刊首語

楊銳

本期主題為 “國家公園與自然保護地”。7篇主題文章涉及3個相互關(guān)聯(lián)的概念：國家公園、自然保護地和風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)。

“國家公園”有2個思想源頭：其一是英國詩人威廉·華茲華斯于1810年提出的 “國家財產(chǎn)”(national property)，其二是美國藝術(shù)家喬治·卡特林于1832年提出的 “國家公園”(national park)。華茲華斯 “國家財產(chǎn)”思想的歷史背景是英國自15世紀(jì)開始并愈演愈烈的 “圈地運動”，這個運動導(dǎo)致英國公共荒地的大規(guī)模流失，并使其公民，尤其是當(dāng)時急需改善公共衛(wèi)生狀況的工人階級難以進入鄉(xiāng)村風(fēng)景。因此華茲華斯提出將英格蘭的 “湖區(qū)”(Lake District)建設(shè)成為 “每個人都應(yīng)享有權(quán)益的某種國家財產(chǎn)，供人民用眼睛來感知，用心靈來感受”?？ㄌ亓?“國家公園”概念的歷史背景是美國 “西部大開發(fā)”可能對美國西部 “荒野”“印第安文明”和 “北美水牛”不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的毀滅性打擊，因此他呼吁政府設(shè)立國家公園，“其中有人也有野獸，所有的一切都在自然之美中處于原始和鮮活的狀態(tài)”。華茲華斯強調(diào)的是公民平等的 “風(fēng)景權(quán)益”，卡特林著重的是樸素的 “生物”和 “土著文化”保護。這2個思想源頭分別代表了世界國家公園運動的2個基礎(chǔ)性價值導(dǎo)向，即 “全民公益性”和 “生態(tài)保護”。本期主題文章《國家公園的公益性內(nèi)涵及中國風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)的公益性提升對策研究》討論的是前者，其他6篇主題文章研究的對象大體是后者。

1872年美國 “黃石國家公園”建立以后，“國家公園”在數(shù)十年間迅速擴展到北美洲、大洋洲、歐洲、非洲和亞洲，目前世界上100多個國家建立了國家公園制度。《英國國家公園風(fēng)景特質(zhì)評價體系及其啟示》和《法國國家公園管理和規(guī)劃評述》介紹了歐洲2個國家在國家公園建設(shè)方面的經(jīng)驗?！痘谖墨I計量分析的國家公園建設(shè)英文文獻述評》定量評述了有關(guān)國家公園的英文文獻。

目前“國家公園”已從單一概念發(fā)展成為“自然保護地”這一系列性概念?！白匀槐Ｗo地”(Protected Area)是由IUCN(國家自然保護聯(lián)盟)定義的，即 “通過立法或其他有效途徑識別、專用和管理的，有明確邊界的地理空間，以達到長期自然保育、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)和文化價值保護的目的”的土地。“國家公園”屬于IUCN 6類自然保護地中的第2類。《IUCN保護地管理分類研究與借鑒》詳細介紹了這一分類體系及其對中國的借鑒意義。《論中國自然保護地的遠景規(guī)?！诽岢隽藦V義自然保護地的概念，即所有專用或兼用于自然保護的土地，并論述了其國土占比50%的遠景目標(biāo)及其可行性。

“風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)”是一個極具中國特色的自然保護地類型，反映了中國數(shù)千年農(nóng)業(yè)文明發(fā)展過程中自然與文化水乳交融、珠聯(lián)璧合的特點。在中國 “建立以國家公園為主體的自然保護地體系”時，“風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)”的價值應(yīng)該被進一步研究、發(fā)掘、識別和保護，風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)的“全民公益性”應(yīng)得到進一步提升。在此基礎(chǔ)上，風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)這一類型不僅不應(yīng)該被弱化，反而應(yīng)該得到進一步的強化?！墩擄L(fēng)景名勝區(qū)整體價值及其識別》和《國家公園的公益性內(nèi)涵及中國風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)的公益性提升對策研究》在這一方面做了有益的探討。

The theme of this issue is "National Park and Nature Reserve". The seven thematic articles deal with three interconnected concepts: national park, nature reserve and scenic area.

The "national park" has two sources of thoughts: one is the "national property"proposed by the English poet William Wordsworth in 1810, and the other is the "national park" proposed by the American artist George Catlin in 1832. The historical background of Wordsworth's "national property" thought was the "Enclosure Movement" that begun to intensify in Britain since the 15thcentury. This movement led to the massive loss of public wasteland in the UK and made it difficult for citizens, especially the working class in urgent need of improved public health, to enter the rural landscape. Therefore, Wordsworth proposed to build England's "Lake District" into "a kind of national property that everyone could enjoy, for the people to percept with their eyes and feel with their hearts". The historical background of Catlin's concept of the "national park" was the irreversible devastating blow to the "wilderness", "Indian civilization", and "North American buffalo" by the "western development" of the United States. He therefore called for the government to set up the national park, "with people as well as beasts, and everything is in the original and living state in the beauty of nature". Wordsworth emphasized the equal "scenery interest"of citizens, while Catlin focused on the protection of the plain "biology" and "indigenous culture". These two sources of thoughts represent the two basic values of the world’s national park movements, namely, "public welfare" and "ecological protection". The theme articleResearch on the Public Welfare of National Parks and Its Enlightenment for Scenic Areas in Chinadiscusses the former, and the other six articles generally study the latter.

After the establishment of the "Yellowstone National Park" in the United States in 1872, "national parks" rapidly expanded to the North America, Oceania, Europe, Africa and Asia in several decades. At present, more than 100 countries in the world have established the national park system.Review and Enlightenment of the British National Park Landscape Character Assessment SystemandReview on the Management and Planning of National Park System in Franceintroduce the experiences of two European countries in the construction of national parks.Critical Review of English Literature for National Parks Based on Bibliometric Analysisquantitatively reviewed the relevant English literatures on national parks.

At present, "national park" has evolved from a single concept to a serial concept of "protected area". The Protected Area is defined by the IUCN (National Union for Conservation of Nature), namely "a protected area is a clearly defined geographical space,recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values".The "national park" belongs to Category II of the six categories of the IUCN Protected Area.Research and Reference on IUCN Protected Areas Management Categories and Their Applicationsintroduces this classification system in detail and its reference to China.Discussion on the Long-term Target of Protected Area Coverage in Chinaproposed the concept of the generalized natural protection area, that is, all lands dedicated to or concurrently used for natural protection, and discusses its long-term goal of 50% coverage of the national territory and its feasibility.

The "scenic area" is a type of nature protection area with Chinese characteristics and reflects the characteristics of natural and cultural harmony and perfection in the development of agricultural civilization in China for thousands of years. When China"establishes the system of natural protected areas with national parks as its main body", the value of "scenic area" should be further studied, excavated, identified, and protected. The"universal public welfare" property of scenic area should be further enhanced. On this basis,the type of scenic area should be further strengthened instead of weakened.On the Holistic Value of Scenic Areas and Its IdentificationandResearch on the Public Welfare of National Parks and Its Enlightenment for Scenic Areas in Chinahave done useful work in this respect.