《開天辟地》誕生的臺前幕后

徐忠友

追尋“紅船起航”光輝歷程的歷史大片

2017年10月31日，在黨的十九大勝利閉幕一周之際，習(xí)近平總書記就帶領(lǐng)中共中央政治局常委專程趕赴上海興業(yè)路和浙江嘉興南湖的中共一大會址，沿著早期共產(chǎn)黨人的足跡，探尋中國共產(chǎn)黨的精神密碼。在南湖革命紀(jì)念館參觀后，習(xí)近平指出，上海黨的一大會址、嘉興南湖紅船是我們黨夢想起航的地方。我們黨從這里誕生，從這里出征，從這里走向全國執(zhí)政。這里是我們黨的根脈。

隨后，一批又一批參觀者來到嘉興南湖，聆聽紅船起航的光輝歷程，追尋“紅船精神”的時代價值；有很多人在瞻仰紅船時，想起了一部展示中國共產(chǎn)黨成立光輝歷史的電影——《開天辟地》。

這部影片把人們帶進刻骨銘心的回憶。1919年5月，苦難深重的中華民族受到蘇聯(lián)十月革命影響和“巴黎和會”的侮辱，在北京爆發(fā)了震驚世界的“五·四”運動。中國最早覺悟的知識分子接受了馬克思主義，決心創(chuàng)建無產(chǎn)階級的政黨，雖然經(jīng)歷了種種艱難坎坷，終于在1921年7月的上海成立了中國共產(chǎn)黨。建黨歷史大片《開天辟地》通過重大歷史事件和恢宏畫卷，讓觀眾領(lǐng)略和感悟到可歌可泣、彪炳千秋的“開天辟地”的大事變。

說起著名作家黃亞洲和教授汪天云合作創(chuàng)作的大型史詩影片《開天辟地》的誕生，內(nèi)中還有一段鮮為人知的內(nèi)幕。

緣起“紅船”

那是1989年的3月，浙江省電影創(chuàng)作年會在嘉興舉行，黃亞洲是這次創(chuàng)作年會的籌辦者和東道主。他特意為會議請來了上海某大學(xué)的文藝理論教授汪天云授課，并安排了全體代表夜游煙雨樓。

那一天煙雨樓唯一向來自全省的電影編劇們開放。在這之前黃亞洲已不知有多少次來到煙雨樓旁，唯獨這一次他沒有跟大家一齊圍島散步，而是眼神發(fā)呆，目光始終定格在泊于島岸的那條紅船上。

革命聲傳畫舫中，

誕生共黨慶工農(nóng)。

重來正值清明節(jié)，

煙雨迷濛訪舊蹤。

董必武同志當(dāng)年為南湖題寫的這首詩仿佛一直在黃亞洲耳邊回響，很快，一項重大的創(chuàng)作選題在他腦海里形成了?！拔蚁胍詣”颈磉_中國共產(chǎn)黨建黨這一重大的歷史題材，不知有‘禁區(qū)沒有？”黃亞洲當(dāng)即找到了上海電影評論學(xué)會副秘書長汪天云詢問。汪天云明確表示，從目前看，應(yīng)無禁區(qū)。黃亞洲透露出想寫“開天辟地大事變”，盡量公正評價陳獨秀，還歷史真面目，汪天云一聽，表示支持。

會議一結(jié)束，黃亞洲就直奔嘉興圖書館和嘉興南湖革命紀(jì)念館資料室，借來了當(dāng)時有的書籍資料，開始了艱苦的閱讀和記筆記。

半年后，黃亞洲直接趕到上海，談了準(zhǔn)備創(chuàng)作《開天辟地》上下集影片的方案和故事大綱，巴金先生的女婿、時任“上影”文學(xué)部文學(xué)編輯的祝鴻生聽后頓覺分量很重，立即找來文學(xué)部副主任楊時文。楊時文一聽就說：“你這兩天一定不要離開上海，我馬上向廠領(lǐng)導(dǎo)匯報，兩天之內(nèi)必定會有回音。”兩天后的回音鼓舞人心，上影廠研究答復(fù)：一是決定組稿；二是作者如要去當(dāng)時的共產(chǎn)主義小組所在城市比如北京、長沙、廣州等地作寫作采訪，差旅費全報；三是作者因創(chuàng)作而購買的全部書籍資料，可全部報銷。

