜人。由于城市南向面海，海洋環(huán)境直接調(diào)節(jié)導(dǎo)致了溫帶海洋性季風(fēng)氣候特點(diǎn)，空氣濕潤(rùn)，雨量充沛，溫度適中，四季分明，空氣質(zhì)量極佳，是避暑和療養(yǎng)勝地。

（3）城市風(fēng)景優(yōu)美。青島是一座具有“紅瓦綠樹(shù)碧海藍(lán)天、山海相依城景共融”特質(zhì)的“景中都會(huì)”，尤其是濱海區(qū)域具有有極高的美譽(yù)度，也是中國(guó)唯一入選“世界最美海灣”的城市。

（4）歷史人文資源豐富。青島的歷史城區(qū)，其整體規(guī)模、建設(shè)水平、保護(hù)完整程度，在國(guó)內(nèi)是極少見(jiàn)的。既有像八大關(guān)這樣展示多元外來(lái)文化的“萬(wàn)國(guó)建筑博覽會(huì)”，又有里院這樣體現(xiàn)青島特色的平民生活樣本。20世紀(jì)30年代山東大學(xué)遷至青島，老舍、洪琛等眾多文化名人陸續(xù)定居，更是為這座歷史名城留下了濃厚的人文色彩。

（5）生活服務(wù)方便。近年來(lái)，青島以打造幸福宜居的現(xiàn)代化國(guó)際城市為目標(biāo)，全市統(tǒng)籌，新建了包括市民健身中心、市民健康中心、青島中學(xué)、文化藝術(shù)中心等一批市級(jí)公共服務(wù)設(shè)施，進(jìn)一步提升城市綜合服務(wù)能級(jí)；另外，以社區(qū)服務(wù)中心為基礎(chǔ)，完善基層公共服務(wù)設(shè)施，為全市各個(gè)層面提供優(yōu)質(zhì)方便、公平均等的生活服務(wù)。

（6）出行便捷。對(duì)外出行方面，可以選擇航空、高鐵、高速公路等多元化出行方式，郵輪母港的建設(shè)更是具有青島特色出行體驗(yàn)方式；市內(nèi)出行方面，青島是山東省最早進(jìn)入“地鐵時(shí)代”的城市。目前，已開(kāi)通運(yùn)營(yíng)3條線路，約108km，還有6條線路在建。按照《青島市城市軌道交通線網(wǎng)規(guī)劃》，未來(lái)線網(wǎng)達(dá)到18條、站點(diǎn)400余個(gè)，全長(zhǎng)838km，中心城區(qū)800m半徑站點(diǎn)覆蓋率將達(dá)到80%，在全國(guó)處于領(lǐng)先地位。

Q5 您認(rèn)為青島居民有哪些生活情趣？這對(duì)塑造城市空間特質(zhì)有何積極影響？

從歷史上看，近代被殖民時(shí)期，青島傳入了多元的外來(lái)文化，尤其是德國(guó)殖民者對(duì)生活品質(zhì)和環(huán)境的追求，使青島這座城市深深打上了“小資”“時(shí)尚”的生活情趣烙印，并一直流傳下來(lái)。從地理上看，青島又是一個(gè)以漁為生，因港而興的濱海城市，自古以來(lái)與海洋的互動(dòng)造就了青島人天生“熱情、豪爽”的性格特征。

青島居民既“小資時(shí)尚”又“熱情豪爽”的生活情趣體現(xiàn)了國(guó)際化與本土化的融合，是不同文化的疊加。這些文化特征由青島特有的物質(zhì)空間所承載：從八大關(guān)、魚(yú)山獨(dú)棟庭院別墅里的文化創(chuàng)意工坊和咖啡館、四方路里院改造的客棧和小吃店，到濱海一線的風(fēng)景和美輪美奐的夜景亮化，等等，都展現(xiàn)了青島城市的小資與時(shí)尚；大大小小的海水浴場(chǎng)為市民親近海洋提供場(chǎng)所，琳瑯的啤酒街、美食街熱鬧非凡，濱海大尺度的沙灘廣場(chǎng)為舉行啤酒節(jié)、音樂(lè)節(jié)等全民節(jié)慶活動(dòng)、市民歡聚暢飲提供場(chǎng)所。

