劉卉 方江雨 韓彤
·臨床研究·
顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)治療頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈或大腦中動(dòng)脈重度狹窄的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)研究
劉卉 方江雨 韓彤
目的探討動(dòng)態(tài)磁敏感對(duì)比增強(qiáng)灌注成像(DSC?PWI)在顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,為顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)治療頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈或大腦中動(dòng)脈重度狹窄和(或)閉塞提供腦血流灌注變化的影像學(xué)證據(jù)。方法共76例行單側(cè)顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)患者,分別于術(shù)前1個(gè)月和術(shù)后1周內(nèi)行頭部MRI常規(guī)和DSC?PWI檢查,觀察手術(shù)前后基底節(jié)區(qū)層面(搭橋近端)和半卵圓中心層面(搭橋遠(yuǎn)端)大腦中動(dòng)脈供血區(qū)腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化[包括相對(duì)腦血流量(rCBF)、相對(duì)腦血容量(rCBV)、相對(duì)平均通過時(shí)間(rMTT)和相對(duì)達(dá)峰時(shí)間(rTTP)]。結(jié)果術(shù)后患側(cè)基底節(jié)區(qū)層面(搭橋近端)和半卵圓中心層面(搭橋遠(yuǎn)端)rCBF均較術(shù)前升高(P=0.000,0.001);僅基底節(jié)區(qū)層面rCBV較術(shù)前升高(P=0.021);基底節(jié)區(qū)層面和半卵圓中心層面rMTT(P=0.000,0.000)和rTTP(P=0.000,0.000)均較術(shù)前降低。結(jié)論顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)可以改善大腦中動(dòng)脈供血區(qū)腦血流灌注。DSC?PWI能夠完成對(duì)腦缺血區(qū)域血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的評(píng)價(jià),是評(píng)價(jià)手術(shù)療效和動(dòng)態(tài)觀察腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化的最佳無(wú)創(chuàng)性技術(shù)。
腦血管重建術(shù); 顳動(dòng)脈; 大腦中動(dòng)脈; 頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈; 動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化; 血流動(dòng)力學(xué); 磁共振成像
顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈(STA?MCA)搭橋術(shù)最早于1970年由Yasargil等[1]提出,通過吻合顱內(nèi)外血管,為缺血區(qū)引入新的側(cè)支循環(huán),從而改善術(shù)區(qū)供血,其臨床療效一直存有爭(zhēng)議。1985年開展的國(guó)際顱內(nèi)外動(dòng)脈搭橋試驗(yàn)(EC?IC)顯示,該術(shù)式對(duì)預(yù)后無(wú)明顯改善作用[2]。2001年的頸動(dòng)脈閉塞外科研究(COSS)[3]和2006年的日本顱內(nèi)外動(dòng)脈搭橋試驗(yàn)(JET)[4]均顯示,腦血管搭橋術(shù)可以改善缺血性卒中患者腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)和神經(jīng)功能。隨著PET、SPECT技術(shù)的發(fā)展,使得研究顱內(nèi)外血管搭橋術(shù)后腦血流灌注成為可能。灌注成像(PWI)是較為成熟的評(píng)價(jià)腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的方法,通過監(jiān)測(cè)腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù),進(jìn)而定性和半定量評(píng)價(jià)腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變,同時(shí)因其無(wú)創(chuàng)性和無(wú)輻射特點(diǎn),可用于多次隨診研究。既往關(guān)于顱內(nèi)外血管搭橋術(shù)后PWI研究多為單中心研究,缺乏大樣本臨床試驗(yàn),且多以基底節(jié)區(qū)單一層面(搭橋近端)腦血流量(CBF)作為觀察指標(biāo)而獲得術(shù)后腦血流灌注改善的結(jié)論[5?6]。由于缺少搭橋遠(yuǎn)端腦血流量的評(píng)價(jià),研究結(jié)果不全面。本研究采用相對(duì)腦血流量(rCBF)、相對(duì)腦血容量(rCBV)、相對(duì)平均通過時(shí)間(rMTT)和相對(duì)達(dá)峰時(shí)間(rTTP)等腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)評(píng)價(jià)顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)對(duì)大腦中動(dòng)脈不同腦區(qū)(搭橋近端和遠(yuǎn)端)血流灌注和循環(huán)代償能力的改善作用。