帶著心中的喜悅，黃亞洲直接趕到比他年輕兩歲的汪天云教授家，懇切邀他聯(lián)袂創(chuàng)作，汪教授欣然答應(yīng)參與這項重要的創(chuàng)作。從上?；丶闻d后黃亞洲一直伏案耕耘不止：他的思緒從“五四運動”學(xué)生焚燒賣國賊曹汝霖住所到痛打章宗祥，到北大校長蔡元培挺身而出救學(xué)生；從李大釗、胡適等營救陳獨秀，到毛澤東在湖南發(fā)動“驅(qū)張運動”；從第三國際遠東書記處派員來中國考察策動，到中共“一大”代表秘密抵達上海，并隨之登上南湖“紅船”，一切都歷歷在目，他的筆端逐漸拉開了一幅中國共產(chǎn)黨應(yīng)運而生的宏偉史卷；李大釗、陳獨秀、毛澤東、董必武、何叔衡、李達、張國燾以及孫中山、蔣介石、戴季陶、陳炯明等六七十位歷史人物在他的畫卷中“復(fù)活”了；北京、上海、天津、長沙、廣州、武漢、巴黎等地發(fā)生的重大事件，在他的畫卷中煙霧彌漫……黃亞洲文思如涌，筆走龍蛇，僅兩個月的業(yè)余時間，就寫出了長達10萬字的上下集電影文學(xué)劇本初稿。經(jīng)與合作者會商修改，送交到了上海電影制片廠文學(xué)部。

特殊“考試”

正當(dāng)黃亞洲稍微松了一口氣時，上影廠的組稿方式“風(fēng)云突變”。為保證這一重大題材創(chuàng)作的作品質(zhì)量，上影廠成立了由上海市電影局局長吳貽弓掛帥的《開天辟地》創(chuàng)作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組，采取同一題材分幾路組稿的特殊辦法，向上海人民藝術(shù)劇院院長沙葉新、北京的電視劇《李大釗》編劇周振天、上海工人作者張來昀同時組稿。

對于黃亞洲和汪天云來說，這無疑是一次極其嚴格的“考試”。盡管有“不及格”的可能，但黃亞洲、汪天云都完全理解制片方的良苦用心，繼續(xù)沉下心來磨劇本，力爭最早誕生的“黃汪本”最終能脫穎而出。在這當(dāng)中，除了黃亞洲、汪天云這兩位“應(yīng)考者”全力“應(yīng)試”外，黃亞洲的妻子蔡繼英，一位精明能干的女性，也夜以繼日地幫助丈夫到處聯(lián)系查找資料，并挑起了整個家庭生活的重擔(dān)，料理剛剛從嘉興搬回杭州而又分配不到臨時住所的種種生活繁雜；而汪天云的岳父、老藝術(shù)家徐桑楚在妻子去世這最悲痛的時刻，仍然鼓勵女婿說：“你去忙吧，搞好劇本，是對你岳母最好的悼念！”

“交卷”的時間到了！時任上海市委副書記陳至立及市電影局局長吳貽弓等領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，先后組織了近十次論證會、咨詢會，聽取黨史專家、藝術(shù)家等各方面的意見，于1990年6月22日正式確定采用“黃汪本”。

同年9月，史詩式的革命歷史巨片《開天辟地》，終于投入拍攝，黃亞洲長期心儀的中共創(chuàng)始人陳獨秀的客觀形象得以生動地展現(xiàn)在銀幕上，中共建黨的曲折過程得以全面表現(xiàn)，黃亞洲終于長長地舒了一口氣，感覺自己完成了一件大事。果然，歷史巨片《開天辟地》在建黨70周年期間全國上映后，引起了強烈的反響。endprint

拍攝內(nèi)幕

由于劇中的陳獨秀是《開天辟地》的男一號主角，在拍攝前劇組的副導(dǎo)演在選演員時頗費了一番周折：剛開始有5位演員爭演陳獨秀一角，但導(dǎo)演都不滿意，最后只好把老演員邵宏來請出山，邵宏來演陳獨秀年紀(jì)有點偏大，當(dāng)時化裝師為了去掉他松弛的眼皮，足足把他的眼皮疊進去一厘米，然后用膠水粘住，讓他吃了不少苦頭。邵宏來也是老當(dāng)益壯，努力演好每一個情節(jié)，特別是模仿陳獨秀說話聲音洪亮，言語干脆，愛把手插在胸前的背心里，充分展現(xiàn)了陳獨秀的獨特風(fēng)采，給觀眾留下深刻的印象，受到觀眾的好評。

浙江籍的特型演員王英為了演好青年毛澤東一角，毅然讓化裝師把半條多眉毛拔去，雙眼皮加寬一倍。當(dāng)年時代景色也是一個讓導(dǎo)演頭痛的“大事”，演員用的大到一件服裝、一只皮箱，小到一副眼鏡，有些都要去廠里定做。最有趣的是理發(fā)，所有群眾演員上鏡頭前都得理去長發(fā)，甚至剃光頭，這樣就害苦了劇組的理發(fā)師，足足理了幾千個頭，理下的頭發(fā)可裝好幾筐，成了當(dāng)年拍攝影片中的最高理發(fā)紀(jì)錄。

上海電影制片廠當(dāng)時為拍攝《開天辟地》的投資高達600萬元，與現(xiàn)在相比數(shù)額并不大，但這在當(dāng)年絕對算得上大制作。而《開天辟地》的宣傳發(fā)行都做得很不錯，首映是在北京的人民大會堂，當(dāng)時有不少國家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人出席首映式，《人民日報》、新華社、中央電視臺、《解放日報》、《文匯報》、《新民晚報》、上海電視臺等幾十家主流媒體都派記者采訪，并獲得了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、專家和觀眾的充分肯定?！堕_天辟地》在全國各地影院上映后票房也很好，僅拷貝就賣出了600多個，這在主旋律電影中算是一個不俗的成績了。更重要的是，這部影片向建黨70周年獻上了一份厚禮。

