江西
(作者單位:江西省豐城中學)
語法填空是近年來高考英語試卷中出現(xiàn)的一種新題型。該題型能全面地考查考生的英語綜合運用能力,更能科學地反映考生的英語綜合水平。本題型主要有兩種情形:一種是有提示詞,另一種是無提示詞。本文現(xiàn)結(jié)合近幾年的高考英語試題就語法填空的考點和解題技巧進行分析和歸納,以饗讀者。
此類題型可以考查考生對單詞形式變化的掌握程度。單詞形式變化主要有兩種:一種是單詞的形、數(shù)、式的變化,另一種是單詞的派生變化。在判斷出單詞的變化之后還應(yīng)該進一步審題,看是否需要使用復(fù)合的變化形式,這一點是很重要的。
考點一、名詞
名詞的形式變化主要有單復(fù)數(shù)、所有格的變化。
【考例1】...has had some unintended side 62 (effect)such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.(2017全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為effects。考查名詞單復(fù)數(shù)。分析語境可知,此處表達的意思是“一些不為人知的副作用”,根據(jù)前文的some可知effect應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。故答案填effects。
【考例2】The nursery team switches him every few 69(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed...(2016全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為days。考查名詞單復(fù)數(shù)。根據(jù)空格前的few可知應(yīng)用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。故答案填days。
【考例3】...are pictured by artists in so many Chinese 65 (painting).(2015全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為paintings。 考查名詞單復(fù)數(shù)。句意:……在如此多的中國繪畫中。根據(jù)空格前的many可知,painting為可數(shù)名詞,應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。故答案填paintings。
【考例4】There are many students living at school, for the______ (child) houses are all far from school.
【解析】答案為children’s??疾槊~單復(fù)數(shù)和所有格。由students一詞可以判斷出空格處應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù),又因作houses的定語,故應(yīng)用其所有格,即child用其復(fù)數(shù)的所有格形式。故答案填children’s。
考點二、動詞
動詞的形式變化比較多,有謂語形式的變化(如時態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣)、非謂語形式的變化(如不定式、動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)及主謂一致。
【考例1】When fat and salt 64 (remove) from food,the food tastes as if it is missing something.(2017全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為are removed??疾橐话悻F(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)。句意:當脂肪和鹽分從食物中被去掉,食物嘗起來似乎缺少了什么。remove是及物動詞,與fat and salt有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系,所以用被動語態(tài)形式。又因為后面的tastes用了一般現(xiàn)在時,故答案填are removed。
【考例2】They are required 63 (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.(2017全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為to process??疾閯釉~不定式。句意:他們被要求加工我們吃的食物……require sb.to do sth.表示“要求某人做某事”,被動形式為sb.be required to do sth.意為“某人被要求做某事”。故答案填to process。
【考例3】...by 68 (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.(2017全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為eating??疾閯用~。句意:通過吃更多的快餐,人們將在飲食中攝入超過需求量的脂肪和鹽分。by是介詞,后接動詞-ing形式。故答案填eating。
【考例4】Fast food 67 (be) full of fat and salt; ...(2017全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為is??疾橹髦^一致。句意:快餐食物中充滿脂肪和鹽分。fast food的意思是“快餐”,表示一類食物,為不可數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。故答案填is。
【考例5】It was raining lightly when I 61 (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.(2015全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為arrived??疾閯釉~時態(tài)。句意:就在天亮之前我到了陽朔,那時天下著小雨。根據(jù)前句時態(tài)可知,需用一般過去時。故答案填arrived。
【考例6】A study of travelers 68 (conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.(2015全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為conducted??疾檫^去分詞。句意:一項網(wǎng)站所進行的調(diào)查將陽朔稱作世界十大旅游目的地之一??崭裉帒?yīng)用過去分詞作后置定語,表示被動關(guān)系。故答案填conducted。
【考例7】...for people 70 (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.(2015全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為living??疾楝F(xiàn)在分詞。句意:……住在上海和香港的人們。空格處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語。故答案填living。
考點三、代詞
代詞形式變化通常是與人稱變化有關(guān)的三大類五小類,即人稱代詞(主格和賓格)、物主代詞(形容詞性和名詞性)和反身代詞。另外,還有一些不定代詞的形式變化,如no one/none, other/another等。
【考例1】On my recent visit, I held a lively three-monthold twin that had been rejected by 68 (it) mother.(2016全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為its??疾榇~的用法。根據(jù)空格后的名詞及前文中的a lively three-month-old twin可知,應(yīng)用形容詞性物主代詞。故答案填its。
【考例2】...I’d been at home in Hong Kong, with 63(it) choking smog.(2015全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為its??疾榇~的用法。句意:帶著窒息的煙霧。此空格后為名詞,應(yīng)用形容詞性物主代詞its。故答案填its。
【考例3】A woman on the bus shouted,“Oh dear!It’s 69 (I).”(2014全國卷Ⅱ)
【解析】答案為me / mine??疾榇~的用法??崭裉幾鞅碚Z,應(yīng)有賓格代詞或名詞性物主代詞。故答案填me /mine。
【考例4】The king decided to see the painter by (he).
