龍泉窯：見證中國制瓷技術(shù)的革新發(fā)展

蘇唯謙

元旦假期，在浙江博物館武林館區(qū)舉辦的跨年大展“大元·倉——太倉樊村涇遺址出土文物展”吸引了無數(shù)觀眾的眼球。因?yàn)檎褂[聚集了元代浙江龍泉窯的全球瓷器“爆款”。歷經(jīng)千年的龍泉窯是中國制瓷史上沿續(xù)歷史最長、分布范圍最廣、對(duì)世界影響最大的窯系。繁盛時(shí)，龍泉窯瓷器暢銷全球。

此前不久，浙江龍泉的大窯龍泉窯遺址與慈溪的上林湖越窯遺址，同時(shí)入選第三批國家考古遺址公園。

“哥窯”最重要的實(shí)物依據(jù)

位于龍泉市小梅鎮(zhèn)、查田鎮(zhèn)（及慶元縣竹口鎮(zhèn)）的大窯龍泉窯遺址，是龍泉窯的起源地和中心產(chǎn)區(qū)。龍泉境內(nèi)遺址保護(hù)范圍511.9公頃，有青瓷窯址126處，分布在龍泉市小梅鎮(zhèn)的金村、高際頭村、大窯村、垟岙頭村和查田鎮(zhèn)溪口村、上墩村。1988年被國務(wù)院公布為全國第三批重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位。

有考古專家表示，龍泉窯是中國陶瓷史上沿續(xù)歷史最長、窯場最多、分布最廣、產(chǎn)量最大、最具代表性的瓷窯體系。大窯龍泉窯遺址作為龍泉窯的核心產(chǎn)區(qū)，在中國陶瓷史甚至世界陶瓷史上都具有重要地位。大窯龍泉窯遺址揭示了宋代至明代我國制瓷手工業(yè)生產(chǎn)發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的生產(chǎn)方式，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)風(fēng)尚，是研究南宋至明代當(dāng)?shù)貧v史發(fā)展、物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)、生活方式和社會(huì)情況的重要史料。大窯龍泉窯遺址真實(shí)直觀地展現(xiàn)了龍泉窯系的發(fā)展演變歷程，是研究龍泉青瓷歷史和考究“哥窯”的最重要實(shí)物依據(jù)。

據(jù)了解，上世紀(jì)30年代起，龍泉窯的研究和考古保護(hù)工作就已展開。自1928年陳萬里對(duì)龍泉窯遺址進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)調(diào)研以來，在近90年的時(shí)間里，浙江省考古所、龍泉市博物館對(duì)大窯龍泉窯遺址的調(diào)查考古工作多達(dá)幾十次。特別是近十年，浙江省考古所制定考古工作計(jì)劃，聯(lián)合龍泉市博物館開展全面調(diào)查。在國家文物局支持下，先后對(duì)大窯楓洞巖窯址、溪口瓦窯垟遺址、金村古碼頭遺跡等進(jìn)行考古、發(fā)掘。在2012年11月召開的“龍泉黑胎青瓷與哥窯”研討會(huì)上，國內(nèi)外古陶瓷專家論證得出“龍泉黑胎青瓷是古籍記載中的哥窯”的論點(diǎn)，解開了我國古陶瓷史上哥窯窯址的千古謎題。目前龍泉窯的研究和考古保護(hù)已取得了豐碩成果，為保護(hù)、展示和利用大窯龍泉窯遺址提供了有利條件。

