文內(nèi)存因果 答案若比鄰

羅麗雯

筆者統(tǒng)計了近5年高考真題，發(fā)現(xiàn)問原因的題目，是全國卷閱讀題必考的題目之一，少則一題，多則三題，合計考了17小題，且全國I卷自2014年起，全國II卷從2016年起，這些題目一般出自后三篇閱讀，而在此之前問原因的題目一般出自前三篇。找原因的題目，大部分題目“因”與“果”比較直接和明顯，“因”與“果”連著出現(xiàn)。在17題當(dāng)中，能利用題干，順藤摸瓜直接找到答案的合計12題。正如標(biāo)題所說的“文內(nèi)存因果，答案若比鄰”。另外6小題中，有3題雖然需要總結(jié)，但也屬于“答案若比鄰”的。剩下3題是屬于難度較高的題目。而本文主要將“答案若比鄰”的題目進(jìn)行歸納。具體情況見下表：

一、有because出現(xiàn)的題目

問原因的題目，如果與答案相關(guān)的內(nèi)容中有because出現(xiàn)，答案就呼之欲出了。

[例1]2016全國Ⅰ卷

Sandra Day OConnor （1930—present）

When Sandra Day OConnor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School， in 1952， she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator （參議員） and， in 1981， the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court. OConnor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.

22. What was the reason for OConnors being rejected by the law firm？

A. Her lack of proper training in law.

B. Her little work experience in court.

C. The discrimination against women.

D. The poor financial conditions.

[分析] 由題干中的OConnor在文中找到相應(yīng)段落，由law firm找到相關(guān)句子；由she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman可知，because she was a woman就是她被律師事務(wù)所拒絕的原因，與之相匹配的選項是C，對女性的歧視。

[例2]2014全國卷II

Li Drake， a Chinese native raising two children in Minnesota with an American husband， had another reason for looking for an au pair from China. She didnt want her children to miss out on their roots.” Because I am Chinese， my husband and I wanted the children to keep exposed to（接觸） the language and culture.”she says.

30. Li Drake has her children study Chinese because she wants them ______.

A. to live in China some day

B. to speak the language at home

C. to catch up with other children

D. to learn about the Chinese culture

[分析]據(jù)題干中的Li Drake，找到相關(guān)段落后，先是找到“had another reason for looking for an au pair from China”，這句話說明接下來的內(nèi)容就是題目所問的“讓孩子學(xué)習(xí)中文的原因”。依據(jù)”Because I am Chinese， my husband and I wanted the children to keep exposed to（接觸） the language and culture （因為我和丈夫希望孩子能接觸漢語和其文化）.” 可知答案應(yīng)該是D，她希望孩子學(xué)習(xí)中國的文化。

[例3]2013全國卷II

If the CRF seems to be a smart idea， thats because Lee is not merely a seasoned salesperson but also head of a marketing department that has business relations with big names such as Levis and Sony. That idea surely results in the imagination at work when it comes to making different flavored（味道）chocolates.

45. Why is Chris Lee able to develop his idea of the CRF？endprint

A. He knows the importance of research.

B. He learns form shops of similar types.

C. He has the support of many big names.

D. He has a lot of marketing experience.

[解析]由題干Chris Lee，CRF等定位于文中第三段，由“If the CRF seems to be a smart idea， thats because Lee is not merely a seasoned salesperson but also head of a marketing department that has business relations with big names such as Levis and Sony.”，可知Lee是一位salesperson，又由head of a marketing department可推知，Lee在市場營銷方面有經(jīng)驗，故選D。

二、隱形because題目

利用because這么明顯的線索解題的題目相對較少，更常見的情況是前后兩句話之間，在意義上本身具有因果關(guān)系，筆者認(rèn)為此處是把because給隱藏起來了，考生做此類題時，找到相關(guān)內(nèi)容后，不妨在心里補(bǔ)上because，看看前后兩句是否具有因果關(guān)系。以下將考題分為前果后因和前因后果兩種情況來說明。

1. 前果后因

[例4]2015全國卷II

My color television has given me nothing but a headache. I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of clothes that wouldnt fit. I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model. I realized this a day later， when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventy-five dollars less than I had paid. The set worked so beautiful when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night. Fortunately， I didnt get any channels showing all-night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.

21. Why did the author say he was fooled into buying the TV set？

A. He got an older model than he had expected.

B. He couldnt return it when it was broken.

C. He could have bought it at a lower price.

D. He failed to find any movie shows on it.

[分析]利用“fooled into buying the TV set”和出題順序，我們在第一段找到“I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model. I realized this a day later， when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventy-five dollars less than I had paid.”，原因即是作者得知他付的錢比廣告上的多，故答案為C，他本可以以更低的價格買到這臺電視機(jī)的。

[例5]2013全國卷II

In 1947 a group of famous people from the art world headed by an Austrian conductor decided to hold an international festival of music， dance and theatre in Edinburgh. The idea was to reunite Europe after the Second World War.

It quickly attracted famous names such as Alec Guinness， Richard Button， Dame Margot Fonteyn and Marlene Dietrich as well as the big symphony orchestras（交響樂團(tuán)）. It became fixed event every August and now attracts 400，000 people yearly.

