車維軍
【摘要】《課標(biāo)》明確指出語言是人類最重要的思維和交流工具,也是人們參與社會(huì)活動(dòng)的重要條件。本文通過分析一篇學(xué)案作為支架來培養(yǎng)口語能力的設(shè)計(jì)案例,討論了學(xué)案在口語課堂的支架作用以及如何使用。在學(xué)案的幫助下,學(xué)生能夠掌握語言知識(shí),提高語言技能,發(fā)展思維能力。
【關(guān)鍵詞】學(xué)案 支架 口語
一、引言
學(xué)案即學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的方案。它就像建筑行業(yè)中使用的支架:通過為學(xué)生搭建一套合理的輔助框架,借助具體情景,幫助學(xué)生規(guī)劃、實(shí)施及完成學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù),實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)知識(shí)意義的建構(gòu)。在完成學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)同時(shí)能力也得到有效的提高,最后撤掉支架,學(xué)生自己能夠獨(dú)立地解決問題,學(xué)生因此也變得獨(dú)立和自信。這種“支架式”教學(xué)的理論就是學(xué)案的理論基礎(chǔ)。
二、以學(xué)案為支架的理論依據(jù)
學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)語言不僅要有教師的言傳身教,同時(shí)還需要借助各種方式進(jìn)行習(xí)得。課堂的時(shí)間有限,傳統(tǒng)課堂的教師一言堂模式限制了學(xué)生的發(fā)展。自從1997年年秋,金華一中提出“學(xué)案導(dǎo)學(xué)”,學(xué)案教學(xué)法得到了充實(shí)和發(fā)展。柏嵐(2007)認(rèn)為學(xué)案教學(xué),是以學(xué)案為操作材料,以教師調(diào)控為手段,注重學(xué)法指導(dǎo),突出學(xué)生自學(xué),重在培養(yǎng)學(xué)習(xí)能力和創(chuàng)新意識(shí)的教學(xué)新模式。
三、以學(xué)案為支架的培養(yǎng)口語能力的實(shí)例
下面將以人教版《英語》Module 1 Unit 5 Nelson Mandela—a Modern Hero 口語課為例,探討學(xué)案作為支架在學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)和學(xué)習(xí)過程各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)中如何使用。
本課圍繞南非黑人領(lǐng)袖Mandela的事跡,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生探討偉人品質(zhì)。學(xué)生對(duì)偉人的話題相對(duì)比較熟悉。教師抓住偉人這一要點(diǎn),創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)了口語學(xué)案。
1. Learning aims:
1.1 Make a speech about a great man.
1.2 Make a conversation about Nelson Mandela.
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]
學(xué)案教學(xué)的目的是突出學(xué)生自學(xué),所以學(xué)生要有清晰的學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)。本學(xué)案的四個(gè)目標(biāo)選用簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)詞開頭,學(xué)生清楚地知曉學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容,就像登山有了階梯,不用盲目地選擇道路,能夠在目標(biāo)的指引下,快速地到達(dá)學(xué)習(xí)的頂峰。
2. Learning Steps.
Step 1. Choose the right word according to the situation.
(1)Jim is _______,and he always has good ideas.
A. smart B.mean C. hard-working D. honest
(2)Lucy is _________,and she never hesitates(猶豫) to give me a hand whenever Im in trouble.
A.brave B.generous C.warm-hearted D.lovely
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]
導(dǎo)入設(shè)計(jì)為單選題是為了再次回顧描述人物品格的形容詞。通過完成題目,帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生進(jìn)入英語的學(xué)習(xí)氛圍。并且直奔主題:描述人物品格。因?yàn)槭强谡Z課,所以要考慮到留夠時(shí)間讓學(xué)生練習(xí)口語。
Step 2.What do the words in Step 1 have in common?
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]
這一步作為過渡,讓學(xué)生總結(jié)第一步的目的,理清本課學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo),為下一步做好鋪墊。
Step 3. Read the description of following six people. Who do you think is the greatest?Make a short speech.
William Tyndale(1494—1536) Britain
Norman Bethune(1890 — 1939) Canada
Xi Jinping(1953— )China
He wrote the Bible in English so all could read it. He died for his ideas but his work is still used in the official Bible today. He fought against the German Nazis and Japanese invaders during World War II. He worked selflessly in China as a doctor and saved many Chinese soldiers. He became the president of China in 2013.He introduced a series of reforms in modern Chinese society.He is leading the people in achieving the dream of great rejuvenation(復(fù)興) of the Chinese nation.