歷史建筑、工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)、沙灘廣場(chǎng)、濱海新區(qū)這些青島特有的物質(zhì)空間載體因?yàn)榕c青島居民的生活息息相關(guān)而富有活力，歷史元素不再僅停留在封存、保護(hù)上，而是與現(xiàn)代需求結(jié)合，活化利用、重現(xiàn)光彩；時(shí)尚美麗的濱海地區(qū)也作為城市名片，讓市民獲得了歸屬感和自豪感。

圖3 / Figure 3八大關(guān)歷史文化街區(qū)Badaguan (Eight Great Passes) Historical and Culturual Area來(lái)源 / Source: 青島市規(guī)劃局 提供 / Provided by Qingdao Urban Planning Bureau

Q6 作為一座旅游城市，您認(rèn)為游客對(duì)青島城市空間有何影響？

青島作為一座國(guó)際性旅游城市，最主要的旅游資源體現(xiàn)在2個(gè)方面：自然山海稟賦和氣候環(huán)境優(yōu)勢(shì)；格局完整、風(fēng)貌統(tǒng)一的歷史城區(qū)，大量保存良好的近現(xiàn)代歷史優(yōu)秀建筑和工業(yè)遺存，為度假康養(yǎng)、重大賽事和活動(dòng)舉辦所提供的現(xiàn)代化、高品質(zhì)物質(zhì)空間條件。青島市旅游業(yè)持續(xù)快速發(fā)展，根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，2017年全市接待游客總?cè)藬?shù)超過(guò)8,800萬(wàn)人次，同比增長(zhǎng)9%；實(shí)現(xiàn)旅游消費(fèi)總額1,653億元，同比增長(zhǎng)15%，游客也逐漸從觀光游向休閑度假游轉(zhuǎn)變，對(duì)城市空間產(chǎn)生了很多積極影響。

第一，促使濱海公共空間（圖4）由“線”向“帶”的轉(zhuǎn)變，功能由單一的景觀觀賞、親海游樂(lè)向綜合性、體驗(yàn)性公共服務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)變。目前，青島圍繞濱海岸線、沙灘等游資源逐步聚集了大量度假酒店、商業(yè)綜合體、游樂(lè)游憩綜合體以及高端辦公等設(shè)施，改變了以往濱海區(qū)域只有一條“線”的情況，大大增加了濱海公共性區(qū)域的“厚度”和復(fù)合功能，使得濱海區(qū)域更加具有活力。

第二，促進(jìn)了老城區(qū)（圖5）的保護(hù)與更新。在剛剛召開(kāi)的上合組織青島峰會(huì)上，青島向世界展示了深厚的文化底蘊(yùn)和獨(dú)特魅力，極大提升了城市的知名度和美譽(yù)度。其中，最具魅力和底蘊(yùn)的歷史城區(qū)是游客必游必逛的地方，通過(guò)利用歷史建筑、工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)，注入符合空間使用要求的文化、商業(yè)、創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)等業(yè)態(tài)，既滿(mǎn)足了游客的深度體驗(yàn)需求，又積極保護(hù)利用了歷史資源，逐步煥發(fā)老城區(qū)活力。國(guó)棉六廠創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)園、啤酒博物館、1907光影俱樂(lè)部、中山路壹號(hào)等都是實(shí)現(xiàn)多方共贏的例子。

第三，為游客提供全天候、全方位、一站式服務(wù)的綜合文旅項(xiàng)目，加快推動(dòng)了區(qū)域的發(fā)展。例如，結(jié)合大港老港區(qū)整體轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)，建設(shè)綜合文旅項(xiàng)目，將以此契機(jī)全面帶動(dòng)老城區(qū)更新與復(fù)興；西海岸的萬(wàn)達(dá)影視主題文旅項(xiàng)目也快速拉動(dòng)了周邊區(qū)域的居住、商服功能的發(fā)展。

圖4 / Figure 4俯瞰浮山灣Overlooking Fushan Bay來(lái)源 / Source: 青島市規(guī)劃局 提供 / Provided by Qingdao Urban Planning Bureau

圖5 / Figure 5青島灣老城區(qū)鳥(niǎo)瞰圖Overlooking Fushan Bay來(lái)源 / Source: 青島市規(guī)劃局 提供 / Provided by Qingdao Urban Planning Bureau