At the same time， the“Fringe”appeared as a challenge to the official festival. Eight theatre groups turned up uninvited in 1947， in the belief that everyone should have the right to perform， and they did so in a public house disused for years.endprint

41. Why did some uninvited theatre groups come to Edinburgh in 1947？

A. They owned a public house there.

B. They came to take up a challenge.

C. They thought they were also famous.

D. They wanted to take part in the festival.

[解析]利用題干中的uninvited可快速定位至第三段，找到“Eight theatre groups turned up uninvited in 1947， in the belief that everyone should have the right to perform， and they did so in a public house disused for years.”八個不請自來的團(tuán)隊在1947年去到Edinburgh，因為in the belief ...（他們相信），其后應(yīng)是他們做這件事的原因，“認(rèn)為所有人都有表演的權(quán)利”。由此確定選項D正確，他們想?yún)⒓舆@個音樂節(jié)。

2. 前因后果

[例6]2015全國卷II

Includes a guided tour of Windsor and Hampton Court， Henry VIIIs favorite palace. Free time to visit Windsor Castle（entrance fees not included）. With 500 years of history， Hampton Court was once the home of four Kings and one Queen. Now this former royal palace is open to the public as a major tourist attraction. Visit the palace and its various historic gardens， which include the famous maze（迷宮）where it is easy to get lost！

35. Why is Hampton Court a major tourist attraction？

A. It used to be the home of royal families.

B. It used to be a well-known maze.

C. It is the oldest palace in Britain.

D. It is a world-famous castle.

[解析]利用Hampton Court定位至Tour C，再利用a major tourist attraction定位至句子“（Because）Hampton Court was once the home of four Kings and one Queen. Now this former royal palace is open to the public as a major tourist attraction.”大意是“這地方曾是皇上和皇后的家，今天這個前皇家宮殿作為一個主要的旅游景點(diǎn)，向公眾開放”，由此可知答案為A。

[例7]2015全國卷I

The citys psychology cafes， which offer great comfort， are among the most popular places. Middle-aged homemakers， retirees， and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love， anger， and dreams with a psychologist. And they come to Lehannes group just to learn to say what they feel. “Theres a strong need in Paris for communication，” says Maurice Frisch， a cafe La Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church. “People have few real friends. And they need to open up.” Lehanne says shed like to see psychology cafes all over France. “If people had normal lives， these cafes wouldnt exist”， she says， “If life werent a battle， people wouldnt need a special place just to speak.” But then， it wouldnt be France.

35. Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris？

A. They bring people true friendship.

B. They give people spiritual support.endprint

C. They help people realize their dreams.

D. They offer a platform for business links.

[解析]利用題干的“psychology cafes”找到“The citys psychology cafes， which（because they ）offer great comfort， are among the most popular places”，大意是這些心理咖啡館給了（人們）極大的安慰，變得很受歡迎。這與先項B. They give people spiritual support（給人們以心靈慰藉）意思一致。

三、利用to do解題

當(dāng)題目需要學(xué)生找到做某事的原因，利用題目中相關(guān)的單詞定位至相關(guān)句子后，如果出現(xiàn)to do時，可能它就是答案所在，因為不定式to do可以表目的，因此不定式to do也是解題線索之一。

[例8]2013年全國卷I

Some people will do just about anything to save money. And I am one of them. Take my familys last vacation. It was my six-year-old sons winter break from school， and we were heading home from Fort Lauderdale after a weeklong trip. The flight was overbooked， and Delta， the airline， offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and leave the next day. I had meetings in New York，So I had to get back. But that didn't mean my husband and my son couldnt stay. I took my nine-month-old and took off for home.

The next day， my husband and son were offered more credits to take an even later flight. Yes， I encouraged—okay， ordered—them to wait it out at the airport， to“earn” more Delta Dollars. Our total take： $1，600. Not bad， huh？

56. Why did Delta give the authors family credits？

A. They took a later flight.

B. They had early bookings.

C. Their flight had been delayed.

D. Their flight had been cancelled.

[解析]利用“give ... credits”及題目順序，我們定位至第一段“The flight was overbooked， and Delta， the airline， offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and leave the next day.”，其中的不定式“to give up our seats and leave the next day”表示目的，航空公司希望他們坐第二天的飛機(jī)；另外，本文的第二段再次出現(xiàn)了“The next day， my husband and son were offered more credits to take an even later flight”，可知答案為選項A。

[例9]2017年全國卷I

Some of the worlds most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO （ United Nations Educational， Scientific and Cultural Organization） recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music， its significance， and its potential as a unifying（聯(lián)合） voice across cultures.

28. Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day？

A. To remember the birth of jazz.

B. To protect cultural diversity.

C. To encourage people to study music.

D. To recognize the value of jazz.

[解析]用題干中的April 30”及出題順序，找到“set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music， its significance， and its potential as a unifying（聯(lián)合） voice across cultures”，利用表目的to raise awareness of jazz music， its significance可知，認(rèn)識爵士音樂的重要性，故選D。

四、其他

[例10]2017全國卷I

I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl（貓頭鷹） on the ground. When I arrived， I saw a 2-to 3-week-old owl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety.

I examined the chick（雛鳥）and it seemed fine…

25. Why was the author called to Muttontown？

A. To rescue a woman.

B. To take care of a woman.

C. To look at a baby owl.

D. To cure a young owl.

[解析]問作者去Muttontown的原因，利用call及題目順序，定位至第二段，找到如下句子“I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl（貓頭鷹）on the ground.”句子告訴我們，作者接到的是一個a rescue call，而且后一句告訴我們，打電話的人發(fā)現(xiàn)了a young owl，再根據(jù)下段首句I examined the chick（雛鳥）and it seemed fine可知，正確答案為C，其中examine與look at同義。

總之，找原因的題目，考生需要利用題干中相關(guān)的單詞定位相關(guān)句子，利用好because， to do等相關(guān)表達(dá)。如果沒有這些表達(dá)，則利用好前一句或后一句。筆者建議此類題目“不要過多閱讀”，一來減少答題時間，二來對于基礎(chǔ)較弱的學(xué)生來說，有時閱讀的內(nèi)容越多，越容易被干擾選項迷惑，反而更容易出錯。

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青endprint