融入“海上絲綢之路”申遺

為爭取龍泉青瓷窯遺址進(jìn)入世界文化遺產(chǎn)名錄，龍泉市于2012年3月向國家文物局提交申報(bào)世界文化遺產(chǎn)文本。2012年11月國家文物局正式公布了《中國世界文化遺產(chǎn)預(yù)備名單》，青瓷窯遺址（浙江省慈溪市、龍泉市）名列該預(yù)備名單。2012年《大窯龍泉窯遺址保護(hù)總體規(guī)劃》通過了國家文物局審核，2013年經(jīng)浙江省人民政府批準(zhǔn)頒布實(shí)施。至此，大窯遺址保護(hù)工作進(jìn)入實(shí)質(zhì)性階段。在國家建設(shè)“一帶一路”的大背景下，2015年龍泉積極融入“海上絲綢之路”申遺點(diǎn)遴選工作，2016年7月龍泉窯大窯—金村遺址成功入選“海絲”申遺首批遺產(chǎn)點(diǎn)名單。2016年11月《大窯龍泉窯遺址保護(hù)整治方案》獲國家文物局批復(fù)實(shí)施。

據(jù)悉，大窯龍泉窯考古遺址公園以大窯龍泉窯遺址為依托，集遺址文化景觀、傳統(tǒng)聚落景觀、鄉(xiāng)土農(nóng)業(yè)景觀、生態(tài)野趣景觀為一體，具有遺址保護(hù)、科學(xué)研究、教育展示、文化傳承、藝術(shù)創(chuàng)意、旅游休憩等多種功能。公園總體規(guī)劃9.74平方公里，總投資4.5億元，建設(shè)內(nèi)容包括遺址保護(hù)區(qū)、游客服務(wù)中心、遺址展示博物館等，時(shí)間將持續(xù)至2030年。其中，一期項(xiàng)目建筑面積14480平方米，改造面積42935平方米;投資額24470萬元，建設(shè)周期為2017至2020年，包括大窯龍泉窯遺址保護(hù)整治、溪口瓦窯垟窯址保護(hù)展示、遺址博物館等。遺址公園項(xiàng)目先后被列入龍泉市、麗水市、浙江省重點(diǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目。大窯龍泉窯國家考古遺址公園2018年的建設(shè)項(xiàng)目，包括游客接待中心（高際頭）、游客集散中心（金村）、村落整治（大窯、金村）、楓洞巖窯址保護(hù)展示提升、金村碼頭保護(hù)展示、大窯犇窯址保護(hù)展示、古道保護(hù)展示等項(xiàng)目。

窯場與環(huán)境結(jié)合的獨(dú)特景觀

筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)，經(jīng)過當(dāng)?shù)厣舷掳肽甓嗯Γ?017年已完成了楓洞巖窯址保護(hù)展示提升、金村碼頭保護(hù)展示、大窯犇窯址保護(hù)展示、古道保護(hù)展示等文物本體保護(hù)項(xiàng)目。

位于小梅鎮(zhèn)金村1號(hào)民居旁的大窯犇窯址與慶元縣（宋以前為龍泉管轄）上垟村連成一片，有13處窯址。窯址堆積很豐富，器型有瓶、壺、碗、缽、洗等，裝飾手法以刻、劃、印花為主，紋樣豐富、器類繁多，質(zhì)地精良。五代北宋時(shí)期生產(chǎn)的淡青釉產(chǎn)品已具自身特色，是龍泉窯的重要發(fā)源地之一。

位于小梅鎮(zhèn)大窯村北部約1500米峽谷中的大窯楓洞巖窯址，對(duì)現(xiàn)有的楓洞巖保護(hù)展示區(qū)進(jìn)行了提升優(yōu)化。10年前，浙江省文物考古研究所、北京大學(xué)考古文博學(xué)院和龍泉青瓷博物館曾聯(lián)合對(duì)楓洞巖窯址進(jìn)行考古發(fā)掘，清理出窯爐、作坊、房屋等系列重要窯業(yè)遺跡。楓洞巖窯址還出土了一批制作工整、紋飾精細(xì)、釉色滋潤、器形龐大的瓷器，其精美程度為以往龍泉窯中少見，有大墩碗、大盤、梅瓶、執(zhí)壺等。特別是明代洪武、永樂兩朝官器的發(fā)現(xiàn)，是中國陶瓷考古的重大成果。這次發(fā)掘出土的洪武、永樂時(shí)期五爪龍紋侈口盤，“官”字款火照等重要標(biāo)本，表明楓洞巖窯場即為明初奉旨燒造“供用器皿”處州窯場之一。

