非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在高考中的考查分析

甘肅 孫建峰

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在高考中的考查分析

甘肅 孫建峰

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是動(dòng)詞的變體，是為了滿足動(dòng)詞作除了謂語(yǔ)之外的其他成分而產(chǎn)生的。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查是語(yǔ)篇型語(yǔ)法填空以及短文改錯(cuò)的考查重點(diǎn)。第一，在語(yǔ)法填空題中對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查主要集中在作定語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，此外作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)也是考查的重點(diǎn)。第二，在短文改錯(cuò)中，有動(dòng)詞形式的誤用，如本該用V-ing作主語(yǔ)卻用了原形；在介詞或某些動(dòng)詞后本應(yīng)接V-ing的卻用了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式；本該用V-ing的卻用了V-ed形式。另外，不定式符號(hào)to多用或者少用也是?？键c(diǎn)。

考點(diǎn)一 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式及意義

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 __主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)____被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 意義一般式 to do to be done不定式不定式的動(dòng)作與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生__________或在其后發(fā)生進(jìn)行式 to be doing / 不定式的動(dòng)作與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生完成式 to have done to have____________been done不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前一般式 doing being done V-ing___________________其表示的動(dòng)作先于句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生___V-ed一般式 done / 與句中主語(yǔ)為邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表完成_____其表示的動(dòng)作與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或基本上同時(shí)發(fā)生_____完成式 having done having been____________done_____

1. The meeting_______（hold）yesterday was sure to be a great success.

2. The meeting________（hold）now is sure to be a great success.

3. The meeting_______（hold）next week is sure to be a great success.

4.（2014·北京高考）There are still many problems（_______solve）before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.

5.（2015·天津高考）_______（work）for two days，Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.

【答案】1. held 2. being held 3. to be held 4. to be solved 5. Having worked

考點(diǎn)二 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)

1.不定式作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)

（1）不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般表示具體某一次的動(dòng)詞。若不定式太長(zhǎng)，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)而將不定式后置。

（2014·浙江高考）No matter how bright a talker you are，there are times when it’s better to remain silent.

（2）不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，①表示預(yù)定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；②當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是aim，purpose，idea，plan，wish，decision，choice等詞時(shí)，常用不定式作表語(yǔ)；③主語(yǔ)為what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句時(shí)，表語(yǔ)多用不定式。

His wish is to be a doctor in the future.

What I want to do most in senior high is（to）improve my English.

2.動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)

（1）動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞作真正的主語(yǔ)放在句末。常用于固定句型：It’s a waste of time doing...；It’s no use/good doing...；It is useless doing...等句型中。

（2013·福建高考）Knowing basic first- aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.

（2014·上海高考）It’s no use complaining without taking action.

（2）動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)相當(dāng)于名詞，用于解釋主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容，表語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)常?？梢曰Q位置。

Our job is playing all kinds of music.我們的工作是演奏各種各樣的音樂。

【注意】

不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都用單數(shù)，這是短文改錯(cuò)中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。

考點(diǎn)三 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)

1.不定式作狀語(yǔ)

（1）作目的狀語(yǔ)，意為“為了”，可置于句首或句末。如果強(qiáng)調(diào)目的性，不定式前也可加in order to或so as to，但是so as to不能置于句首。

（2015·福建高考）_______（learn）more about Chinese culture，Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.

【答案】To learn

（2016·北京高考）_______（make）it easier to get in touch with us，you’d better keep this card at hand.

【答案】To make

（2）作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，常表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中：only to do；enough to do（足夠做……）；too...to do...（太……而不能……）；so/such...as to...（如此……以至于……）

（2012·山東高考）George returned after the war，only________（tell）that his wife had left him.

【答案】to be told

（3）作原因狀語(yǔ)，不定式與情感類形容詞連用時(shí)，大多作原因狀語(yǔ)。常見的形容詞：sorry，surprised，disappointed，excited，glad，happy，anxious，kind等。

The old man sat in front of the television every evening，happy to watch anything that happened to be on.

2.分詞作狀語(yǔ)

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)通常要與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致?，F(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與句子主語(yǔ)之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系。過去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與句子主語(yǔ)之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

（1）_______（see）from the top of the mountain，the city is very beautiful.

（2）_______（see）from the top of the mountain，we find the city very beautiful.

（3）（2015·北京高考）The park was full of people，________（enjoy）themselves in the sunshine.

（4）（2012·天津高考）________（translate）into English，the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.

【答案】1.Seen 2.Seeing 3.enjoying 4.Translated

考點(diǎn)四 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)

1. 只接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：agree，intend，plan，demand，promise，help，prepare，decide，refuse，choose，wish，hope，want，expect，fail，pretend，manage，determine，beg，arrange，threaten，claim，hesitate，wait，happen（碰巧）等。

When the teacher came in，they pretended to be reading books.

2. 只接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：admit，avoid，consider，escape（避開），imagine，mind，miss，practise，suggest，feel like，give up，put off，object to，look forward to等?？山梃b如下口訣記憶：

喜歡、考慮不可免（enjoy，consider，escape，avoid）

停止放棄太冒險(xiǎn)（stop，give up ，risk）

反對(duì)想象莫推延（object to，imagine，delay，put off）

要求完成是期望（require，finish，look forward to）

建議繼續(xù)勤練習(xí)（suggest，go on，practise）

不禁原諒要堅(jiān)持（can’t help，excuse ，insist on）

繼續(xù)注意使成功（keep on，mind，succeed in）

（2014·陜西高考）It’s quite hot today.Do you feel like________（go）for a swim？

【答案】going

3.接不定式與動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，意義不同的動(dòng)詞：（1）try to do 盡力做……；try doing 試著去做……（2）mean to do打算做……；mean doing 意味著……（3）regret to do遺憾要去做……；regret doing后悔做過……（4）remember to do 記得去做……；remember doing記得做過……（5）forget to do忘記去做……；forget doing 忘記做了……

（2014·安徽高考）I remembered to lock the door before I left the office，but forgot to turn off the lights.