一、研究對(duì)象
1.納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)經(jīng)CTA或數(shù)字減影血管造影術(shù)(DSA)證實(shí)一側(cè)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈或大腦中動(dòng)脈重度狹窄(頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈顱外段狹窄程度>70%或顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄程度>80%)和(或)閉塞,另一側(cè)相對(duì)正常。(2)PWI證實(shí)對(duì)側(cè)大腦半球血流動(dòng)力學(xué)基本正常。(3)均于術(shù)前1個(gè)月和術(shù)后1周內(nèi)行MRI常規(guī)和PWI檢查。(4)手術(shù)前后MRI掃描層面基本一致,圖像無(wú)移動(dòng)偽影。(5)本研究經(jīng)天津市環(huán)湖醫(yī)院道德倫理委員會(huì)審核批準(zhǔn),所有患者或其家屬均知情同意并簽署知情同意書。
2.排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)CTA或DSA檢查顯示一側(cè)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈或大腦中動(dòng)脈狹窄和(或)閉塞,另一側(cè)存在不同程度狹窄或動(dòng)態(tài)磁敏感對(duì)比增強(qiáng)灌注成像(DSC?PWI)證實(shí)對(duì)側(cè)腦血流灌注異常。(2)僅于手術(shù)前后2周內(nèi)行DSC?PWI檢查。(3)圖像出現(xiàn)移動(dòng)偽影或手術(shù)前后MRI掃描層面不一致。(4)既往有血管外科手術(shù)史或隨訪期間接受其他神經(jīng)外科手術(shù)。
3.一般資料 選擇2011年1月-2016年2月在天津市環(huán)湖醫(yī)院行顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)的76例患者,男性65例,女性11例;年齡43~75歲,平均55歲;均經(jīng)CTA或DSA證實(shí)一側(cè)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈或大腦中動(dòng)脈重度狹窄和(或)閉塞、另一側(cè)相對(duì)正常,且術(shù)前1個(gè)月和術(shù)后1周內(nèi)MRI常規(guī)和PWI證實(shí)對(duì)側(cè)大腦半球血流動(dòng)力學(xué)基本正常;其中行左側(cè)顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)37例,右側(cè)39例。
二、研究方法
1.MRI檢查 采用德國(guó)Siemens公司生產(chǎn)的MAGNETOM Trio Tim 3.0T超導(dǎo)型MRI掃描儀,最大梯度場(chǎng)強(qiáng)為45 mT/m,磁場(chǎng)切換率200 T/(m·s),12通道頭部表面線圈,獲得擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像(DWI)和DSC?PWI。(1)橫 斷 面 DWI:采 用 回 波 平 面 成 像(EPI),掃描方向與顱前窩底平行,重復(fù)時(shí)間(TR)2900 ms、回波時(shí)間(TE)86 ms,掃描視野(FOV)為220 mm×220 mm,矩陣 128×128,激勵(lì)次數(shù)(NEX)為1次,于3個(gè)正交方向獲得2個(gè)擴(kuò)散權(quán)重,b值為0和 1000 s/mm2,層厚 6 mm、層間距 1.80 mm,共掃描16層,成像時(shí)間16 s,掃描范圍覆蓋顱底至顱頂全部腦組織。(2)橫斷面 DSC?PWI:采用快速自旋回波(FSE)序列,掃描方向與顱前窩底平行,采用德國(guó)Bayer Schering公司生產(chǎn)的對(duì)比劑釓噴酸葡胺注射液(馬根維顯),檢查前于肘前靜脈插入18 G靜脈留置針,靜脈滴注生理鹽水,掃描開始5 s后靜脈注射對(duì)比劑,劑量0.10 mmol/kg、速度3 ml/s,注射完畢后以相同速度經(jīng)靜脈留置針注射20 ml生理鹽水,以保持靜脈通路開放。重復(fù)時(shí)間2500 ms、回波時(shí)間80 ms,掃描視野 220 mm×220 mm,矩陣 128×128,層厚6 mm、層間距1.80 mm,共掃描16層,每層動(dòng)態(tài)采集50幀圖像,共獲得800幀圖像,成像時(shí)間78 s,掃描范圍覆蓋顱底至顱頂全部腦組織。