距大窯5里之遙的金村碼頭遺址保護(hù)展示工程，旨在恢復(fù)金村古碼頭，直觀展示碼頭遺跡。金村碼頭是甌江上游龍泉溪重要船運(yùn)碼頭之一，是大窯、金村一帶龍泉窯產(chǎn)品外運(yùn)渠道的重要一環(huán)，是“海上絲綢之路”在中國內(nèi)陸的重要節(jié)點(diǎn)，具有重要?dú)v史意義。古道保護(hù)展示工程，則是對(duì)石砌古道、游步道進(jìn)行修整。寬約1米、長約4.5公里、由鵝卵石鋪設(shè)而成的古道，起于大窯村楓洞巖，途經(jīng)岙底亭、金磚鋪地、陳萬里故居、安清社殿、管家大屋、十里亭等，止于金村碼頭，穿越于群山環(huán)抱中，保存較好，沿用至今。古道在龍泉青瓷發(fā)展史上具有重要作用，通過古道將青瓷源源不斷地運(yùn)至各溪流碼頭，再從水路運(yùn)至溫州、泉州等海運(yùn)碼頭而走向世界。endprint

業(yè)界認(rèn)為，龍泉青瓷吸收了越窯、甌窯、婺州窯技術(shù)，其燒制技術(shù)承前啟后，融合了南北歷代生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)，充分發(fā)揮青瓷的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，達(dá)到青瓷技術(shù)發(fā)展高峰。大窯龍泉窯遺址見證了中國制瓷技術(shù)的革新、發(fā)展以及傳統(tǒng)龍泉窯系青瓷燒制技藝的高超水平，大窯龍泉窯遺址展現(xiàn)了龍泉青瓷窯場在窯場選址、龍窯修建、窯室空間利用、場地布局利用、水利資源利用等各方面獨(dú)具特色的規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)水平和高超建造技藝。該遺址具有窯場遺存與自然環(huán)境相互結(jié)合而成的獨(dú)特遺址景觀，既有優(yōu)美的田園自然風(fēng)光，又有滄桑的歷史感，具有獨(dú)特的審美藝術(shù)情趣。

龍泉市有關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)表示，下一步，要加強(qiáng)大窯龍泉窯考古遺址公園的管理，構(gòu)建以地面物聯(lián)網(wǎng)視頻監(jiān)視、天空衛(wèi)星定位預(yù)警為依托的全市“天地一體”文物執(zhí)法監(jiān)察預(yù)警系統(tǒng)，對(duì)省級(jí)以上不可移動(dòng)文物保護(hù)單位進(jìn)行全天候動(dòng)態(tài)化監(jiān)控。同時(shí)，立足于構(gòu)建“天藍(lán)、地綠、水凈、人美”的美麗家園，以考古遺址公園開發(fā)為重點(diǎn)，同步跟進(jìn)功能配套項(xiàng)目建設(shè)。規(guī)劃建設(shè)古窯址博物館及古窯民俗博覽區(qū)，以延續(xù)技藝傳承和生產(chǎn)組織等傳統(tǒng)方式，吸引制瓷愛好者前往體驗(yàn)互動(dòng)，擴(kuò)大遺址知名度與美譽(yù)度，打造更具品質(zhì)的青瓷文化品牌。

（本文圖片由應(yīng)慧提供）

Longquan celadon is a type of green-glazed Chinese ceramic， known in the West as celadon or greenware， produced from about 950 to 1550. With a history dating back more than 1，000 years， the kiln sites in Longquan southwestern Zhejiang constitute the oldest and most influential celadon production site in the world. In its heyday， celadon ware from Longquan sold well all over the world.