We still remember once being taken/having been taken round the famous tower when we were y oung.

考點(diǎn)五 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓補(bǔ)

1.不定式作賓補(bǔ)

不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)和不定式之間在邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系，不定式表將來、主動(dòng)。常用不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）：advise，allow，ask，beg，cause，encourage，expect，forbid，force，intend，invite，order，persuade，prefer，require，remind，tell，want，warn，wish，call on，depend on等。

（2013·上海高考）As Jack left his membership card at home，he wasn’t allowed to go into the sports club.

【注意】

（1）使役動(dòng)詞（make，have，let 等）及感官動(dòng)詞（see，watch，observe，hear，notice 等）后作賓補(bǔ)的不定式不帶to。但用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（let除外）時(shí)，作主補(bǔ)的不定式一定要加上to。

（2012·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ）The director had her assistant pick up some hot dogs for the meeting.

（2）用不定式作主補(bǔ)的?？冀Y(jié)構(gòu)有：

sb.be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done/ to be done/ to be doing/to have been done sth.

He is thought to have invented the first telephone in the world.

2.分詞作賓補(bǔ)

（1）現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)之間存在主謂關(guān)系，且強(qiáng)調(diào)正在進(jìn)行的主動(dòng)動(dòng)作?？山蝇F(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)的常見動(dòng)詞：感官動(dòng)詞（see，watch，observe，notice，hear，listen，feel），使役動(dòng)詞（have，get），find，leave，keep，catch等。

（2014·四川高考）I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.

（2）過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)之間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。可接過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的常見動(dòng)詞：感官動(dòng)詞（see，watch，observe，notice，hear，listen，feel），使役動(dòng)詞（have，make，let，get），find，leave，keep等。

（2015·陜西高考）Back from his two-year medical service in Africa，Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.

【注意】

（1）使役動(dòng)詞have，get后接非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的異同點(diǎn)：①have sth. done＝get sth. done讓別人做某事②have sb./sth. doing 讓……一直做某事；get sth./sb. doing 使……開始做某事；③have sb. do sth.＝get sb.to do sth.讓某人做某事，但have sth. to do意為“有某事要做”，此時(shí)to do作后置定語(yǔ)。

（2010·遼寧高考）Alexander tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.

（2014·山東高考）I have a lot of readings to complete before the end of this term.

（2）with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中作賓補(bǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：

①“with＋賓語(yǔ)＋現(xiàn)在分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)表示主動(dòng)和動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；

②“with＋賓語(yǔ)＋過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)和動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成；

③“with＋賓語(yǔ)＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)表示將來。切記：不定式在任何情況下都用主動(dòng)形式。

（2013·遼寧高考）The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following them.

考點(diǎn)六 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)

1.不定式作定語(yǔ)

（1）不定式作定語(yǔ)通常放在所修飾詞之后，表示將來的動(dòng)作。

The bridge to be built next year was designed by a local company.

（2）序數(shù)詞，形容詞最高級(jí)，the last，the only 等后或被這些詞修飾的名詞/代詞后，常用不定式作定語(yǔ)。

He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.

（3）被修飾詞是抽象名詞時(shí)，常用不定式作定語(yǔ)。常見的該類名詞有：ability，chance，idea，hope，wish，fact，excuse，promise，attempt，way 等。

（2012·湖南高考）The ability________（express）an idea is as important as the idea itself.

【答案】to express

2.分詞作定語(yǔ)

作定語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞的分詞形式有：現(xiàn)在分詞、“being＋過去分詞”、過去分詞。當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在分詞；當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表正在進(jìn)行時(shí)，用“being＋過去分詞”；當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表完成時(shí)，用過去分詞。

（2014·北京高考）Last night，there were millions of people_______（watch）the opening ceremony live on TV.

【答案】watching

跟蹤練習(xí)：

Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空

1.（2014·江西高考）_______（spend）nearly all our money，we couldn’t afford to stay at a hotel.

2.（2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）My ambassadorial duties will include_______（introduce）British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu...

3.（2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ）The Chinese probably cooked their food in large pots， ______（use）twigs to remove it.

4.（2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）I was the first Western TV reporter_______（permit）to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.

5.（2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ）Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal_______（create）special design.

Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)

6.（2015·陜西高考·短文改錯(cuò)）I might have to retire again next year just get some more of these biscuits.

7.（2015·陜西高考·短文改錯(cuò)）My favorite picture at the party is of my coach and me enjoy the biscuits with happy laughter!

8.（2014·四川高考·短文改錯(cuò)）It’s been a month since I came to this new school and I really want share with you some of the problems I have been experiencing.

9.（2015·四川高考·短文改錯(cuò)）We’ve been spending a lot of time sing in karaoke bars.

10.（2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ·短文改錯(cuò)）After looks at the toy for some time，he turned around and found his parents were missing.

【答案】1.Having spent 2.introducing 3.using 4.permitted 5.to create 6.get前加to 7.enjoy→enjoying 8.want后加to 9.sing→singing 10.looks→looking

甘肅省高臺(tái)一中）