2.數(shù)據(jù)處理 采用德國(guó)Siemens公司生產(chǎn)的MMVP工作站Perfusion軟件進(jìn)行后處理。經(jīng)動(dòng)脈輸入函數(shù)(AIF)校正,獲得CBF、腦血容量(CBV)、平均通過時(shí)間(MTT)和達(dá)峰時(shí)間(TTP)等腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)。為使檢測(cè)結(jié)果標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,手工勾畫患側(cè)大腦中動(dòng)脈皮質(zhì)供血區(qū),以對(duì)側(cè)大腦半球鏡像區(qū)為參照,獲得基底節(jié)區(qū)層面(搭橋近端)和半卵圓中心層面(搭橋遠(yuǎn)端)rCBF、rCBV、rMTT和rTTP,計(jì)算公式為:rCBF=CBF/CBF參照,rCBV=CBV/CBV參照,rMTT=MTT/MTT參照,rTTP=TTP/TTP參照。由2位具有豐富臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)的影像科醫(yī)師盲法獨(dú)立評(píng)價(jià),所得結(jié)果不一致時(shí),經(jīng)協(xié)商取得一致性意見后記錄。
3.統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方法 采用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析。采用Kolmogorov?Smirnov檢驗(yàn)行正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn),均呈非正態(tài)分布(P<0.05)。呈非正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以中位數(shù)和四分位數(shù)間距[M(P25,P75)]表示,手術(shù)前后腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)的比較采用Wilcoxon符號(hào)秩檢驗(yàn)。以P≤0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
本組76例患者術(shù)后患側(cè)基底節(jié)區(qū)層面(搭橋近端)和半卵圓中心層面(搭橋遠(yuǎn)端)rCBF均較術(shù)前升高且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.000,0.001);基底節(jié)區(qū)層面(搭橋近端)rCBV較術(shù)前升高(P=0.021),而半卵圓中心層面(搭橋遠(yuǎn)端)與術(shù)前差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.844);基底節(jié)區(qū)層面(搭橋近端)和半卵圓中心層面(搭橋遠(yuǎn)端)rMTT(P=0.000,0.000)和rTTP(P=0.000,0.000)均較術(shù)前降低且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表1;圖1,2)。
顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)由Yasargil等[1]于1970年率先提出,標(biāo)志著腦血管搭橋術(shù)的臨床應(yīng)用。隨著手術(shù)技術(shù)和器械的進(jìn)步,近年來顱內(nèi)外血管搭橋術(shù)迅速發(fā)展,在復(fù)雜顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤、顱底腫瘤和煙霧?。∕MD)的治療中獲得臨床肯定[7?8],但顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)在頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈閉塞性腦血管病中的應(yīng)用仍存爭(zhēng)議。腦血管搭橋術(shù)尤其是顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)能否改善患者生活質(zhì)量、降低腦卒中年發(fā)病率尚無(wú)確切結(jié)論[9]。影像學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展使無(wú)創(chuàng)性獲得在體腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)信息成為可能。多項(xiàng)結(jié)合客觀影像學(xué)結(jié)果的臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí),顱內(nèi)外血管搭橋術(shù)后腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)明顯改善,尤其腦血流灌注嚴(yán)重受損患者獲益更多[10?11]。影像學(xué)技術(shù)使我們對(duì)缺血性卒中患者腦血管搭橋術(shù)后療效和遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后的評(píng)價(jià)更加全面[12]。
