張培訓 馬明太 劉中砥 王依林 付中國 陳建海 薛峰 韓娜 寇玉輝
鎖骨鉤板內固定聯(lián)合Endobutton韌帶重建治療RockwoodⅢ型肩鎖關節(jié)脫位
張培訓 馬明太 劉中砥 王依林 付中國 陳建海 薛峰 韓娜 寇玉輝
目的探討鎖骨鉤板內固定聯(lián)合Endobutton喙鎖韌帶重建治療RockwoodⅢ型肩鎖關節(jié)脫位的臨床療效。方法回顧性分析2012年8月至2015年12月北京大學人民醫(yī)院創(chuàng)傷骨科采用鎖骨鉤板內固定聯(lián)合Endobutton喙鎖韌帶重建治療Rockwood Ⅲ型肩鎖關節(jié)脫位的患者11例,其中男7例,女 4例;年齡 22~65歲,平均(37.50±8.75)歲。受傷至手術時間為 2~8 d,平均(4.50±1.95)d,均為閉合性損傷。損傷機制:直接暴力損傷9例,間接暴力損傷2例。對11例患者進行臨床效果評價。結果患者的手術時間35~100 min,術后所有患者切口均為1/甲級愈合。隨訪時間6~18個月,平均(10.60±6.67)個月。所有患者術后均未發(fā)生鎖骨鉤脫落、斷裂。術后10~18個月取出內固定,鋼板取出后無再脫位等并發(fā)癥。按美國肩肘外科協(xié)會標準化肩關節(jié)評定量表(American shoulder elbow surgeons standardized shoulder assessment form,ASES)評價療效,優(yōu)(100~90分)9例,良(89~75分)1例,一般(74~51分)1例,差(≤50分)0例,優(yōu)良率90.91%。結論鎖骨鉤板內固定聯(lián)合Endobutton喙鎖韌帶重建治療Rockwood Ⅲ型肩鎖關節(jié)脫位手術操作簡單,術后肩關節(jié)功能恢復好,并發(fā)癥少,可臨床推廣應用。
肩鎖關節(jié)脫位; 鎖骨鉤板; Endobutton; 韌帶重建
肩鎖關節(jié)脫位臨床常見,約占肩部損傷的12%[1]。肩關節(jié)遭受高能量直接或間接暴力時容易發(fā)生肩鎖關節(jié)脫位,主要是關節(jié)周圍相關韌帶斷裂所致。目前針對Rockwood Ⅲ~V型肩鎖關節(jié)脫位應行手術治療已達成共識[2]。肩鎖關節(jié)脫位的手術治療屢有創(chuàng)新性報道,但最佳處理措施尚存爭議。傳統(tǒng)方式以堅強內固定理念為主,但并發(fā)癥較多、臨床療效不滿意。近年來治療理念已逐漸由堅強固定轉向彈性固定,以解剖方式重建喙鎖韌帶的帶袢Endobutton治療肩鎖關節(jié)脫位為研究熱點[3-4]。本文回顧性分析了本院創(chuàng)傷骨科2012年8月至2015年12月采取鎖骨鉤板內固定聯(lián)合Endobutton喙鎖韌帶重建治療Rockwood Ⅲ型肩鎖關節(jié)脫位的11例患者,取得了較好的治療效果,總結如下:
本組患者共11例,其中男7例,女4例;年齡22~65歲,平均(37.50±8.75)歲。其中右側6例,左側5例。受傷至手術時間為2~8 d,平均(4.50±1.95)d,均為閉合性損傷。損傷機制:直接暴力損傷9例,間接暴力損傷2例。11例患者經(jīng)X線檢查未見骨折。損傷類型根據(jù)Rockwood分型均為Rockwood Ⅲ型肩鎖關節(jié)脫位。臨床表現(xiàn)為患側肩部略微腫脹,鎖骨遠端有浮動感,“琴鍵征”陽性,局部瘀斑青紫,壓痛明顯,患側肩關節(jié)活動受限。
患者入院后患肢懸垂制動。完善術前檢查,臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯麻醉或全身麻醉下半坐臥位,患側墊高20~30 cm,頭部轉向健側。在鎖骨的中外1/3交界處由外上沿下經(jīng)過喙突做約5 cm的斜行切口,逐層切開皮膚和皮下組織,分離三角肌,暴露鎖骨及喙突,在喙突基底附近接近和鎖骨中外1/3處鉆孔,將肩鎖關節(jié)的鎖骨遠端下壓至解剖位置,將帶袢Endobutton鋼板導入喙突下,另外一塊帶袢Endobutton鋼板置于鎖骨上方靠近后側(不影響鎖骨鉤板的放置)的位置,絲線拉緊并打Nice滑動加壓結。帶袢的Endobutton鋼板放置完成后進行常規(guī)的鎖骨鉤板內固定。探明肩峰后方鎖骨鉤端插入位置,將4孔或6孔鎖骨鉤鎖定鋼板鉤端插入肩峰下緣,鋼板近端先鉆孔并擰上普通螺釘固定,加壓使鋼板貼合更好,再間斷鉆孔并擰入鎖定螺釘,探查肩鎖關節(jié)固定穩(wěn)定后沖洗、縫合,放置引流(典型病例如圖1~3所示)。術后預防性輸入抗生素1 d,術后第2天即開始小幅度主、被動功能鍛煉。
根據(jù)美國肩肘外科協(xié)會標準化肩關節(jié)評定量表(American shoulder elbow surgeons standardized shoulder assessment form, ASES)評價療效,100~90分為優(yōu), 89~75分為良, 74~51分為一般,≤50分為差。