Tip 1:How to give a good speech.
(1)It is a great pleasure for me to have this wonderful chance to speak here.
(2)No one can deny the fact that...is playing an important role in our history.endprint
(3)As known to all, it is a fact that...is playing an important role in our history.
(4)First of all, we should make it clear whether or not it is really so.
(5)My idea (opinion/ view / reason) may be expressed as follows.
(6)In a word, we should be grateful to...for what he contributed to the world/people/us... Only if we... can we make a difference like ...
(7)Thanks for your listening to my speech.
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]
這一步讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)短演講,以事實(shí)來說服大家他的演講主人公是偉大的。材料之后所附的Tip 1就是學(xué)案的支架,全部都是演講的經(jīng)典句型。學(xué)生將材料與句型結(jié)合,就成為了一篇演講。
Step 4. Read the life of Nelson Mandela and make a talk show on TV. He is interviewed by the host about Mandelas life.
Life of Nelson Mandela
1963 ANC began to blow up buildings
1964 sentenced to prison for life on Robben Island for being one of the ANC leaders
1982 moved to a prison in Cape Town
1991 became President of the ANC
1994 became President of South Africa
Tip 2:
The following questions can help you.
When and where was he born?
Did he do anything for others?
What are his best qualities?
You can begin your interview like this example:
Today, we had the great pleasure and honor to interview Wang Fei, famous singer in China. She showed genius when she was young and her song shows everyone that she is the best!Now, lets welcome Wang Fei!
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]
本環(huán)節(jié)是模擬電視訪談節(jié)目,通過Elias和主持人的交流客觀地讓觀眾了解Mandela的偉大之處。Tip 2的兩部分,既有訪談對(duì)話的提示,又有訪談節(jié)目的開頭。作為支架部分,有效地幫助了學(xué)生來完成任務(wù)。
Step 5 What do you think of Mandela?
Tip 3:
The following sentences can help you to show your idea.
(1)Personally,I would prefer __________ because I think ________ has more advantages.
(2)According to my personality and fondness,I would prefer ________ rather than _________.
(3)In my point of view,I like ___________ much more than ________.
(4)If asked to make a decision,I would prefer ________.
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖]
高中英語課程作為普通高中的一門主要課程,可以促進(jìn)高中生心智、情感、態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀的發(fā)展和綜合人文素養(yǎng)的提高。Tip 3的六個(gè)句型可以用來表達(dá)個(gè)人觀點(diǎn),讓學(xué)生掌握地道的英語表達(dá)方式。
四、教學(xué)反思
高中英語課程的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)施有利于學(xué)生優(yōu)化英語學(xué)習(xí)方式,使他們通過觀察、體驗(yàn)、探究等積極主動(dòng)的學(xué)習(xí)方法,充分發(fā)揮自己的學(xué)習(xí)潛能,形成有效的學(xué)習(xí)策略,提高自主學(xué)習(xí)的能力。
在本學(xué)案的Step 4當(dāng)中習(xí)近平替換曼德拉就成功地吸引了學(xué)生的興趣,有利于學(xué)生的表達(dá)。但是替換的力度不夠,圣經(jīng)的英語著者William Tyndale沒有學(xué)生選擇作為演講主題,因?yàn)閷W(xué)生對(duì)他太過陌生;而Neil Armstrong也不夠具有時(shí)代特色,換成中國(guó)的楊利偉更能激發(fā)學(xué)生的熱情。Step 5中 Mandela的簡(jiǎn)介精選幾條,刪除幾條,就會(huì)節(jié)省學(xué)生閱讀材料的時(shí)間。留夠時(shí)間讓學(xué)生準(zhǔn)備訪談節(jié)目,之后的展示也會(huì)有更多機(jī)會(huì)。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]魯子問.源于草根的學(xué)案能否長(zhǎng)大[N].中國(guó)教育報(bào),2010-4-2(7).
[2]教育部.普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實(shí)驗(yàn))[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003.
[3]李娜,劉亮.近十年來我國(guó)關(guān)于“學(xué)案教學(xué)”的研究綜述-基于相關(guān)中國(guó)優(yōu)秀碩士論文的內(nèi)容分析[J].學(xué)理論,2015-12.endprint