對(duì)腦血管宏觀循環(huán)和微循環(huán)的有效性僅能通過組織灌注評(píng)價(jià),多數(shù)學(xué)者贊同這一觀點(diǎn)[13]。由于PET顯像既可以對(duì)腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)進(jìn)行定性和定量分析,還可以對(duì)腦組織代謝進(jìn)行定性和定量檢測(cè),因此推薦作為評(píng)價(jià)腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,并以此為參照評(píng)價(jià)其他方法的有效性。Tsivgoulis和Alexandrov[14]根據(jù)PET顯像將動(dòng)脈狹窄致血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變引起的腦缺血分為3期:0期,腦灌注壓(CPP)和氧攝取分?jǐn)?shù)(OEF)[15]于正常值范圍,局部血流對(duì)刺激反應(yīng)正常;1期,腦灌注壓降低,腦血流自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)(CA)使小動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張以降低血管阻力,從而增加局部CBV,維持CBF相對(duì)穩(wěn)定,MTT和CBV增加,氧攝取分?jǐn)?shù)仍于正常值范圍;2期,腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變超過腦血流自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)能力,氧攝取分?jǐn)?shù)增加、CBF降低以適應(yīng)腦血流的氧代謝,故稱為“貧困灌注”。
表1 手術(shù)前后腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)的比較[M(P25,P75)]Table 1. Comparison of cerebral hemodynamic parameters between before and after operation[M(P25,P75)]
圖1 男性患者,64歲,臨床診斷為右側(cè)基底節(jié)梗死,行右側(cè)顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)。術(shù)前頭部MRI檢查所見 1a CTA容積重建圖顯示,右側(cè)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈閉塞(箭頭所示) 1b CTA最大密度投影圖顯示,右側(cè)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈閉塞(箭頭所示) 1c,1d 基底節(jié)區(qū)和半卵圓中心層面橫斷面DWI顯示,右側(cè)基底節(jié)區(qū)和側(cè)腦室旁略高信號(hào)(箭頭所示) 1e~1h 基底節(jié)區(qū)層面橫斷面PWI顯示,與健側(cè)相比,患側(cè)MTT和TTP延長(zhǎng)(紅色區(qū)域所示),CBF降低(深藍(lán)色和黑色區(qū)域所示),CBV略降低 1i~1l 半卵圓中心層面橫斷面PWI顯示,與健側(cè)相比,患側(cè)MTT和TTP延長(zhǎng)(紅色區(qū)域所示),CBF降低(深藍(lán)色和黑色區(qū)域所示),CBV未見明顯變化Figure 1 A 64?year?old male patient was diagnosed as cerebral infarction in right basal ganglia.STA?MCA bypass was performed.Preoperative head MRI findings CTA volume reconstruction(VR)showed occlusion of right ICA(arrow indicates,Panel 1a).CTA maximum intensity projection(MIP)showed occlusion of right ICA(arrow indicates,Panel 1b).Axial DWI at basal ganglia section(Panel 1c)and centrum semiovale section(Panel 1d)showed slight high?intensity in right basal ganglia and paraventricular area(arrows indicate).Axial PWI at basal ganglia section showed ipsilateral MTT and TTP were significantly prolonged(red areas indicate),CBF was significantly reduced(dark blue and black areas indicate),and CBV was slightly reduced comparing to contralateral lobe(Panel 1e-1h).Axial PWI at centrum semiovale section showed ipsilateral MTT and TTP were significantly prolonged(red areas indicate),CBF was significantly reduced(dark blue and black areas indicate),and CBV was not changed comparing to contralateral lobe(Panel 1i-1l).