本組11例患者的手術時間35~100 min,術后11例患者切口均為1/甲級愈合。隨訪時間6~18個月,平均(10.60±6.67)個月。11例患者術后均未發(fā)生鎖骨鉤脫落、斷裂。術后10~18個月取出內固定,鋼板取出后無再脫位等并發(fā)癥。按ASES等級評分評定療效,優(yōu)(100~90分)9例,良(89~75分)1例,一般(74~51分)1例,差(≤50分)0例,優(yōu)良率90.91%。
肩鎖關節(jié)是由扁平的肩峰內緣與鎖骨的遠端構成,屬于微動關節(jié),其主要功能為提供鎖骨與肩峰間的滑動以及肩胛骨相對于鎖骨的旋轉[5]。在上肢活動時,肩鎖關節(jié)有三種移位方式,分別是前后、上下移動和鎖骨沿長軸旋轉。肩鎖關節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性主要依靠韌帶保持。喙鎖韌帶的功能為維持肩胛骨與鎖骨間的恒定關系,從而在保持肩鎖關節(jié)在上下方向上的穩(wěn)定性起重要作用。肩鎖關節(jié)脫位的分類方法很多,傳統(tǒng)采用 Allman、Tossy或 Zlotsky等的三分法[6],這些分類方法突出影像學特點,其中Ⅲ型均提示肩鎖和喙鎖韌帶完全斷裂。Rockwood于1984年改進了Allman和Tossy的三分法,把肩鎖關節(jié)脫位分為六型,用以指導其臨床診療。目前對于Rockwood Ⅲ型以上的損傷類型采取手術治療已經(jīng)達成共識。
肩鎖關節(jié)脫位根據(jù)不同的分型,其治療方式也不同,有單純的克氏針固定法、克氏針張力帶固定法、喙鎖韌帶鋼絲和鈦纜內固定法、人工韌帶或者肌腱重建喙鎖韌帶法、鎖骨鉤鋼板治療法以及近年來出現(xiàn)的關節(jié)鏡下Endobutton單袢固定法和雙袢固定法等。
單純的克氏針固定肩鎖關節(jié)脫位適合于喙鎖韌帶未完全斷裂的肩鎖關節(jié)脫位,同時克氏針的固定也存在固定不牢固、容易出現(xiàn)克氏針退出等情況??耸厢槒埩У墓潭ǚ€(wěn)定性比單純的克氏針固定有所提升,但是仍然存在鋼針的末端護理困難,應用范圍有限。
鎖骨鉤板是通過鎖骨遠端鋼板固定和穿過肩峰的鉤形成杠桿作用,在鎖骨遠端產(chǎn)生持續(xù)而穩(wěn)定的壓力,為肩鎖、喙鎖韌帶及周圍軟組織的創(chuàng)傷后愈合提供一個適宜的環(huán)境。鎖骨鉤板的固定容許肩鎖關節(jié)一定范圍內的微小活動,固定牢固可以早期進行主、被動功能鍛煉[7]。有學者報道鎖骨鉤的臨床使用過程當中存在脫鉤、斷鉤、鎖骨應力性骨折等并發(fā)癥。也有學者報道鎖骨鉤的應用過程中會產(chǎn)生肩峰下間隙的持續(xù)刺激而導致肩關節(jié)的疼痛不適[8]?;仡櫺苑治霰窘M11例鎖骨鉤板內固定治療肩鎖關節(jié)Ⅲ型以上脫位的病例中,無一例出現(xiàn)脫鉤、斷板、鎖骨應力骨折以及肩峰下間隙持續(xù)刺激性疼痛,臨床效果滿意。
肩鎖關節(jié)脫位一般都伴有肩鎖韌帶的斷裂[9]。輕度的肩鎖關節(jié)脫位(喙鎖韌帶未完全斷裂)可以通過簡單的固定來獲得喙鎖韌帶的緊縮和肩鎖韌帶的愈合。伴有喙鎖韌帶損傷的肩鎖關節(jié)脫位一般都屬于Rockwood Ⅲ型以上的損傷程度,其臨床處理尚未達成共識[10]。有學者認為可以通過固定肩鎖關節(jié)來獲得喙鎖韌帶的瘢痕修復;也有學者認為喙鎖韌帶損傷的Ⅲ型以上的肩鎖關節(jié)脫位不僅僅需要韌帶重建,還需要肩鎖關節(jié)的固定;也有學者認為Ⅲ型以上的肩鎖關節(jié)脫位可以單純通過喙鎖韌帶的重建來獲得較好的穩(wěn)定性,不需要肩鎖關節(jié)的固定[2-3]。近年來有學者也報道通過關節(jié)鏡下的Endobutton袢鋼板的固定來治療肩鎖關節(jié)脫位,Endobutton袢鋼板的固定需要借助于強度較大的絲線的彈性固定;有學者認為單一的Endobutton袢鋼板只能相對有效的解決鎖骨的上移而無法有效限制鎖骨遠端的前后移位;進而有學者也報道了雙Endobutton袢鋼板在不同的位置上對鎖骨遠端的上移和前后移動做了限制,取得了較好的治療效果[11]。
自從鎖骨鉤鋼板應用于臨床以來,有學者認為急性肩鎖關節(jié)脫位手術治療可以單純采用鎖骨鉤板固定,而不修復喙鎖韌帶。作者通過回顧性分析發(fā)現(xiàn):也有部分術前可疑喙鎖韌帶完全斷裂的肩鎖關節(jié)脫位單純通過鎖骨鉤板的固定而獲得了肩鎖關節(jié)的穩(wěn)定,二期手術取出鉤板后未見脫位再次發(fā)生。但是作者認為:肩鎖關節(jié)完全性脫位時喙鎖韌帶完全斷裂,肩鎖韌帶也同時撕裂。手術中內固定的作用只是暫時替代喙肩和喙鎖韌帶以維持其垂直方向的穩(wěn)定,持久的穩(wěn)定仍需要修復喙肩和喙鎖韌帶來提供,尤其是喙鎖韌帶。喙鎖韌帶單純拉伸損傷未完全斷裂的肩鎖關節(jié)脫位可能可以通過固定肩鎖關節(jié)獲得肩鎖韌帶和喙鎖韌帶的愈合,但是伴有喙鎖韌帶完全斷裂的肩鎖關節(jié)脫位,應盡可能在術中重建韌帶,可以選擇自體韌帶、聯(lián)合腱,也可以選擇Endobutton袢鋼板甚至單純的絲線彈性固定,不建議使用鋼絲、鈦纜非彈性固定方式。至于本研究中Rockwood Ⅲ型以上的11例患者,術中重建了喙鎖韌帶,又采用鎖骨鉤板固定了遠端與肩峰,臨床隨訪中肩關節(jié)功能恢復滿意,未見肩鎖關節(jié)再次脫位發(fā)生,臨床效果好,優(yōu)良率達到90%以上,因此作者認為鎖骨鉤板內固定聯(lián)合Endobutton喙鎖韌帶重建是治療肩鎖關節(jié)脫位的一種有效的方法。綜合分析認為,該方法具有以下優(yōu)勢:(1)重建了喙鎖韌帶,保持了鎖骨遠端在冠狀面的穩(wěn)定性,拆除鎖骨遠端的內固定后不容易造成脫位復發(fā);(2) 有效固定了肩鎖關節(jié),可以早期進行功能鍛煉。