Q7 請(qǐng)您列舉一例青島最具特色的場(chǎng)所，并說(shuō)明理由。

青島有很多代表性的特色場(chǎng)所，例如棧橋、八大關(guān)、匯泉灣海水浴場(chǎng)、五四廣場(chǎng)等，它們建于不同時(shí)代，是各自時(shí)期青島城市發(fā)展的典型代表，若綜合考慮地理環(huán)境、文化價(jià)值、國(guó)際知名度、時(shí)代意義等因素，推薦青島奧林匹克帆船中心。

青島奧帆中心所在區(qū)域前身為北海船廠，是現(xiàn)代中國(guó)最大的船舶制造企業(yè)之一。為迎接奧運(yùn)會(huì)帆船比賽，2003年，青島市政府把北海船廠搬遷到黃島；2006年奧帆中心建成；2008年，作為第29屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)和第13屆殘奧會(huì)帆船比賽的場(chǎng)地。奧帆中心是珍貴的奧運(yùn)文化遺產(chǎn)，也展現(xiàn)了青島作為世界“帆船之都”的魅力形象。2011年，青島奧林匹克帆船中心列為第九批青島市文物保護(hù)單位，是青島市唯一建于當(dāng)代的歷史文化街區(qū)（共13片），是全市人民的一筆寶貴財(cái)富。

2010年，百麗廣場(chǎng)、心海廣場(chǎng)、青島奧帆博物館、青島奧帆大劇場(chǎng)等設(shè)施場(chǎng)所先后建成。原運(yùn)動(dòng)員中心升級(jí)為超五星級(jí)酒店—青島海爾洲際酒店，原媒體中心也變身為專(zhuān)為高端客戶(hù)服務(wù)的青島國(guó)際游艇俱樂(lè)部。奧運(yùn)結(jié)束后，青島奧林匹克帆船中心完成了從單純的帆船比賽場(chǎng)地，到集賽事旅游、餐飲娛樂(lè)于一體的“復(fù)合型城市場(chǎng)所”的華麗轉(zhuǎn)身。

2018年6月9日，上海合作組織峰會(huì)在青島舉行。作為峰會(huì)主會(huì)場(chǎng)的奧帆中心又一次成為世界矚目的焦點(diǎn)。借峰會(huì)契機(jī)，進(jìn)一步提升功能，融合休閑度假、會(huì)議會(huì)展、帆船賽事、酒店娛樂(lè)、演藝節(jié)慶、宴會(huì)典禮、文創(chuàng)產(chǎn)品等相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)，打造多元化的濱海旅游新地標(biāo)。

經(jīng)歷北海船廠的過(guò)往、奧運(yùn)會(huì)的洗禮、上合峰會(huì)的升華，奧帆中心見(jiàn)證了當(dāng)代青島城市大事件，是新世紀(jì)弘揚(yáng)青島精神、彰顯城市品質(zhì)的最具有特色的場(chǎng)所。透過(guò)它，世界將認(rèn)識(shí)青島，并更加了解青島。

FULL TEXTS TRANSLATED FROM CHINESE

[U-TALK]

TENG Junhong·TALK about Qingdao City

[Interviewee]TENG Junhong

[Date]August 3, 2018

[Place]Qingdao, China

[Interviewer]LIU Zhiqiang

[Translator]LI Siyu (from Chinese to English)

TENG Junhong is currently the vice director of Qingdao Urban Planning Bureau. She is PhD majoring urban plan graduated from Tianjin University（Figure 1）.

Source: Provided by Ms.TENG Junhong

1 Regarding to the old urban district of Qingdao, can you talk about the relationship between cultural heritage and urban development?

The city of Qingdao occupies an important position in China's modern history. A large number of cultural heritages such as complete historical neighborhoods and historical buildings have won extensive reputation and popularity for Qingdao, and meanwhile they still play an important role in the modern city. The inheritance of these collective memories is irreplaceable capital for the future development of Qingdao. The high-level development of the city of Qingdao will also win social recognition and lay the economic foundation for the protection and utilization as well as the continuous “glowing”of these cultural heritages. In balancing the relationship between the two, we have made some exploration and efforts in recent years.

