民族區(qū)域自治制度在西藏的成功實踐(六)

六、保護和弘揚優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化

在漫長的歷史發(fā)展過程中，藏族人民創(chuàng)造了輝煌的藏文化。藏文化豐富了中華文化，是中華文化的重要組成部分。自治區(qū)成立50年來，在尊重、保護、傳承和弘揚藏民族優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化方面，做了大量工作，取得顯著成就。當今西藏，在傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代的交融中，藏文化不斷煥發(fā)出新的活力。

藏語文的學(xué)習(xí)使用得到有效保護。《中華人民共和國憲法》和《中華人民共和國民族區(qū)域自治法》均明確規(guī)定，各民族都有使用和發(fā)展自己的語言文字的自由。西藏學(xué)校教育全面實行藏漢雙語教育，藏語文在學(xué)習(xí)中傳承。目前，農(nóng)牧區(qū)和部分城鎮(zhèn)小學(xué)實行藏漢語文同步教學(xué)，主要課程用藏語授課。中學(xué)階段開設(shè)藏語文課(包括內(nèi)地西藏中學(xué))，其他課程用漢語文授課。在高校和中等專業(yè)學(xué)校的招生考試中，藏語文作為考試科目，成績計入總分。學(xué)前、中小學(xué)現(xiàn)有雙語教師30642人，中小學(xué)校有藏語專任教師約5800人。西藏自治區(qū)已編譯完成從小學(xué)到高中共13門學(xué)科的821種課本、410種教學(xué)參考書、56種教學(xué)大綱或課程標準和73種教學(xué)輔助用書。藏語文在使用中得到弘揚。自治區(qū)大型會議和行文堅持使用藏漢兩種文字，司法機關(guān)在執(zhí)法、法治宣傳等工作中著重使用藏語文，農(nóng)牧、科技等涉農(nóng)部門也加強藏語文的使用。2014年，西藏人民出版社、西藏藏文古籍出版社出版各類圖書547種、1302.5萬冊，其中藏文圖書種數(shù)占比超過80%；共有14種藏文期刊、11種藏文報紙出版發(fā)行。目前，西藏人民廣播電臺共開辦有42個藏語(包括康巴話)節(jié)目(欄目)，藏語新聞綜合頻率每天播音達21小時15分鐘，康巴話廣播頻率每天播音18小時，西藏電視臺藏語衛(wèi)視實現(xiàn)了24小時滾動播出。此外，藏語文在郵政、通訊、交通、金融等領(lǐng)域中也得到了廣泛使用，有力地推動了全區(qū)經(jīng)濟社會的快速發(fā)展。

優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化得到保護傳承。國家建立了西藏大學(xué)、西藏民族大學(xué)、藏醫(yī)學(xué)院、中國藏學(xué)研究中心、西藏社會科學(xué)院、天文歷算研究所等一批教育培訓(xùn)基地和門類齊全的研究機構(gòu)。幾十年來，西藏先后組織了大規(guī)模、有系統(tǒng)的普查、搜集、整理、研究和出版工作，收集各種音樂(歌曲)、曲藝一萬多首，文字資料3000多萬字，錄制了大量音像資料，拍攝圖片近萬幅，發(fā)表有關(guān)藏民族傳統(tǒng)文化學(xué)術(shù)論文1000多篇，整理出版了《中國戲曲志·西藏卷》《中國民族民間舞蹈集成·西藏卷》《中國民族民間器樂曲集成·西藏卷》等10大文藝集成志書和文藝研究專著30多部，搶救、整理、出版藏文古籍261部，諸多瀕臨滅絕的民族民間文化得到全面搶救和有效保護，重新煥發(fā)出光彩。2005年西藏非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)普查與保護工作正式啟動以來，中央政府和西藏投資近2億元，對藏戲、格薩爾、傳統(tǒng)歌舞、手工技藝等重要非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)進行了全面保護，基本形成了國家、自治區(qū)、市、縣四級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄體系。目前，西藏各類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)項目1000余項，涵蓋了非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)包含的10個資源種類。其中，藏戲和《格薩爾》史詩入選聯(lián)合國教科文組織人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作名錄，國家級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)項目89個，國家級生產(chǎn)性保護示范基地4個，自治區(qū)級項目323個，代表性傳習(xí)場所113處。國家級代表性傳承人68名，自治區(qū)級傳承人350名。國家珍貴古籍158部，全國古籍重點保護單位4個?！爸袊耖g文化藝術(shù)之鄉(xiāng)”4個，“西藏自治區(qū)民間文化藝術(shù)之鄉(xiāng)”65個。拉薩雪頓節(jié)、山南雅礱文化節(jié)等一大批群眾性文化傳統(tǒng)節(jié)慶得到恢復(fù)和創(chuàng)新，成為地域性民族文化品牌。

