甘肅
由于漢語中沒有主謂一致一說,因而英語中的主謂一致是中國學(xué)生最容易犯的錯誤之一,也是高考中設(shè)題頻率較高的語法項(xiàng)目之一。其實(shí),英語中所謂的主謂一致是指謂語在人稱和數(shù)上必須受主語的人稱和數(shù)的支配,即主語的人稱和數(shù)決定著謂語動詞的形式。本文就以下幾個(gè)原則對主謂一致進(jìn)行簡要闡述。
語法一致是指一般來說,謂語動詞的形式要和主語的人稱和數(shù)保持一致,即主語是單數(shù),謂語動詞要用相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)下的單數(shù)形式;主語是復(fù)數(shù),謂語動詞就要用相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)下的復(fù)數(shù)形式。這一原則也是英語主謂一致首先應(yīng)該遵循的原則。
【例1】(2018 ?全國卷Ⅱ ?語法填空61)Since 2011,the country_____________ (grow) more corn than rice.
【答案和解析】has grown。根據(jù)句意,此處考查動詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài),涉及主謂一致。根據(jù)語境和since的用法,謂語動詞應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),主語the country語法上是單數(shù)形式,且為主動語態(tài),故答案為has grown。
【例2】(2016 ?全國卷Ⅲ ?語法填空69)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and_______(be) too violent for use at the table.
【答案和解析】were。考查謂語動詞的時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù),根據(jù)語境,確定時(shí)態(tài)是過去時(shí),主語是knives,為復(fù)數(shù)形式,故答案為were。
意義一致是指謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于它所表示的具體意義,而不能根據(jù)主語本身的單復(fù)數(shù)形式來確定謂語動詞的數(shù)。
【例3】The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials,the rest of which____________ (be) saved for other purpose.
【答案和解析】were??疾橹^語動詞的時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致,根據(jù)語境,時(shí)態(tài)很容易確定,關(guān)鍵是本題還考查了定語從句中的主謂一致和the rest of...作主語的情況,結(jié)合相關(guān)知識,判斷出the rest of which (materials)是復(fù)數(shù)意義,故答案為were。
就近一致是指謂語動詞的數(shù)是由與它靠近的這部分主語而不是整個(gè)主語部分決定。由there be結(jié)構(gòu)或者由or,either...or , neither...nor, not only...but also, not...but...等詞連接的兩個(gè)主語,謂語動詞應(yīng)遵循就近一致原則。
【例4】——_____ (be) either he or I to host Talent Show in our school this year?
—— I have no idea, either.
【答案和解析】Is。考查主謂一致,在either...or結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語動詞應(yīng)遵循就近一致原則,靠近的主語是he,所以謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式,故答案為Is。
其實(shí),英語中主謂一致的三原則并不是完全割裂開的,有時(shí)候需要綜合考量,才能做出正確的選擇。以下是幾項(xiàng)需要特別注意的規(guī)則:
1.被many a/more than one修飾的名詞作主語時(shí),謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
【例 5】It is reported that many a new house________(build)at present in the disaster area.
【答案和解析】is being built??疾閯釉~的時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)和主謂一致,根據(jù)語境和時(shí)間狀語“at present”,此處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí);主語many a new house和謂語動詞build之間存在被動關(guān)系,所以用被動語態(tài);盡管many a + n.作主語在意義上是復(fù)數(shù),但是謂語動詞要用單數(shù),故答案為is being built。
2.由some-, any-, no-, every-等構(gòu)成的合成代詞、no/each/every+單數(shù)名詞或者no/each/every+單數(shù)名詞+and+no/each/every+單數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí),謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
【例6】Nobody except Bill and John _________ entered the second round of the interview.
【答案和解析】has/had/不填??疾檎Z態(tài)和主謂一致,根據(jù)語境,此處應(yīng)用主動語態(tài);except連接兩個(gè)主語,謂語動詞遵循就遠(yuǎn)一致原則,因此謂語動詞形式應(yīng)與Nobody保持一致,Nobody是不定代詞,用單數(shù),故答案為has/had/不填。
3.表示時(shí)間、金錢、距離、重量等復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí),通??醋饕粋€(gè)整體,謂語動詞多用單數(shù)。
【例7】Three thousands of miles ______________ (be) a long distance.