For example, at the macro level, urban spatial development strategies that are conducive to the protection of the old urban district have been developed. Renewal and expansion are unstoppable forces for urban development. In the period of rapid development in the past 30 years, according to the urban space strategy of “jumping out of the old urban district and developing new urban districts” we formulated,in the early 1990s, the administrative center was moved eastward, which effectively alleviated the pressure of insufficient space for the old urban district of Qingdao. The aspect of“protection of the old urban district from the strategic perspective of urban space development” is even a classic case that can be written into textbooks. Later, the “west stepping” for development of Huangdao and the “three urban districts” for promoting the construction of the west coast new district and the north coast urban district are all continuations of this concept.

At the micro level, we have encouraged and mobilized all sectors of society to make rational and sustainable use of all types of old buildings.Some old buildings and industrial heritages have been revitalized into cultural expo facilities and cultural creativity spaces, such as the Beer Museum, the Post and Telecommunications Museum, and the Zhonglian U Valley Industrial Park, which have all achieved good social and economic benefits. In recent years, the spontaneous transformation and use of old capital by private capital has gradually become a new force. For example, the street with coffee shops that gather at sides of Daxue Road has a skyhigh popularity and reputation.

Cultural heritage reflects the historical accumulation and also the city's visions for future development. We need to build a collective memory belonging to the future city, enhance the sense of belonging of the citizens, and let Qingdao not only be widely recognized in terms of economic and social development, but more importantly, also gain wide recognition and respect in terms of cultural inheritance.

2 Qingdao has many distinctive neighborhoods. Please talk about the ones among them which you think are the most representative. What is their impact on Qingdao?

There are 13 historical conservation neighborhoods in Qingdao, some are mainly based on the functions of cultural tourism and business services, such as Zhongshan Road, Guantao Road, Guanhai Mountain, Sifang Road and the Olympic Sailing Center historic conservation neighborhoods; some are mainly based on the functions of tourism and recuperation,such as the Eight Great Passes, Fish Mountain and Baguan Mountain historical conservation neighborhoods; some are mainly based on residential functions, such as the Signal Hill,Guanxiang Mountain, Wuding Road, Huangtai Road and Wudi Road historical conservation neighborhoods. These neighborhoods are spatially connected, functionally complementary,with different characteristics and values. Among them, there are two most representative neighborhoods, one is the Eight Great Passes historical conservation neighborhood, and the other is the Zhongshan Road historical conservation neighborhood.

The Eight Great Passes historical conservation neighborhood covers an area of 179 hectares,with 1,050 existing buildings which include 236 heritage conservation buildings. In 2005, it was selected as one of the five most beautiful urban districts in China by China National Geographic magazine. In 2009, it was selected as the first Top Ten Chinese Historical Conservation Famous Neighborhood. The main roads in the neighborhood are named after passes, and different greening trees species are set up in different streets to form the landscape feature of “one tree species for one pass, different views for different passes”. After careful planning of the planting of tree species, the unique beauty of the Eight Great Passes has been formed where flowers can be seen in three seasons and evergreens in four seasons, the main hues change with the seasons, and varying sceneries can be seen with changing view-points. The historical buildings in the neighborhood are a collection of buildings with various countryside villa styles of 24 countries including Russia, Britain, France and Germany and a large number of early modernist style buildings. They are known as the “Exhibition of the World's Architecture”.

Zhongshan Road historical conservation neighborhood is one of the earliest areas for the development and construction of Qingdao under the guidance of modern urban planning ideas.It is the “starting point” for Qingdao urban planning and construction, and the only commercial street in Qingdao with a history of 100 years. The neighborhood was constructed in close combination with the natural background,therefore the complete spatial form and pattern is preserved. The neighborhood retains a large number of historical public buildings such as Catholic churches, foreign shops, theaters,restaurants, etc. which feature diverse styles,sophisticated design and exquisite construction. At the same time, it brings together the time-honored shops that are still closely related to modern urban life. They are the essence and name card of the city, and also emotional sustenance for the citizens. At present, the development of Zhongshan Road integrates Qingdao Bay coastal tourism resources, traditional cultural resources of Liyuan in the hinterland, and continues the status of traditional commercial centers, introducing high-end specialty hotels and boutique businesses, forming a diversified tourism and leisure area.

圖6 / Figure 6上合峰會(huì) 主會(huì)場(chǎng)Main conference venue of the SCO Summit來(lái)源 / Source: 青島市規(guī)劃局 提供 / Provided by Qingdao Urban Planning Bureau

3 What impacts do you think the construction of the west coast new district have on the overall urban space development in Qingdao?

