小個頭大用處的it

湖北

it 是英語中使用頻率很高的代詞，無論是在閱讀還是聽力中，我們都會遇到它的身影，雖然它個頭小，卻起著舉足輕重的作用?？v觀近幾年全國各地高考試卷，it都是考查的熱點，其用法也十分繁雜多變。因此，學(xué)生在復(fù)習(xí)備考時，需認真分析、歸納其用法，并加以記憶掌握，這樣才能在高考時胸有成竹。

一、it作代詞

代詞it主要指上文提到的事物、前面整個句子的內(nèi)容、不知性別的人，也可指時間、日期、天氣、環(huán)境、距離等。

1.指上文提到的事物

When I was 17, I read a magazine article about a museum called the McNay, once the home of a watercolorist named Marian McNay.She had requested the community to turn it into a museum upon her death.（2018年天津卷閱讀理解B篇）

it 指代上文中出現(xiàn)過的the home。

2.指上文內(nèi)容，用來指代上文提到的全部或部分意思

With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake.Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy.（2018年天津卷閱讀理解C篇）

it 指代上文中提到的制作結(jié)婚蛋糕上復(fù)雜的巧克力造型和精美裝飾。

3.指不知性別的人

—Who is knocking on the door? —It might be my dad.

it指不知性別的人。

4.指時間、日期

It was summer, and my dad wanted to treat me to a vacation like never before.（2018年浙江卷讀后續(xù)寫）

此處it指時間。

5.指天氣、環(huán)境

By the time the group got up to leave, it was pouring outside.（2016年全國卷Ⅲ閱讀理解B篇）

it在這里指天氣。

It was so peaceful and quiet and the colors of the brown rocks, the deep green pine trees, and the late afternoon sun mixed to create a magic scene.（2018年浙江卷讀后續(xù)寫）

it在此句中指周圍的環(huán)境。

6.指距離

It’s only 2 kilometers from the hospital to our school.

此句中it指距離。

二、it作形式主語

it作形式主語，沒有實際意義，真正的主語為不定式、動詞的-ing形式或主語從句等，此時將it置于動詞之前，不定式，動詞的-ing形式或主語從句等放在句子最后，這樣做通常是為了將句中較長的主語置于句末，以避免句子出現(xiàn)“頭重腳輕”的情況。常用于以下句型中：

1.替代不定式

For most of the last century, the car represented what it meant to be American—going forward at high speed to find new worlds.（2018年浙江卷閱讀理解C篇）

此句中的it指代不定式to be American，翻譯時注意將不定式放在從句主語位置翻譯，這句話可以譯為：上個世紀大多數(shù)時候，汽車代表了成為美國人的內(nèi)涵——高速前進，尋找新世界。在高考中，遇到含有it的長難句，一定要記住將it所指代的內(nèi)容還原。

【拓展】在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中常用it來替代動詞的to do形式：

（1）It is + 名 詞（a pity/a shame/a chance/one’s duty/one’s responsibility 等）+ to do

It was a tradition for the school’s old team to play against the new team at the end of spring practice.（2018年天津卷完形填空改編）

（2）It is + 形 容 詞（kind/easy/wise/hard/difficult/challenging 等）+（of/for sb.）+ to do

Exercise energizes you, so it is more difficult to relax and have a peaceful sleep when you are very excited.（2018 年全國卷Ⅱ七選五）

（3）It takes（sb.）+ 時間 /金錢 + to do

It took him a long time to acquire the skills he needed to become a good dancer.（2018年天津卷單項填空改編）

2.替代動詞的-ing形式

Relearning the art of seeing the world around us is quite simple, although it takes practice and requires breaking some bad habits.（2018年天津卷閱讀理解D篇）

此句中it指代上文中的Relearning the art of seeing the world around us（重新學(xué)習(xí)審視周圍的世界）。

【拓展】在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中it常替代動詞的-ing形式：

（1）It is no use doing sth.做……沒用

It is no use crying over spilt milk.

（2）It is no good doing sth.做……沒好處

It is no good talking to him, because he never listens.

（3）It is no fun/pleasure doing sth.做……無趣

It is no fun playing computer games.

（4）It is worthwhile doing sth.做……值得

It is worthwhile setting a goal and making efforts for it.

（5）It is useless doing sth.做……沒用

It is useless talking him out of smoking.

（6）It is a waste of time/money doing sth.做……浪費時間/金錢

It is a waste of time trying to talk to her when she’s in a bad mood.

3.替代主語從句

It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary.（2018年全國卷Ⅱ閱讀理解D篇）

此句中的it指代that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary（因為太尷尬或很難，或許我們認為太麻煩也沒必要，因此我們沒人開始講話）。

【拓展】在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中it常替代主語從句：

（1）It is +名詞（a fact/pity/shame/question/an honor等）+主語從句

It is still a question whether he will come or not.

（2）It is + 形容詞（obvious/necessary/important/likely/possible等）+主語從句

It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so.（2016 年北京卷閱讀理解D篇）

（3）It is + 動詞的過去分詞（said/reported/recorded/suggested/ordered/pointed out等）+ 主語從句

It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not“be overly concerned about‘bad’tables,”given that they’re profitable.（2018年江蘇卷閱讀理解B篇）

（4）It +不及物動詞（seem/appear/happen/turn out等）+ 主語從句

In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors.（2017年全國卷Ⅱ閱讀理解D篇）

三、it作形式賓語

it作形式賓語，也無實際含義，真正的賓語為不定式、動詞的-ing形式或從句等，此時將it置于動詞之后，不定式、動詞的-ing形式或從句等放在句子最后。翻譯時一定要將it所指代的內(nèi)容還原，常用于以下句型中：