采用PET或SPECT顯像評(píng)價(jià)的乙酰唑胺負(fù)荷試驗(yàn)和靜息試驗(yàn)是臨床檢測(cè)腦血管儲(chǔ)備能力的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”[16];SPECT顯像僅能獲得半定量參數(shù);氙氣CT(Xe?CT)可以定量評(píng)價(jià)且分辨力較高,但對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)偽影敏感、氙氣的吸收對(duì)嚴(yán)重肺部疾病患者有害、輻射量較大;CT灌注成像可以定性或定量評(píng)價(jià),但成像層面有限、顱后窩骨偽影較大、有容積效應(yīng),影響結(jié)果的精確性,且存在電離輻射,故不宜作為隨訪復(fù)查的工具[17];PWI可以無(wú)創(chuàng)性評(píng)價(jià)且成像參數(shù)較多如 DSC?PWI、動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比增強(qiáng) MRI(DCE?MRI)、動(dòng)脈自旋標(biāo)記(ASL),其中,DSC?PWI在測(cè)量頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化致閉塞方面與PET顯像具有一致性[18]。國(guó)內(nèi)也有學(xué)者將DSC?PWI與CT灌注成像相比較,得出具有一致性的結(jié)論[19]。DSC?PWI成像速度迅速、簡(jiǎn)便易行、時(shí)間和空間分辨力較高、敏感性較高、無(wú)電離輻射、一次掃描即可顯示全腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)信息、易與常規(guī)MRI同時(shí)進(jìn)行,臨床應(yīng)用前景廣闊。DSC?PWI的作用原理是靜脈團(tuán)注對(duì)比劑Gd?DTPA,對(duì)比劑通過興趣區(qū)(ROI)腦血管床時(shí)干擾局部磁場(chǎng)均勻性,使病變組織T2*信號(hào)降低,從而導(dǎo)致病變組織信號(hào)衰減。通過快速成像序列如回波平面成像檢測(cè)信號(hào)動(dòng)態(tài)變化,獲得病變組織微循環(huán)信息[20]。對(duì)比劑首次通過興趣區(qū)時(shí)信號(hào)強(qiáng)度迅速下降,降低幅度與對(duì)比劑含量呈指數(shù)關(guān)系,將病變組織T2*WI時(shí)間?信號(hào)曲線轉(zhuǎn)換為濃度?時(shí)間曲線,從而計(jì)算CBF、CBV、MTT和TTP等。目前,多數(shù)學(xué)者采用自身設(shè)定對(duì)照的半定量方法評(píng)價(jià)腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變,相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單[21]。本研究同樣以對(duì)側(cè)大腦半球鏡像區(qū)作為參照,以患側(cè)大腦半球興趣區(qū)與鏡像區(qū)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)比值獲得rCBV、rCBF、rMTT和rTTP,以消除個(gè)體差異。
圖2 圖1同一例患者術(shù)后頭部MRI檢查所見 2a,2b CTA容積重建圖顯示,右側(cè)顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)后顱內(nèi)外血管吻合良好,血流通暢 2c,2d 基底節(jié)區(qū)和半卵圓中心層面橫斷面DWI顯示異常高信號(hào)范圍無(wú)擴(kuò)大(箭頭所示) 2e~2h 基底節(jié)區(qū)層面橫斷面PWI顯示,與術(shù)前相比,術(shù)后患側(cè)大腦中動(dòng)脈供血區(qū)MTT和TTP降低(黃色區(qū)域所示),CBF略升高(淺藍(lán)色區(qū)域所示),CBV未見明顯變化 2i~2l 半卵圓中心層面橫斷面PWI顯示,與術(shù)前相比,術(shù)后患側(cè)大腦中動(dòng)脈供血區(qū)MTT和TTP降低(黃色區(qū)域所示),CBF略升高(淺藍(lán)色區(qū)域所示),CBV未見明顯變化Figure 2 Postoperative head MRI findings of the same patient CTA volume reconstruction(VR)showed excellent intra?extracranial anastomosis and adequate blood flow(Panel 2a,2b).Axial DWI at basal ganglia section(Panel 2c)and centrum semiovale section(Panel 2d)showed no enlargement of high?intensity lesions(arrows indicate).Axial PWI at basal ganglia section showed MTT and TTP in ipsilateral MCA blood supplying area were reduced(yellow areas indicate),CBF was slightly increased(light blue areas indicate)and CBV was not changed comparing to preoperational data(Panel 2e-2h).Axial PWI at centrum semiovale section showed MTT and TTP in ipsilateral MCA blood supplying area were reduced(yellow areas indicate),CBF was slightly increased(light blue areas indicate)and CBV was not changed comparing to preoperational data(Panel 2i-2l).