At the beginning of 2018， Zhejiang Museum launched an exhibition that shared the splendid celadon culture of Longquan in the Yuan Dynasty （1279-1368）. A national on-site meeting held recently in Shanglin Lake， Cixi City announced the ancient kiln sites at Shanglin Lake and Dayao in Longquan County to be included in the countrys third batch of archeological heritage parks officially approved.

Overall a total of some 126 kilns have been discovered across Longquan， making the Longquan celadon production area one of the largest historical ceramic producing areas in China. Located in Xiaomei Town and Chatian Town in Longquan （and Zhukou Town in the nearby Qingyuan County）， Dayao is considered the birthplace of Longquan celadon and was once a major production area. For archaeologists， it is a magnificent vignette of not only the ceramic scene but also economic and social trends of the period from the Song （960-1279） to the Yuan， providing ample details regarding the evolution of the ‘southern celadon.

“Longquan-type” is increasingly preferred as a term， in recognition of this diversity， or simply “southern celadon”， as there was also a large number of kilns in north China producing Yaozhou ware or other Northern Celadon wares. These are similar in many respects， but with significant differences to Longquan-type celadon. Moreover， their production rose and declined somewhat earlier.

Studies on Longquan celadon started in the 1930s and intensified in the past decade， thanks to the unremitting endeavor of the provincial and local governments. Sponsored by the national cultural relics protection authorities， archeologists have conducted major projects at Fengdongyan， Wayaoyang and Jincun. At a seminar held in 2012， experts solved the mystery about the connection between Longquan celadon and the Ge ware， one of the five most famous kilns in the Song times of China， marking a major step taken towards more intensive protection and promotion of Longquan celadon.endprint

Construction of Dayao Celadon Heritage Park in Longquan kicked off in 2017， and is scheduled to complete around the end of 2020. The year 2018 will see the opening of several key sections of the sprawl， including two tourist centers in Gaojitou and Jincun in Xiaomei Town.

Longquan celadons were among the finest of a range of celadon wares produced in China， and led stylistic and technical developments. The celadons produced in Longquan present a range of shades of color， centered on olive-green， but extending to less common greenish blues and browns. All these colors come from the glaze; the body beneath is sometimes left partly unglazed as part of the decoration， when it fires to a terracotta brown. Shapes were originally mostly simple， allowing the glaze color to create the main effect on a piece. The findings by a group of archeologists representing Zhejiang Province and Peking University about 10 years ago at the Fengdongyan site in Xiaomei Town include some of the finest celadon artifacts ever found in the country. The wide flared-mouth plates and ‘huozhao （a “V”-shaped tool used for measure the temperature inside the firing kiln） pieces unearthed from Fengdongyan provide ample evidence that the site was a major supplier of tribute celadon ware in the early years of the Ming Dynasty （1368-1644）.

Celadon production had a long history at Longquan and related sites， but it was not until the Northern Song （960–1127） period that large-scale production began， and the move of the capital to Hangzhou， close to Longquan， after the start of the Southern Song （1127-1279）， was probably important in the great expansion of both quality and production there. Both continued at high levels in the Yuan and the early part of the Ming periods. Longquan celadons were an important part of China's export economy for over five hundred years， and were widely imitated in other countries， especially Korea and Japan.

A few miles away from Dayao， the ancient Jincun Dock is sizzling with construction that aims to celebrate the celadon export prosperity in this area in the old days. A pebble footpath that stretches about 4.5 kilometers from Fengdongyan all the way down to the dock in Jincun was once a ‘celadon passage traversed by transport workers taking celadon ware to various docks for shipping to the world across the sea.

Longquan celadon is regarded as the crown jewel of the celadon culture of China. Dayao site， in particular， is a brilliant witness of the evolution of Chinas ceramic craft in a space of more than a thousand years. The site is also a fascinating architectural example of special design and constructive protection of cultural heritage.endprint