Since its establishment in 1891, the city space in Qingdao has experienced many developments and changes, forming the current “three urban districts” pattern:

(1) Before the 1990s, in the initial colonial period, the area in Qingdao with the Zhanqiao Landing Stage and Zhongshan Road as the core gradually moved north along the east coast of Jiaozhou Bay, and expanded into the Sifang and Cangkou areas through the cluster pattern.According to the statistics of 1957, the urban built-up area is 35.6km2. From the initial port business function, the city gradually relied on the Qingdao-Jinan line to develop textiles and other light industries, as well as heavy industries such as steel, chemicals and locomotives; in the 1990s, the Qingdao Municipal Government proposed that the administrative center be moved eastward, the eastern part then became the new political, economic, and cultural center of Qingdao, and the urban framework of Qingdao's east coast urban district has gradually expanded.

(2) In the new century, Qingdao made a strategic decision on the westward shift of its economic center in the “10th Five-Year Plan”. In response to this decision, Qingdao Port moved the entire foreign trade container route to Qianwan Port in 2002. Taking the west move of the port and the west stepping of the city as an opportunity,Qingdao city formed the spatial pattern of “two points and one ring” where Qingdao is the main urban district, Huangdao is the auxiliary urban district and the city is developed around Jiaozhou Bay, which also laid the prototype of the west coast urban district of Qingdao.

(3) In 2008, the Qingdao Municipal Government built a national high-tech development zone at the bottom of Jiaozhou Bay. In 2012, the Red Island Economic Zone was established, relying on the central axis of daxie river ecology to create “new urban districts of science and technology, hunanity and ecology”. Qingdao gradually implemented the “three-district linkage” urban space development strategy, forming an urban district framework around Jiaozhou Bay. Among them, the focus on the east coast old urban district is to make it better and beautiful, and the north coast urban district higher and newer, the west coast urban district bigger and stronger.

In June 2014, the State Council issued Reply of the State Council on the Approval of the Establishment of the West Coast New District of Qingdao. The west coast new district of Qingdao includes all administrative areas of Huangdao District of Qingdao, of which the land area is about 2,096 km2 and the sea area is about 5,000 km2. The overall planning of the region will soon be approved. The new district will focus on the development of marine economy and serve the main urban district of Qingdao to build a regional economic center and an international city. In terms of scale, the west coast new district covers nearly 20% of Qingdao's land area and 40% of its sea area. Its development and construction on the one hand provides a space carrier for the implementation of the national maritime power strategy, and on the other hand, is also the inevitable choice for Qingdao city to step from the “pattern of three districts around Jiaozhou Bay” to the space of the “bay area city group”. In addition, it is also of great significance for port transportation and heavy industry transfer, optimization of urban functional structure, construction of Qingdao's new landmark coastal area, and reflection of the style of Qingdao.

圖7 / Figure 7郵輪母港Cruise Home Port來(lái)源 / Source: 青島市規(guī)劃局 提供 / Provided by Qingdao Urban Planning Bureau

4 Qingdao has multiple titles as a liv-able city. What aspects do you think Qingdao's livability is reflected in?

In 1996, the second United Nations conference for human settlements proposed that “the city should be a livable place for human habitation”which gained broad consensus from the international community and has become a new urban view in the 21st century. Qingdao has appeared on the lists of “l(fā)ivable cities” published by relevant research institutions at home and abroad for many times. Among them, in China's Top Ten Livable Cities released by China Institute of City Competitiveness, Qingdao ranked first in the comprehensive livability evaluation.Through comprehensive comparison, Qingdao's livability is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

(1) The society is harmonious and stable.According to the list of the safest cities in China in 2017 released by China Institute of City Competitiveness, Qingdao ranked second after Hong Kong, becoming the city ranked first in safety in the mainland. Qingdao has formed a relatively complete security prevention and control system in terms of social security, accident prevention, and ecological control, etc.

(2) The climate and environment are pleasant. Since the south of the city faces sea, the direct adjustment of the marine environment has resulted in the temperate oceanic monsoon climate characteristics, and there is humid air,abundant rainfall, moderate temperature, four distinct seasons, and excellent air quality. It is a summer resort and health resort.