【解析】答案為himself。考查代詞的用法。由介詞by可以看出,此處應(yīng)用反身代詞himself。故答案填himself。
考點四、形容詞和副詞
英語中大部分形容詞和副詞都有原級、比較級和最高級的變化。構(gòu)成比較級和最高級的方式,可以通過加后綴-er和-est或在詞前加more /less和most / least構(gòu)成,且形容詞的最高級前還要加the。
【考例1】Even 66 (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.(2017全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為worse??疾楦痹~的比較級。句意:更糟糕的是,人們所吃快餐的數(shù)量增加了。根據(jù)前面的even可知,所填的詞要用bad的比較級形式。故答案填worse。
【考例2】But I didn’t care.A few hours 62 , I’d been at home in Hong Kong, ...(2015全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為before / earlier。考查副詞的用法。由語境可知,幾個小時之前我還在香港的家中,所以before /earlier符合句意。故答案填before / earlier。
【考例3】Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is 66 (clean) than ever.(2014全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為cleaner。考查形容詞的比較級。句意:現(xiàn)在河里面的水比以往更干凈。根據(jù)than ever可知,應(yīng)用形容詞的比較級形式。故答案填cleaner。
【考例4】It was only one day left, ____, his father had no idea to answer him.
【解析】答案為however??疾楦痹~的用法。觀察上下句,可以看出是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,且空格前后用逗號隔開。故答案填however。
考點五、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換
詞的派生現(xiàn)象在英語單詞中是很常見的,派生現(xiàn)象主要發(fā)生在名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞四種詞類中。這種題型還有可能檢測考生對詞根、前后綴和派生詞的掌握程度。
【考例1】However, be 69 (care) not to go to extremes.(2017全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為careful。考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。句意:然而,注意不要走極端。be是連系動詞,后面要接形容詞作表語,care的形容詞是careful。故答案填careful。
【考例2】The title will be 63 (official) given to me at a ceremony in London.(2016全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為officially??疾樵~性轉(zhuǎn)換??崭裉幮揎梽釉~,應(yīng)用其副詞形式。故答案填officially。
【考例3】Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the 68 (develop) of chopsticks.(2016全國卷Ⅲ)
【解析】答案為development。考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。空格處使用的“the + 名詞 + of ”結(jié)構(gòu),意為“……的……”,這里指“筷子的發(fā)展”。故答案填development。
【考例4】Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it 69 (regular) arranges quick getaways here...(2015全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為regularly??疾樵~性轉(zhuǎn)換。句意:……定期為人們安排這里適合旅行的地方。此處修飾動詞,應(yīng)用其副詞形式。故答案填regularly。
【考例5】Lious lost his wallet yesterday, so he was very____ (happiness).
【解析】答案為unhappy??疾樵~性轉(zhuǎn)換。在此題中,學生很容易判斷出該用形容詞,由此可知將happiness變成happy;而錢包丟了,人應(yīng)該是不開心的,所以需要再加前綴un-,變成否定形式。故答案填unhappy。
此類題型主要考查虛詞,如冠詞、介詞、連詞和從句引導(dǎo)詞等。該題型盡管難度較大,但也是有方法可循的。
考點六、冠詞
冠詞考查a,an,the之間的區(qū)分,以及冠詞的固定搭配。
【考例1】As 65 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.(2017全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為a??疾楣谠~的用法。句意:結(jié)果,人們將吃更多的食物去彌補損失的東西。as a result為固定短語,表示“結(jié)果”。故答案填a。
【考例2】...while one is being bottle-fed, 70 other is with mum—she never suspects.(2016全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為the??疾楣谠~的用法。由前文中的關(guān)鍵詞one可知,這里考查one ...the other ...(一個……另一個……)的用法。故答案填the。
【考例3】Now, years later, this river is one of 63 most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.(2014全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為the。此題考查形容詞最高級的表達形式,最高級前用the。故答案填the。
【考例4】Jackie likes to drive at ____ high speed.