隨后，《開天辟地》電影分別榮獲上海市“七一”征文優(yōu)秀作品獎、上海市第二屆影視文學(xué)獎、上海影評人獎、1991年度十佳影片獎、文化部全國優(yōu)秀故事片獎、中宣部“五個一工程”優(yōu)秀電影獎、第12屆全國電影“金雞獎”最佳編劇獎、特別獎。每年七月一日建黨等紀(jì)念日和歷屆黨代會開幕前后，有關(guān)電視臺都會作為向黨獻禮片給予重播。

幾年后，黃亞洲又將這一題材改成電視連續(xù)劇《日出東方》，并出版了同名小說，他還擔(dān)任了中國作家協(xié)會副主席、中國電影家協(xié)會副主席、浙江省作家協(xié)會主席等職。黃亞洲曾經(jīng)幽默地說：“我在嘉興喝了5年的南湖水，她對我的藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作和人生是最有營養(yǎng)的，所以我現(xiàn)在每年都要去南湖，看看南湖的紅船和煙雨樓，喝喝南湖的水，讓自己不忘初心，充滿活力，繼續(xù)前進。”

（本文照片由作者提供）

Behind the Scenes：

The Creation of a World

By Xu Zhongyou

On October 31， 2017， a week after the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party came to a successful close， a delegation representing the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau and led by President Xi Jinping was in Shanghai and Jiaxing to retrace the footprints of the CPC founders. “We set sail here on the ‘red boat， and the South Lake is our root，” Xi pointed out.

The CPC has its origins in the May Fourth Movement of 1919， during which radical Western ideologies like Marxism gained traction among Chinese intellectuals. Both Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu regarded the October Revolution in Russia as groundbreaking， believing it to herald a new era for oppressed countries everywhere. The founding National Congress of the CPC was held on 23–31 July 1921. With only 50 members in the beginning of 1921， the CPC organization and authorities grew tremendously. While it was originally planned to be held in the Shanghai French Concession， police officers interrupted the meeting on 30 July and the congress was moved to a tourist boat on South Lake in Jiaxing， Zhejiang province. Only 12 delegates attended the congress， with neither Li nor Chen being able to attend. The resolutions of the congress called for the establishment of a communist party and elected Chen as its leader. The founding of CPC was made into the movie in 1991 and the script was written by famous writer Huang Yazhou.endprint

March of 1989 saw the opening of the Zhejiang Movie Annual Meeting in Jiaxing. Acting as the organizer and host of the meeting， Huang Yazhou brought in Professor Wang Tianyun and arranged a night tour of the South Lake for all participants. Huang Yazhou had visited the place numerous times， but that night turned out to be a special one. His eyes fixed on the ‘red boat where a new world was created about 70 years ago， he felt excited about the idea of making a movie. “It is the time to do justice to Chen Duxiu and be faithful to the past by restoring the true colors of history，” he shared with Wang Tianyun， who showed his backing without hesitation.

Preparation work started right after the annual meeting. Huang Yazhou spent months at the Jiaxing Library and South Lake Memorial Hall reading and taking notes. Half a year later， he went to Shanghai to meet Zhu Hongsheng， son-in-law of famous writer Ba Jin and then Literary Editor of Shanghai Film Studio， for his thoughts about the story synopsis. Only two days later， Huang got the feedback from Zhu Hongsheng and Yang Shiwen， then vice director of the Literary Department of the studio.

The rest of the story was not all plain sailing. Although it took him only two months to work out the draft script， the Shanghai Film Studio launched a special committee headed by Wu Yigong to ensure the quality of the film literature. For Huang Yazhou and Wang Tianyun， this new regime was a challenge way bigger than the writing of the script. At a time when the pressure at work reached its peak， Huang Yazhou and his wife Cai Jiying had to cope with all kinds of difficulties in their daily life – the family had just moved back to Hangzhou from Jiaxing and had to manage with a makeshift new home. It was also a difficult time for Wang Tianyun， whose mother-in-law had just passed away.

Everything comes to him who waits. On June 22， 1990， Huang Yazhou and Wang Tianyun handed in the ‘examination paper. The shooting of the epic began in September. The movies debut during the 70th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party was a sensational success.

In the movie， revolutionary socialist and educator Chen Duxiu who served from 1921 to 1927 as its first General Secretary， was played by Shao Hong， who beat five younger candidates and proved his age was not getting in the way of rendering a young， sonorous Chen Duxiu to the life. Wang Ying， who played Mao Zedong in the film， had to shave off half of his eyebrows.

The six million yuan capital investment put into the movie was a record high for the Shanghai studio. For Huang Yazhou， the success of the movie was just the beginning of his ‘red boat journey. Several years later， he wrote a TV series and published a novel also based on the ‘revolutionary water of the South Lake. “I go to see the boat and the lake every year for new inspirations and energy，” says Huang Yazhou.endprint