PWI可以全面評(píng)價(jià)顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)前和術(shù)后腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)異常程度和范圍,為術(shù)前評(píng)價(jià)提供客觀的影像學(xué)依據(jù)[22]。當(dāng)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈或大腦中動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化致閉塞時(shí),腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)隨之變化,作為觀察腦血管儲(chǔ)備能力的敏感指標(biāo),MTT和TTP可以先于CBF和CBV改變,表現(xiàn)為對(duì)比劑充盈和排空時(shí)間延遲,MTT和TTP延長(zhǎng)[23]。通過上述腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)變化,可以了解腦組織灌注情況:(1)MTT和TTP明顯延長(zhǎng)、CBV減少、CBF明顯減少,提示腦組織灌注不足。(2)MTT和TTP延長(zhǎng)、CBV正?;蛟黾印BF正?;驕p少,提示側(cè)支循環(huán)形成,若CBF正常則側(cè)支循環(huán)有效、CBF減少則側(cè)支循環(huán)不良。(3)MTT和TTP正?;蚩s短、CBV增加、CBF正?;蜉p度增加,提示腦缺血?再灌注。(4)CBV和CBF明顯增加、MTT和TTP正?;蚩s短,則提示腦組織過度灌注。
本研究同時(shí)測(cè)量基底節(jié)區(qū)和半卵圓中心層面腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù),76例患者術(shù)后患側(cè)基底節(jié)區(qū)層面和半卵圓中心層面rCBF均較術(shù)前升高,基底節(jié)區(qū)層面rCBV較術(shù)前升高,基底節(jié)區(qū)層面和半卵圓中心層面rMTT和rTTP均較術(shù)前降低,提示側(cè)支循環(huán)通暢;而半卵圓中心rCBV與術(shù)前無(wú)明顯差異,與其他研究結(jié)果不符。究其原因,可能是由于其他研究rCBF的測(cè)量區(qū)域僅籠統(tǒng)地命名為大腦中動(dòng)脈供血區(qū)、測(cè)量區(qū)域多位于基底節(jié)區(qū)層面,而實(shí)際上大腦中動(dòng)脈供血區(qū)是一個(gè)三維區(qū)域,距離供血?jiǎng)用}主干遠(yuǎn)近不同,腦血流灌注到達(dá)時(shí)間和數(shù)量亦不盡相同,故搭橋近端與搭橋遠(yuǎn)端灌注效果存在差異,因此,僅分析基底節(jié)區(qū)層面腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)不能全面反映頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈和(或)大腦中動(dòng)脈重度狹窄或閉塞患者腦血管搭橋術(shù)后大腦中動(dòng)脈供血區(qū)腦血流灌注的整體情況。
顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)后PWI異常區(qū)域程度減輕、范圍縮小,表明手術(shù)增加血供途徑,rTTP和rMTT較術(shù)前縮短,延遲好轉(zhuǎn);rCBF和rCBV較術(shù)前增加,側(cè)支循環(huán)代償充分建立。若rCBF無(wú)明顯改變,推測(cè)可能與吻合口通暢度欠佳、側(cè)支循環(huán)代償不充分有關(guān);rCBV無(wú)明顯改變,提示盡管手術(shù)可以增加rCBF,但毛細(xì)血管灌注壓低于血管調(diào)節(jié)上限,血管仍處于最大擴(kuò)張狀態(tài)。除半卵圓中心層面rCBV外,各項(xiàng)腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)均較術(shù)前改善,提示顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)可以改善頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈或大腦中動(dòng)脈重度狹窄和(或)閉塞患者的腦血流灌注。基底節(jié)區(qū)層面rCBF增加、rCBV亦增加,提示側(cè)支循環(huán)充分建立;半卵圓中心層面rCBF增加、rCBV無(wú)變化,提示不同腦區(qū)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改善程度不盡相同,搭橋近端改善程度優(yōu)于搭橋遠(yuǎn)端。推測(cè)可能與顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)為低流量搭橋術(shù)式有關(guān)。因此,同時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)基底節(jié)區(qū)和半卵圓中心層面血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)更有利于全面評(píng)價(jià)手術(shù)療效。
腦組織灌注是正向供血和側(cè)支循環(huán)代償?shù)木C合結(jié)果,臨床癥狀源于重要功能區(qū)灌注不足。大腦中動(dòng)脈功能區(qū)包括位于凸面的語(yǔ)言相關(guān)腦區(qū)和位于額頂葉交界區(qū)的感覺運(yùn)動(dòng)區(qū)。從腦血流異常至梗死灶形成,腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)存在從良性代償至代償不良再至失代償?shù)牟±砩韺W(xué)過程。PWI能夠通過多參數(shù)圖確切反映上述過程的分期,梗死前期可以進(jìn)一步分為側(cè)支循環(huán)代償期和失代償期。對(duì)于大腦中動(dòng)脈重度狹窄和(或)閉塞患者,正向供血明顯減少甚至消失,患側(cè)大腦中動(dòng)脈供血區(qū)主要來自大腦前動(dòng)脈、大腦后動(dòng)脈和頸外動(dòng)脈等經(jīng)軟腦膜的代償。此種情況下,顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)相當(dāng)于為缺血區(qū)人為引入一支側(cè)支循環(huán)。本研究術(shù)后PWI顯示大腦中動(dòng)脈相關(guān)重要功能區(qū)血流從術(shù)前的失代償期改善為代償期,從而改善腦灌注損傷,預(yù)防側(cè)支循環(huán)的代償惡化,減少短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作(TIA)。發(fā)生上述腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化時(shí),有可能臨床表現(xiàn)正常,因此,只有術(shù)后復(fù)查PWI方可確切評(píng)價(jià)療效,同時(shí)根據(jù)梗死前期的灌注分期明確顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)能否改善腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化和改善程度。