1.替代不定式

在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中it常替代不定式：動詞（make/feel/find/think/consider/believe等）+ it +形容詞/名詞+ to do

It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour—a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand—suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California.（2018年江蘇卷閱讀理解C篇）

加下劃線的部分符合上述句式，在近幾年高考中，該句式出現(xiàn)的頻率較高，高三備考學(xué)生可以多在寫作中運用該句式，以使文章表達更加地道。

2.替代動詞的-ing形式

I believe it no use reading without understanding.

it指代句中的reading without understanding（未理解地閱讀）。

3.替代從句

In his introduction, he made it clear that our credits would be hard-earned.（2018年全國卷Ⅰ完形填空改編）

在該句中，it用來指代that our credits would be hardearned（我們很難獲得學(xué)分）。

【拓展】在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中it常替代從句：

（1）動詞（make/feel/find/think/consider/believe等）+it +形容詞/名詞+that從句

I find it necessary that we take a good look at the machine.

（2）動詞詞組（rely on/depend on等）+ it + that從句

You may depend on it that it is true.

（3）動詞（enjoy/like/prefer/love/appreciate/hate/dislike等）+ it + when/if從句

I hate it when she calls me at work—I’m always too busy to carry on a conversation with her.（2016年天津卷單項填空改編）

四、it用于強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)

“It is/was + 被強調(diào)部分 + that”是英語中常用的強調(diào)句型。這一句型可以對一個句子中除謂語外的所有成分，如主語、賓語、表語、狀語進行強調(diào)，當被強調(diào)部分為人時，也可用“It is/was +被強調(diào)部分 + who”。例如：

原句：Tom came across him on the street yesterday.

強調(diào)主語：It was Tom that/who came across him on the street yesterday.

強調(diào)賓語：It was him that/who Tom came across on the street yesterday.

強調(diào)狀語：It was on the street that Tom came across him yesterday.或It was yesterday that Tom came across him on the street.

對強調(diào)句中的主語進行提問：

Who was it that came across him on the street yesterday?

對強調(diào)句中的時間狀語進行提問：

When was it that Tom came across him on the street?

對強調(diào)句中的地點狀語進行提問：

Where was it that Tom came across him yesterday?

強調(diào)句型的一般疑問句形式：

Is/Was it + 被強調(diào)部分 + that/who + 其他部分

Was it on the street that Tom came across him yesterday?

在高考中，強調(diào)句也是一個重要考點，例如：

I had an early start at the age of nine with a role in a 1990s TV series, but it wasn_’t until I fi nished fi lm studies that I pursued my career as an actress.（2017年天津卷閱讀表達）

該句強調(diào)了時間狀語從句not until I fi nished fi lm studies（直到我完成電影學(xué)習(xí)）。注意，復(fù)習(xí)備考時，可以將“it wasn’t/isn’t until + 句子/時間短語 + that + 句子其他部分”當作句型記憶。

五、和it有關(guān)的時間句型

1.It is/has been + 時間段 + since從句(從句謂語常用一般過去時)

Two weeks earlier, my son, Ben, had got in touch.He’d moved to England with his mum when he was three and it had been 13 years since I’d last seen him.（2018 年全國卷Ⅱ完形填空改編）

注意該例句中上下文表示的都是過去的時間，所以句型的主句和從句的時態(tài)都做了相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。

It was/will be + 時間段 + before從句表示“要過……才……”

It was not/will not be + 時間段 + before從句表示“沒過……就……”

If you miss this chance, it may be years before you get another one.（2015年重慶卷單項填空改編）

2.It is (high/about) time that + 句子（從句中謂語用過去式或should do）

It is high time that we went/should go home = It is time for us to go home.

3.It/This/That is the first time that + 句子(若主句時態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時，從句需用現(xiàn)在完成時；若主句時態(tài)為一般過去時，從句需用過去完成時)

It/This was the fi rst time that Mr.Smith had paid a visit to China.

4.It was/will be + 時間點 + when從句（此句型中it指代時間）

It will be Monday when he comes back from the United States.

注意：

It was midnight when he came back.他回來時已經(jīng)半夜了。（時間狀語從句）

It was at midnight that he came back.他是在半夜回來的。（強調(diào)句型）

六、其他關(guān)于it的短語和句式

近三年全國各地高考也考查了其他與it有關(guān)的短語和句式，學(xué)生需要留心和注意。例如：

1.When it comes to當談到……

When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel（建議）parents looking for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading.（2018年全國卷Ⅱ閱讀理解C篇）

2.make it成功做到

I made it! I finally had the exact amount we’d agreed upon...（2016年浙江卷閱讀理解D篇）

3.give it a try試一試

If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same bene fi ts as other sports, so perhaps we should all give it a try.（2018年全國卷Ⅰ語法填空改編）

4.Were it not for...要不是……

Were it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her dif fi culty.（2017年江蘇卷單項填空改編）

5.forget it算了，沒關(guān)系

—Sorry, Liz.I think I was a bit rude to you.

—Forget it, but don’t do that again! （2015 年天津卷單項填空改編）

6.believe it or not 信不信由你

Believe it or not, he or she is on your side and is eager to see you do well.（2015年浙江卷七選五）

7.as sb.put(s) it正如某人所說

As Muhammad Ali puts it,“Champions aren’t made in gyms.（2016年江蘇卷閱讀理解D篇）

8.It is often the case that...情況總是如此……

It is often the case that anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.（2016年江蘇卷單項填空改編）

it在高考中出現(xiàn)的頻率較高，我們切不可掉以輕心，在學(xué)習(xí)和理解it的用法時，應(yīng)根據(jù)其語境和搭配選擇合適的意思。要想全面、正確地理解it的用法，還需在今后的英語學(xué)習(xí)中不斷歸納和總結(jié)。