文物得到有效保護。50年來，國家不斷加大對西藏文物保護的投入力度，重點實施了西藏自治區(qū)所轄的文物保護單位文物保護維修工程，及時修繕和保護了大批文物。投資10億余元的“十二五”46項重點文物維修保護項目，目前進展順利?！段鞑刈灾螀^(qū)文物保護條例》《西藏自治區(qū)布達拉宮保護管理辦法》等一批文物保護地方性法規(guī)陸續(xù)出臺。西藏重要歷史和革命文物發(fā)掘工程有效加強，第三次全區(qū)不可移動文物普查工作全面完成，共調(diào)查錄入近現(xiàn)代重要史跡及代表性建筑物241處，各類文物點4277處。首次可移動文物普查工作全面啟動，初步統(tǒng)計，全區(qū)可移動文物將達數(shù)百萬件。野外文物看管人員得到落實，全區(qū)文物安全進一步加強。貝葉經(jīng)普查保護和研究工作取得階段性成果，《西藏自治區(qū)珍藏貝葉經(jīng)總目錄》《西藏自治區(qū)珍藏貝葉經(jīng)影印大全》等陸續(xù)整理出版。目前，全區(qū)有世界文化遺產(chǎn)1處3點，國家重點文物保護單位55處，自治區(qū)級文物保護單位391處，市縣級文物保護單位978處，國家歷史文化名城3座。(待續(xù))

Successful Practice of Regional Ethnic Autonomy in Tibet(Ⅵ)

VI.Protecting and Carrying Forward the Excellent Traditional Culture

In the long course of history, the Tibetan people have created their own splendid culture that enriches and is an important component of Chinese culture.During the 50 years since its establishment,Tibet Autonomous Region has done much and made remarkable achievements towards respecting,protecting, inheriting, and carrying forward Tibet's excellent traditional culture.Tibetan culture today manifests new vitality by blending tradition and modernity.

Tibetan language learning is efficiently protected.The Constitution of the People's Republic of China and Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional Ethnic Autonomy both specify that every ethnic group has the freedom to use and develop its own language.Bilingual teaching in Tibetan and Chinese is carried out in all schools in Tibet to inherit the Tibetan language in the course of learning.At present, synchronous bilingual teaching is conducted at primary schools in agricultural and pastoral areas and certain cities and towns of the Region, and major courses are taught in Tibetan.Middle schools (including inland Tibetan middle schools) have Tibetan language courses, and other courses are taught in Chinese.Tibetan language is listed as an exam subject in college and secondary vocational school entrance exams and so fi gures in the fi nal score.There are now 30,642 bilingual teachers in kindergartens, primary and middle schools, and 5,800 teachers of Tibetan language in primary and middle schools.Tibet Autonomous Region has compiled 821 textbook titles for 13 courses, 410 reference books,56 syllabuses and curriculum standards, and 73 supplementary books.

Use of the Tibetan language is being popularized.Tibetan and Chinese are used in important meetings and their documents held in the autonomous region; Tibetan is the first choice for judicial organs in publicizing legal knowledge and law enforcement, and its use is also stressed by departments related to agriculture and technology.In 2014, Tibet People's Publishing House and Tibetan Ancient Books Publishing House published altogether 547 book titles totaling 13.025 million copies,more than 80 percent of which were in Tibetan.The Region publishes 14 Tibetan-language periodicals and 11 Tibetan-language newspapers.At present, Tibet People's Broadcasting Station broadcasts 42 Tibetanlanguage programs (including Kangba language) each day, including 21 hours and 15 minutes of news in Tibetan language and 18 hours of Kangba programs.Tibetan TV airs 24 hours of Tibetan-language programs.Wide use of the Tibetan language in postal services, communications, transport, and finance also promotes the autonomous region's rapid social and economic development.