圖1 右側Ⅲ型肩鎖關節(jié)脫位
圖2 鎖骨鉤Endobutton重建固定
圖3 鎖骨鉤Endobutton重建固定后1年去除鎖骨鉤內固定
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Han Na, Email:876804725@qq.com
Treatment of Rockwood typeⅢ acromioclavicular joint dislocation with clavicular hook plate internal fixation and Endobutton ligament reconstruction
Zhang Peixun, Ma Mingtai, Liu Zhongdi,Wang Yilin, Fu Zhongguo, Chen Jianhai, Xue Feng, Han Na.Department of Trauma and Orthopedics,Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
BackgroundAccounting for around 12% of all shoulder injuries, the acromioclavicular joint dislocation is common in clinic. The shoulder joint is prone to acromioclavicular dislocation when direct or indirect high energy violence leads to the rupture of the ligament around joint. Currently, it has been widely acknowledged that Rockwood type Ⅲ—V of acromioclavicular joint dislocation should be treated with surgical interventions. Although innovative surgical treatments of acromioclavicular joint dislocation have been reported several times, the optimal treatment is still controversial. The traditional method is based on rigid internal fixation, but high rate of complications and unsatisfactory clinical efficacy are resulted. In recent years, the treatment concept has gradually switched from rigid fixation to elastic fixation, and the treatment of acromioclavicular dislocation through the anatomic reconstruction of acromioclavicular ligament with Endobuttons becomes the focus of research. This study provides a retrospective analysis of 11 cases with Rockwood typeⅢ acromioclavicular joint dislocation treated by clavicular hook plate fixationcombined with the Endobutton reconstruction of coracoclavicular ligament in our hospital from August 2012 to December 2015.All cases achieved satisfactory therapeutic effect. Methods (1)General information. The group included 11 patients (7 males and 4 females).The age ranged from 22-65 years with an average of (37.50±8.75) years. Six cases had the right side affected, and 5 cases had the left