(3) The city has beautiful scenery. Qingdao is a“metropolis in scenery” with the characteristics of “red tile and green trees, blue sea and blue sky, mountains and seas adjacent to each other and fusion of urban districts and scenery”. In particular, the coastal area has a sky-high reputation and is the only city in China that has been selected as one of “The World's Most Beautiful Bays”.

(4) It has rich historical and human resources.The overall size, construction level, and integrity level of preservation of Qingdao's historical urban districts are extremely rare in China.There are not only the "Exhibition of the World's Architecture" which displays diverse foreign cultures like the Eight Great Passes; but also the Liyuan house as a sample of civilian life that reflects the characteristics of Qingdao. In the 1930s, Shandong University moved to Qingdao,and many cultural celebrities such as Lao She and Hong Yu settled here successively, leaving a strong humanistic color for this historic famous city.

(5) It has convenient living services. In recent years, Qingdao has made overall plans for the whole city and set up a batch of municipal-level public service facilities including the citizen fitness center, the citizen health center, the Qingdao middle school, and the cultural and art center, etc. with the target of establishing a modern international city that is livable and makes people happy, to further enhance the city's comprehensive service level; in addition, based on the community service center, the basic public service facilities can be improved to provide convenient, fair and equal quality services for all levels of the city.

(6) Travel is convenient. In terms of external trips, a variety of modes of travel such as aviation, high-speed rail and expressway can be picked. The construction of the cruise home port is also a reflection of a Qingdao-style travel experience. In terms of travel in the city, Qingdao is the first city in Shandong Province to enter the “Metro Age”. At present, three lines with a total length of 108 km have gone into operation, and six lines are under construction.According to the Qingdao Urban Rail Transit Network Planning, in future there will be 18 lines in the network, and more than 400 stations,with a total length of 838 km. The coverage of stations within the 800 m radius from the central urban district will reach 80%, taking the leading position in the country.

5 What kind of lifestyle do you think Qingdao residents have? What positive impacts do they have on shaping urban space traits?

Historically, during the colonial period in modern times, a variety offoreign cultures were introduced to Qingdao, in particular, the pursuit of life quality and environment by German colonists has deeply branded the city of Qingdao with a lifestyle of “petty bourgeoisie”and “fashion”, which have been passed down.Geographically, Qingdao is a coastal city that makes a living from fishing and is prosperous for its port. The interaction with the ocean since ancient times has created the “enthusiastic and straightforward” personality of Qingdao people.The lifestyle of Qingdao residents which features both “petty bourgeoisie and fashion” and“enthusiasm and straightforwardness” reflects the integration of internationalization and localization, and is a superposition of different cultures. These cultural features are carried by Qingdao's unique material space: from the cultural creativity workshops and cafes in the detached courtyard villas in the Eight Great Passes and Fish Mountain, the inns and snack bars remodeled from Liyuan in Sifang Road, to the scenery along the coast and the beautiful and fantastic lamps and lightning at night, etc., all show the petty bourgeoisie and fashion of Qingdao city;large and small bathing beaches provide a place for citizens to get close to the sea. The dazzling beer streets and food streets are very lively.The large-scale beach square in the coastal area provides a venue for the national festivals such as beer festivals and music festivals, and for the public to gather and drink.

Qingdao's unique material space carriers such as the historical buildings, industrial heritage,beach plazas, Binhai New Area are vital because they are closely related to the lives of Qingdao residents. Historical elements no longer only remain at the level of storage and protection, but are combined with modern needs, activated and utilized to reproduce their brilliance; the beautiful and fashionable coastal area also serves as a city name card, which gives the citizens a sense of belonging and pride.

6 As a tourist city, what impacts do you think tourists have on Qingdao's urban space?

As an international tourist city, Qingdao's main tourism resources are reflected in three aspects:natural mountain and sea endowments and climate and environmental advantages; a historical city with a complete pattern and unified appearance, a large number of well-preserved excellent historical buildings and industrial remains of modern times; modern, high-quality material space conditions for holiday and recreation, major competitions and events. Qingdao's tourism industry continues to develop rapidly,according to statistics, the total number of tourists received in the city in 2017 exceeded 88 million, realizing a year-on-year increase of 9%;the total tourism consumption reached 165.3 billion yuan, realizing a year-on-year increase of 15%. Tourists also gradually changed from going on sightseeing tours to having leisure vacations, which also had a lot of positive impacts on urban space.