【解析】答案為a。此題考查的是不定冠詞的習慣用法,at a high speed意為“以高速(開車)”。故答案填a。
考點七、介詞
常用的介詞有in,on,at,before,during等,通??疾榻樵~的固定搭配。
【考例1】This trend, which was started by the medical community(醫(yī)學界) 61 a method of fighting heart disease, ...(2017全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為as。考查介詞的用法。句意:這一趨勢最初始于醫(yī)學界作為一種對抗心臟病的方法。as是介詞,表示“作為,以……的身份”。故答案填as。
【考例2】But my connection with pandas goes back 64 my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, ...(2016全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為to。考查介詞的用法。go back to為固定短語,意思是“回到,追溯到”。故答案填to。
【考例3】For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away 66 car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.(2015全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為by??疾榻樵~的用法。句意:……乘汽車只需要1個小時的路程……乘坐交通工具使用介詞“by”。故答案填by。
【考例4】I got a place next 64 the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk.(2014全國卷Ⅱ)
【解析】答案為to??疾榻樵~的用法。句意:我找到一個靠近窗戶的地方,所以我清楚地看見人行道的景象。next to的意思是“貼近,靠近”。故答案填to。
考點八、連詞
常用的連詞有and,but,or,so,for,while等,常用的關(guān)聯(lián)短語有both ...and,either ...or,neither ...nor,not only ...but also等。
【考例1】In much of Asia, especially the so-called “rice bowl”cultures of China, Japan, Korea, 61 Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.(2016全國卷Ⅲ)
【解析】答案為and。考查連詞的用法。此處列舉了一些亞洲國家的名字,是并列關(guān)系,所以在最后兩個名詞之間應(yīng)用and來連接。故答案填and。
【考例2】But the river wasn’t changed in a few days 64 even a few months.(2014全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為or??疾檫B詞的用法。句意:但這條河在幾天甚至幾個月都沒有改變。連詞or表選擇。故答案填or。
【考例3】Little Wang Jun could not go to school, ____his family was too poor.
【解析】答案為for??疾檫B詞的用法。此處表示原因,引導(dǎo)的分句其實是一種解釋說明,不是必然的因果關(guān)系,且前面有逗號隔開,所以用for。故答案填for。
【考例4】______ Marrie and Jannie like going to the theatre.
【解析】答案為Both??疾檫B詞的用法??崭裉幍脑~與后面可以構(gòu)成both ...and ...的結(jié)構(gòu)。故答案填Both。
考點九、從句引導(dǎo)詞
主從復(fù)合句是此題型考查最為常見的一個方向,主要檢測考生對主從復(fù)合句中引導(dǎo)詞的掌握程度。
【考例1】Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health.(2017全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為which??疾槎ㄕZ從句。句意:……很可能攝入過多的脂肪和鹽分,那對健康沒有好處。通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,空格處引導(dǎo)的是非限制性定語從句,并在從句中作主語,代替前面整個主句的內(nèi)容。故答案填which。
【考例2】But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, 65 I was the first Western TV reporter ...(2016全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為when??疾槎ㄕZ從句。通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,空格處引導(dǎo)的是非限制性定語從句,且從句中缺少狀語,先行詞表時間。故答案填when。
【考例3】Over time, 65 the population grew,people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.(2016全國卷Ⅲ)
【解析】答案為as??疾闀r間狀語從句。句意:隨著人口的增長,人們把食物切成小塊,這樣可以煮得快一點。as用作連詞,表示“隨著”的意思,引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。故答案填as。
【考例4】I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River 64 are pictured by artists ...(2015全國卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案為that / which??疾槎ㄕZ從句。句意:漓江被許多藝術(shù)家所繪畫。由句子結(jié)構(gòu)不難判斷這是一個定語從句,先行詞為the limestone mountain tops and dark waters,且從句中缺少主語,所以用關(guān)系代詞。故答案填that / which。
【考例5】...the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly 70 thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.(2015全國卷Ⅱ)
【解析】答案為how。考查賓語從句。根據(jù)句意可知,應(yīng)用how修飾形容詞thick,引導(dǎo)賓語從句。故答案填how。
考點十、固定短語
根據(jù)句中空格前后及整句來判斷其前后是否構(gòu)成一個固定短語,但有時要對空格前或后的幾個單詞“視而不見”才能命中答案。
【考例1】Truly elegant chopsticks might 62 (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.(2016全國卷Ⅲ)
【解析】答案為be made。考查固定短語。句意:精美的筷子可能是由金銀制成的。be made of是一固定短語,意為“由……制成”。故答案填be made。
【考例2】...67 the same time, they warm up again for the night.(2015全國卷Ⅱ)
【解析】答案為at??疾楣潭ǘ陶Z。at the same time是固定詞組,意為“同時”。故答案填at。
【考例3】The children were playing on the ground,enjoying ____, dirty but happy.