side affected. The time from injury to operation ranged from 2-8 days with an average of (4.50±1.95) days, and all cases were closed injuries. Injury mechanisms: 9 cases of direct violent injury and 2 cases of indirect violent injury. No fracture was discovered in patients under fluoroscopy.According to the Rockwood classification, all injuries were acromioclavicular dislocation of Rockwood typeⅢ. Clinical manifestations of ipsilateral shoulder included slight swollen, floating feeling of clavicle, positive 'piano sign', local ecchymoses and bruises, tenderness,limitation of shoulder joint motion.(2)Therapeutic method. All patients had the affected limb fixed with suspension braking after admission. After preoperative examination was taken, the patient
brachial plexus block or general anaesthesia and was placed in semirecumbent position for operation. The ipsilateral shoulder was elevated for 20-30 cm with pad, and the head was turned to the unaffected side. A 5-cm oblique incision was made at the border between the middle 1/3 and the lateral 1/3 of clavicle downward through coronoid process, and the skin and subcutaneous tissue were cut open layer by layer. Afterward, the deltoid muscle was separated to expose clavicle and coronoid process. A hole was drilled nearthe lateral 1/3 of clavicle around basal coronoid process. As the distal clavicle was pressed to anatomical position, two Endobutton plates were imported under coronoid process and placed on the posterosuperior side of clavicle(that did not affect the placement of clavicular hook plate) respectively. Then, a Nice knot was made for sliding compression. After the placement of Endobutton plate, the clavicular hook plate was placed in routine. Following the exploration of the insertion position for hook plate at the back of acromion,the 4-hole or 6-hole clavicular hook plate was inserted into the inferior margin of acromion.Initially,the proximal end of plate was drilled and fixed with cortical screws. The compression was applied subsequentially for better fit. Then, the holes were drilled discontinuously and inserted with locking screws. After the fixation of acromioclavicular joint was checked for stability, the wound was irrigated and sutured with drainage. The postoperative prophylactic antibiotics was given on the 1st day only. Active and passive exercises with minor range of motion were started from the 2nd day after operation.