First of all, it promoted the transformation of the coastal public space from “l(fā)ine” to “band” and the function from the single landscape viewing and pro-sea amusement to a comprehensive and experiential public service. At present, Qingdao has gradually gathered a large number of resort hotels, commercial complexes, amusement complexes and even high-end office facilities around tourist resources such as the coastline and beaches. This has changed the situation of the coastal area in the past which only has one“l(fā)ine” and greatly increased the “thickness” and composite function of the coastal public area,making the coastal area more dynamic.

Second, it promoted the protection and renewal of the old urban district. At the just-concluded SCO summit in Qingdao, Qingdao showed the world its profound cultural heritage and unique charm, which greatly enhances the city's popularity and reputation. Among them, the historical urban districts which are the most attractive and rich in profundity are must-visit places for tourists. By using historical buildings and industrial heritage, and infusing the culture, business, creativity industries and other formats of commerce which meet the requirements of space use, it not only meets the needs of in-depth experience of tourists, but also actively protects and utilizes the historical resources and gradually radiates the vitality of the old urban districts. Guomian Sixth Factory Creativity Industry Park, Beer Museum, 1907 Light and Shadow Club, Zhongshan Road No. 1 are all examples of achieving multi-win.

Third, it provided visitors with the comprehensive cultural tourism project that features all-weather,all-round and one-stop services which has accelerated the development of the region. For example,in combination with the overall transformation and upgrading of the old port area of Dagang, a comprehensive cultural tourism project was constructed, this will be an opportunity to comprehensively drive the renewal and revival of the old urban district; the Wanda Media theme cultural tourism project on the west coast also quickly promoted the development of residential and commercial functions of the surrounding areas.

7 Please list one of the most distinctive places in Qingdao and explain the reasons.

There are many representative special places in Qingdao, such as the Zhanqiao Landing Stage,Eight Great Passes, Huiquan Bay Bathing Beach, and May Fourth Square. They are built in different eras and are typical representatives of Qingdao's urban development in their respective periods. If we consider factors such as the geographical environment, cultural values,international popularity and significance of the times, etc. comprehensively, the Olympic Sailing Center of Qingdao is recommended.

Qingdao Olympic Sailing Center, formerly known as Beihai Shipyard, is one of the largest shipbuilding companies in modern China.In order to welcome the Olympic sailing competition, in 2003, the Qingdao Municipal Government relocated the Beihai Shipyard to Huangdao; in 2006, the Olympic Sailing Center was completed; in 2008, it was the venue for the 29th Olympic Games and the 13th Paralympic Sailing Competition. The Olympic Sailing Center is a precious Olympic cultural heritage and also shows the charming image of Qingdao as the world's “Sailboat Capital”. In 2011, Qingdao Olympic Sailing Center was listed as one of the ninth batch of cultural relics protection units in Qingdao. It is the only historical conservation neighborhood in Qingdao established in contemporary times (among a total of 13 neighborhoods) and is a valuable asset of the people of the city.

In 2010, Baili Plaza, Xinhai Plaza, Qingdao Olympic Sailing Museum, Qingdao Olympic Sailing Grand Theater and other facilities were built successively. The original athlete center was upgraded to a super five-star hotel—Inter-Continental Qingdao. The original media center also turned into Qingdao International Yacht Club which is dedicated to high-end customers.After the Olympics, Qingdao Olympic Sailing Center completed a gorgeous turn from a simple sailing venue to a “composite urban place” that combines events and tourism, dining and entertainment.

On June 9, 2018, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit was held in Qingdao. As the main venue of the summit, the Olympic Sailing Center has once again become the focus of the world. Taking advantage of the summit,its functions will be further enhanced and it will integrate the leisure and holiday, conference and exhibition, sailing events, hotel and entertainment, performance and festivals, banquets and ceremonies, cultural creativity products and other related industries to create a diversified new landmark of coastal tourism.

Having experienced the past of the Beihai Shipyard, the challenge of the Olympic Games, and the advancements achieved through the SCO Summit, the Olympic Sailing Center has witnessed the contemporary Qingdao city events,and is the most distinctive place to promote the spirit of Qingdao and highlight the city's quality in the new century. Let the world know more about Qingdao and learn more about Qingdao through it.