【答案和解析】is。表示路程的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)通??醋饕粋€(gè)整體,謂語動詞用單數(shù),故答案為is。
4.不定式、動名詞或主語從句作主語時(shí),謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。
【例8】(改錯,2017 ?天津卷 ?閱讀理解D篇改編)Turning one’s life into a waiting game require faith and hope,and is strictly for the optimists among us.
【答案和解析】require改為requires。本句主語是動名詞短語Turning one’s life into a waiting game,謂語動詞用單數(shù),故將require改為requires。
5.學(xué)科名詞、疾病名稱、書名或影視劇名作主語時(shí),謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。
【例9】(2017 ?江蘇卷 ?單項(xiàng)填空24改編)The publication of Great Expectations, which_____________ (be) both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens’status as a leading novelist.
【答案和解析】was。考查主謂一致,先行詞Great Expectations是書名,一般看作單數(shù),所以定語從句的謂語動詞也要使用單數(shù)形式,故答案為was。
6.the number/amount/variety of + n.作主語時(shí),謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。
【例10】(2017 ? 3月天津卷 ?單項(xiàng)選擇1改編)The number of fi rms selling computers in this region _______(drop)since January 2012.
【答案和解析】has dropped。考查動詞的時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致,根據(jù)句意和since可知,此處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),主語是The number of fi rms,謂語動詞用單數(shù),故答案為has dropped。
7.表示總稱的集體名詞如machinery, equipment,furniture, baggage/luggage, jewelry, stationery, merchandise等作主語時(shí),謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
【例11】New machinery ________ (install) in the factory these days.
【答案和解析】is being installed??疾閯釉~的時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)和主謂一致,根據(jù)語境,此處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動語態(tài),主語New machinery是集體名詞,謂語動詞用單數(shù),故答案為is being installed。
8.在the (only) one of +n.+ that/who 引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,從句謂語用單數(shù)。
【例 12】Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who______________ (wear) evening dress.
【答案和解析】wears??疾閯釉~時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)和主謂一致,從語境推斷出用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);定語從句的先行詞是the only one,關(guān)系代詞who替代先行詞在從句中作主語,謂語動詞用單數(shù),故答案為wears。
1.有些集體名詞如cattle, folk, people, youth, clergy(教士), police等作主語時(shí),表示復(fù)數(shù)意義,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
【例13】Traf fi c police ___________ (be) always very busy,especially at busy streets.
【答案和解析】are??疾閯釉~的時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致,根據(jù)語境,時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。主語Traf fi c police屬于集體名詞,謂語動詞習(xí)慣于用復(fù)數(shù),故答案為are。
2.one of + n.+定語從句時(shí),從句謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
【例14】Jane is the only one of the students who ____(know) a little Chinese and is one of my friends who _____(be)studying in China now.
【答案和解析】knows;are??疾橹髦^一致,在第一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,先行詞是the only one,所以從句中的謂語動詞用單數(shù);而在第二個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,先行詞是my friends,所以從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。故答案為knows;are。
3.quantities of/amounts of + n.作主語時(shí),謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
【例15】Large amounts of money ________ (spend) on the bridge, which was expected to be completed next month.
【答案和解析】were spent。主語被Large amounts of修飾,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。根據(jù)語境,此處應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí),且主語與謂語之間存在被動關(guān)系,故答案為were spent。
4.the +adj./p.p.表示一類人作主語時(shí),謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
【例16】The poor__________ (be) part of the people we help.
【答案和解析】are??疾閯釉~的時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致,根據(jù)語境,此處表示一般情況,應(yīng)當(dāng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),主語The poor表示一類人,謂語動詞應(yīng)當(dāng)用復(fù)數(shù),故答案為are。
5.表示山脈、群島、瀑布等以“-s”結(jié)尾的專有名詞或者clothes, contents, goods, works (著作)和the Olympic Games等名詞作主語時(shí),謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
【例17】The Olympic Games __________ (hold) every four years.
【答案和解析】are held??疾閯釉~的時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)和主謂一致,根據(jù)語境,此處應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動語態(tài),專有名詞The Olympic Games作主語,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù),故答案為are held。
【例18】Such poets as Shakespeare ______(be) widely read, of whose works, however, some _____(be) difficult to understand.