(3)Evaluative criteria. The therapeutic effect was evaluated based on the rating scale of American shoulder and elbow surgeons surgeons standardized shoulder assessment form (ASES):100-90 points as excellent; 89-75 points as good; 74-51 points as moderate;≤50 points as poor.ResultsThe operation time in the group ranged from 35 to 100 minutes, and all incisions belonged to stage I/Class A healing after operation. The patients were followed up for 6-18 months with an average of (10.60±6.67) months. No patient had clavicular hook loosening or rupture. The internal fixator was removed 10-18 months after operation. No complication such as recurrence of joint dislocation occurred after the removal of plate. According to the rating scale of ASES, 9 cases were excellent (100-90 points), 1 case was good (89-75 points), 1 case was moderate (74-51 points),and no case was poor (≤50 points). The good and excellent rate was 90.91%.ConclusionsThe clavicular hook plate fixation combined with Endobutton ligament reconstruction is an effective method to treat acromioclavicular dislocation.Comprehensive analysis shows that this method has the following advantages: (1) The reconstruction of coracoclavicular ligament maintains the stability of distal clavicle on coronal plane. The chance of dislocation recurrence is reduced after the removal of internal fixatior; (2) The effective fixation of acromioclavicular joint is conducive to early functional exercises.
Acromioclavicular joint dislocation; Clavicular hook plate; Endobutton;Ligament reconstruction
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5790.2017.03.003
國家科技部973計劃(2014CB542201);國家科技部863計劃(SS2015AA020501);教育部創(chuàng)新團隊(IRT1201);國家自然科學基金(31571235);國家自然科學基金(31671248);國家自然科學基金(31771322);教育部新世紀優(yōu)秀人才計劃(BMU20110270)
100044 北京大學人民醫(yī)院創(chuàng)傷骨科
韓娜,Email:876804725@qq.com;寇玉輝,Email:yukuikou@bjma.edu.cn
2016-05-31)
(本文編輯:李靜;英文編輯:陳建海、張曉萌、張立佳)
張培訓,馬明太,劉中砥,等.鎖骨鉤板內固定聯(lián)合Endobutton韌帶重建治療RockwoodⅢ型肩鎖關節(jié)脫位[J/CD].中華肩肘外科電子雜志,2017,5(3):168-172.