盡管本研究觀察到上述影像學(xué)改變,但是未能采集到相應(yīng)的臨床數(shù)據(jù),缺乏相應(yīng)的臨床佐證。在今后的研究中,我們將進(jìn)一步完善數(shù)據(jù),以體現(xiàn)PWI對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)治療缺血性腦血管病腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)和循環(huán)代償能力的重要臨床價(jià)值。
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Hemodynamic study of superficial temporal artery?middle cerebral artery bypass in treatment of severe internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery stenosis
LIU Hui1,FANG Jiang?yu2,HAN Tong1
1Department of Neuroradiology,Tianjin Huanhu Hospital,Tianjin 300350,China
2Department of Ultrasound,the First People's Hospital of Kunshan,Kunshan 215300,Jiangsu,China
Corresponding author:HAN Tong(Email:mrbold@163.com)
ObjectiveTo explore the value of dynamic susceptibility contrast?enhanced perfusion?weighted imaging(DSC?PWI)in superficial temporal artery?middle cerebral artery(STA?MCA)bypass and to provide radiological evidence for hemodynamic changes in STA?MCA bypass in the treatment of severe internal carotid artery(ICA)and MCA stenosis and/or occlusion.MethodsA total of 76 cases(65 males and 11 females with average age of 55)who underwent STA?MCA bypass from January 2011 to February 2016 were included.Routine MRI and DSC?PWI were performed within one month before operation and within one week after operation. Hemodynamic changes[relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF),relative cerebral blood volume(rCBV),relative mean transit time(rMTT)and relative time to peak(rTTP)]of MCA blood supplying area at basal ganglia section(proximal end)and centrum semiovale section(distal end)were compared before and afteroperation.ResultsCompared with before operation,rCBF was significantly increased after operation at ipsilateral basal ganglia section(proximal end,P=0.000)and centrum semiovale section(distal end,P=0.001).rCBV at basal ganglia section was significantly increased after operation(P=0.021),while rCBV at centrum semiovale section had no significant difference compared with before operation(P=0.844).rMTT(P=0.000,0.000)and rTTP(P=0.000,0.000)at ipsilateral basal ganglia section and centrum semiovale section were significantly reduced after operation.ConclusionsSTA?MCA bypass can improve cerebral blood perfusion of MCA blood supplying area.DSC?PWI could assess the hemodynamics of ischemic area,so it is the optimal noninvasive technology to evaluate the curative effect of bypass and observe cerebral hemodynamic changes dynamically.
Cerebral revascularization; Temporal arteries; Middle cerebral artery; Carotid artery,internal; Atherosclerosis; Hemodynamics; Magnetic resonance imaging
10.3969/j.issn.1672?6731.2017.06.010
天津市衛(wèi)生局科技攻關(guān)項(xiàng)目(項(xiàng)目編號(hào):12KG115);天津市科技計(jì)劃重大專項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目(項(xiàng)目編號(hào):12ZCDZSY17700)
300350天津市環(huán)湖醫(yī)院神經(jīng)放射科(劉卉,韓彤);215300江蘇省昆山市第一人民醫(yī)院超聲科(方江雨)
韓彤(Email:mrbold@163.com)
This study was supported by Key Project of Science and Technology of Tianjin Public Health Bureau(No. 12KG115) and Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Key Support Program (No.12ZCDZSY17700).
2017?05?04)