【解析】答案為themselves。考查固定短語。根據(jù)從句中的happy可以猜出孩子們是開心的,所以應(yīng)用enjoy oneself這一固定短語意為“過得愉快”。故答案填themselves。
【考例4】Mrs.Baker was ill, so her daughter had to ask for leave to take ____ of her.
【解析】答案為care??疾楣潭ǘ陶Z。句意:Baker夫人生病了,因此她女兒不得不請假照顧她。take care of是固定短語,意為“照顧”。故答案填care。
上述十條技巧概括了此題型的多數(shù)考查方向,在高考備考中能起到很好的加強作用,真正做到事半功倍,從而能較大幅度地提高考生在此題型上的得分率。
【強化訓練】閱讀下面短文,在空白處填入1個適當?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。
A Chinese chain of self-service convenience stores 61(power) by artificial intelligence, Bingobox, 62 (raise) more than RMB 100 million (US$ 14.7 million) in its first round of funding.With innovative(創(chuàng)新的)technologies, the stores aim to reduce staffing costs and are expanding in big cities across China.
To gain access to the stores, customers scan a QR code.Once inside the 51 sqft (4.7 sqm) store, shoppers can choose 63 products ranging from umbrellas to Sushi lunchboxes.When they are ready to check out, they take the items to an automated checkout counter and pay 64 (use) a digital wallet app on their smartphones.As 65 anti-theft measure, all shoppers must pass a full-body scan before the doors will open to let them leave.
While each store is unmanned, a customer support line is 66 (availably) via video link.Each Bingobox store is mobile,67 the franchise(特許權(quán))owner can put it where they like.A staff member 68 (need) for stock-taking and refilling,69 the startup claims can be done in just 20 minutes.Auchan is helping handle store inventory(存貸清單).
“We’ve created a deep-learning team to study itemrecognition technologies and algorithms,”says Bingobox co-founder Chen Zilin.“By optimizing(使最優(yōu)化)the algorithms and holding numerous training 70 (session), we have the scanner recognizing more than 200 products.”
Bingobox plans to use the raised funds to open 5 000 stores this year across China.
【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了中國一家自動便利連鎖店——繽果盒子——募集資金創(chuàng)辦和經(jīng)營超市的過程。
61.powered。考查非謂語動詞。store與power之間為被動關(guān)系,且由本句中的by可知,空格處用動詞的過去分詞作后置定語。故答案填powered。
62.has raised。考查動詞時態(tài)。根據(jù)句意可知,空格處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時。故答案填has raised。
63.from。考查介詞。choose from為一固定搭配,意為“從……中選擇”。故答案填from。
64.using??疾榉侵^語動詞。空格處用現(xiàn)在分詞表示“付款”的方式。故答案填using。
65.an??疾楣谠~。此處表示一種防盜措施,應(yīng)用不定冠詞,且其后的anti-theft一詞為元音音素開頭,所以用不定冠詞an。故答案填an。
66.available??疾樵~性轉(zhuǎn)換。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,be后面應(yīng)用形容詞作表語,副詞availably的形容詞形式為available。故答案填available。
67.so。考查連詞。根據(jù)語境可知,此句為因果關(guān)系,應(yīng)用并列連詞so。故答案填so。
68.is needed。考查被動語態(tài)。根據(jù)語境可知,此處應(yīng)用被動結(jié)構(gòu)。故答案填is needed。
69.which??疾槎ㄕZ從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,此句是非限制性定語從句,先行詞為stock-taking and refilling,且在從句中作主語,所以要用關(guān)系代詞。故答案填which。
70.sessions??疾槊~的單復(fù)數(shù)。由本句中的numerous可知,此處需用session的復(fù)數(shù)形式。故答案填sessions。