Excellent traditional culture is protected and inherited.The state has founded education centers and research institutes, such as Tibet University,Xizang Minzu University, Tibetan Traditional Medical College, China Tibetology Research Center, Tibetan Academy of Social Sciences, and Tibetan Institute of Astronomy, all of which cover extensive studies.Over the decades, Tibet has organized large-scale and systematic campaigns to restore its traditional culture,having collected more than 10,000 pieces of music,songs and folk art forms, and more than 30 million words of written texts.It has also recorded copious audios and videos, taken about 10,000 photos, and published more than 1,000 papers on Tibetan ethnic and traditional culture and 10 volumes on Tibetan arts, such as Chinese Drama - Tibetan Volume,Collection of Folk Dances of Chinese Ethnic Groups- Tibetan Volume, and Collection of Chinese Ethnic and Folk Music - Tibetan Volume.It has moreover published more than 30 treatises on Tibetan culture,having restored, reorganized and published 261 Tibetan ancient books.All these efforts help to save,protect and revitalize endangered ethnic and folk culture.Since 2005, when the work of surveying and protecting Tibetan intangible cultural heritage was officially launched, the central government and Tibet have channeled about 200 million yuan into efforts to preserve items of important intangible heritage, such as Tibetan opera, Gesar, traditional singing and dancing,and craftsmanship, thus forming a four-level intangible heritage protection category at the state, autonomous region, prefecture, and county level.Currently, there are more than 1,000 intangible heritage items covering 10 categories as defined on the intangible heritage list.Among them, Tibetan opera and Gesar have been chosen as Masterpieces of UNESCO Intangible Heritage of Humanity, and 89 are on the state level intangible heritage list.There are four production pilots under state level protection and 323 items under the autonomous regional protection, 113 sites for the teaching and learning of intangible heritage, and 68 state level inheritors and 350 inheritors at the autonomous region level.The Region is home to 158 precious ancient books and four state key protection units, four Hometowns of Chinese Folk Art,and 65 Hometowns of Folk Art in Tibet Autonomous Region.Traditional festivals such as the Shoton Festival and Yarlung Cultural Festival have been resumed and innovated, so becoming local cultural brands.

Cultural relics are under effective protection.Over the past 50 years, the state has constantly renewed its efforts to protect Tibetan cultural relics,particularly with regard to the maintenance and protection of cultural relics under the jurisdiction of Tibet Autonomous Region, restoring and saving them in a timely manner.The 46 key cultural relics renovation and protection projects listed in the 12th Five-year Plan at a cost of more than one billion yuan is proceeding smoothly.Relevant local regulations have been issued,such as the Regulations of Tibet Autonomous Region on the Protection of Cultural Relics, and the Measures of Tibet Autonomous Region for the Protection and Management of the Potala Palace.Excavation of important historical and revolutionary cultural relics has been strengthened, and the third survey of immovable cultural relics across the Region is complete, which recorded 241 important historical sites and renowned architectures and 4,277 cultural relics sites of all kinds.The fi rst survey of movable cultural relics has also been launched.According to statistics, there are millions of such relics across the Region.Security staff has been assigned to guard cultural relics in the wild, so further strengthening the security of cultural relics across the Region.Phased progress has been made in survey,protection and research of Pattra-leaf Scriptures, and The Tibet Autonomous Region Pattra-leaf Scripture Catalogue and Photocopy of Tibet Autonomous Region Pattra-leaf Scriptures have been published.Currently there is one world cultural heritage site spread over three places, 55 cultural relics protection units at state level,391 at autonomous region level, 978 at city and county level, and three state historical and cultural cities.(To be continued)