【答案和解析】are;are。考查主謂一致,主句中的主語應(yīng)為poets,所以謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù);其后的非限制性定語從句中的主語應(yīng)為some of whose works,謂語動詞也應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù),故答案為are;are。
1.and連接并列主語時(shí),謂語動詞形式一般用復(fù)數(shù);但是若只表示一個(gè)單一概念的人、物或者兩個(gè)部件組成的套件,或者連接的兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞前有each, every, many a,no等修飾語時(shí),謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
【例 19】(2017 ?全國卷Ⅰ ?語法填空 64)When fat and salt ________ (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
【答案和解析】are removed。考查動詞的時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)和主謂一致,根據(jù)語境,此處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);在when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中,主語fat and salt與謂語remove之間存在被動關(guān)系,故用被動語態(tài);且fat和salt屬于兩種不同的東西,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù),故答案為are removed。
【例20】A needle and thread ____________ (give) to her, but she could not sew the button on.
【答案和解析】was given??疾閯釉~的時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)和主謂一致,根據(jù)語境,此處應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí);主語與謂語存在被動關(guān)系,用被動語態(tài);needle and thread是配套使用的名詞,意為“針線”,因此謂語動詞用單數(shù),故答案為was given。
2.當(dāng)with, along with, together with, as well as, besides,like, without, except, but, including, rather than, in addition to等介詞或短語連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)的重心在前一個(gè)名詞或者代詞上,謂語動詞的數(shù)要與這些詞或短語前面的名詞或者代詞保持一致,也可以稱之為就遠(yuǎn)一致原則。
【例21】(2017 ?天津卷 ?單項(xiàng)填空6改編)Nowadays,cycling, along with jogging and swimming, _________(regard)as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
【答案和解析】is regarded??疾閯釉~的時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)和主謂一致,根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語Nowadays確定時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);動詞短語regard...as...意為“把……看做……”,與騎自行車、慢跑和游泳之間存在被動關(guān)系,用被動語態(tài);再看主謂一致,主語cycling, along with jogging and swimming由along with連接,遵循就遠(yuǎn)一致原則,故答案為is regarded。
3.當(dāng)分?jǐn)?shù),百分?jǐn)?shù),all,some,the rest,half,part和the majority指代名詞或者修飾名詞作主語時(shí),謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于它們所表示的意義。
【例22】The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third __________(be) used regularly.Now we have only 60 working all day long.
【答案和解析】were。考查動詞的時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致,根據(jù)語境,此處應(yīng)用過去時(shí);主語one-third后面省略了notebook computers,被分?jǐn)?shù)修飾的名詞作主語時(shí),其謂語動詞形式取決于所修飾名詞的數(shù),故答案為were。
4.單復(fù)數(shù)同形名詞如means, works, sheep, deer, crossroads,series等作主語時(shí),謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于它們的實(shí)際意義。
【例23】(改錯)All means has been tried to solve the problem, but none is effective.
【答案和解析】has改為have??疾閱螐?fù)數(shù)同形名詞作主語時(shí),謂語動詞數(shù)的情況,此處All means的意義是復(fù)數(shù),謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù),故將has改為have。
5.在定語從句中,如果關(guān)系代詞who, which, that在從句中作主語時(shí),從句中的謂語動詞要與先行詞的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。
【例24】Today, a new form of communication“WeChat”,which ___________ (own) a Chinese name Weixin, is becoming the most in fl uential text and voicing tool all over the world.
【答案和解析】owns??疾閯釉~的時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致,which引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)非限制性定語從句,關(guān)系代詞which替代WeChat(第三人稱單數(shù)),故答案為owns。
6.一 些 集 體 名 詞 如 group,class,family,army,enemy,audience,committee,company, government,population, party, staff等作主語時(shí),如果強(qiáng)調(diào)整體,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;如果強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體,謂語動詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
【例25】The population of China _________ (be) very large and 80% of the population_______________ (live) in rural areas.
【答案和解析】is;live。考查主謂一致。第一空前的主語population強(qiáng)調(diào)整體,謂語動詞用單數(shù);第二空前的主語population強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù),故答案為is;live。
7.all和what從句作主語時(shí),謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于它們所表示的意義。如果表語是復(fù)數(shù)意義,主句中的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù);如果表語是單數(shù)意義,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
【例26】(改錯)What I liked best were the free high-speed Internet connection in the room.
【答案和解析】were改為was。此處What I liked best是一個(gè)主語從句,主謂一致取決于表語,故應(yīng)將were改為was。