鄭亞杰 沈雪 競(jìng)艷 吳亞桐 于瑞星 王磊 薛珂 崔勇
230032合肥,安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)皮膚病研究所安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院皮膚性病科(鄭亞杰、沈雪、競(jìng)艷);中日友好醫(yī)院皮膚性病科(吳亞桐、于瑞星、王磊、薛珂、崔勇)
·研究報(bào)道·
反射式共聚焦顯微鏡聯(lián)合皮膚鏡對(duì)黑素細(xì)胞痣的診斷價(jià)值評(píng)估
鄭亞杰 沈雪 競(jìng)艷 吳亞桐 于瑞星 王磊 薛珂 崔勇
230032合肥,安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)皮膚病研究所安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院皮膚性病科(鄭亞杰、沈雪、競(jìng)艷);中日友好醫(yī)院皮膚性病科(吳亞桐、于瑞星、王磊、薛珂、崔勇)
目的評(píng)估皮膚鏡與反射式共聚焦顯微鏡(RCM)單獨(dú)或聯(lián)合對(duì)黑素細(xì)胞痣的診斷價(jià)值。方法收集臨床擬診黑素細(xì)胞痣的患者37例,對(duì)皮損先進(jìn)行皮膚鏡、RCM檢查,再經(jīng)組織病理學(xué)檢查確診??偨Y(jié)黑素細(xì)胞痣的影像學(xué)特征,計(jì)算不同檢查診斷黑素細(xì)胞痣的敏感度、特異度、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值、陰性預(yù)測(cè)值、正確率,分析皮膚影像技術(shù)與組織病理學(xué)診斷的一致性。結(jié)果皮膚鏡和RCM檢查結(jié)果示真皮內(nèi)痣細(xì)胞的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)可分為兩種:(a)真皮乳頭層不融合、高折光、圓形的痣細(xì)胞,皮膚鏡下表現(xiàn)為褐色或淺褐色均質(zhì)模式,見于5處皮損;(b)真皮乳頭內(nèi)不規(guī)則、高折光的痣細(xì)胞團(tuán)塊,皮膚鏡表現(xiàn)為鵝卵石模式或球狀模式,見于31處皮損。在診斷黑素細(xì)胞痣方面,RCM結(jié)合皮膚鏡的敏感度、特異度、正確率、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值、陰性預(yù)測(cè)值分別為91.7%、87.5%、90.9%、97.1%、70%,RCM為86.1%、75%、84%、93.9%、54.5%,皮膚鏡為77.8%、87.5%、75%、96.3%、41.2%。除特異度與皮膚鏡相同外,RCM結(jié)合皮膚鏡的其他指標(biāo)均高于二者單獨(dú)應(yīng)用;RCM敏感度、正確率、陰性預(yù)測(cè)值高于皮膚鏡,特異度、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值低于皮膚鏡。RCM結(jié)合皮膚鏡或單用RCM與組織病理診斷結(jié)果之間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2值分別為0.25、0.57,P值分別為0.63、0.45),Kappa值分別為0.72、0.53;皮膚鏡與病理診斷結(jié)果之間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=5.81,P=0.012)。結(jié)論RCM聯(lián)合皮膚鏡較二者單獨(dú)使用能更準(zhǔn)確地診斷黑素細(xì)胞痣。
痣;顯微鏡檢查,共焦;皮膚鏡檢查;病理學(xué),臨床;診斷技術(shù)和方法
黑素細(xì)胞痣是臨床常見的良性皮膚腫瘤,組織病理分為交界痣、皮內(nèi)痣、混合痣,病理學(xué)診斷仍為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。皮膚影像技術(shù)作為一種在體、無創(chuàng)、實(shí)時(shí)、動(dòng)態(tài)的檢查方式,已廣泛用于臨床。3項(xiàng)Meta分析顯示,皮膚鏡在色素性腫瘤的診斷準(zhǔn)確性方面顯著高于肉眼診斷[1?2],但經(jīng)組織病理學(xué)證實(shí)的黑素瘤皮損中15%的皮膚鏡模式與非黑素細(xì)胞性病變相似[3],且皮膚鏡在無色素或低色素皮損方面的診斷效能不足,臨床應(yīng)用存在局限性。反射式共聚焦顯微鏡(reflectance confocal microscopy,RCM)對(duì)黑素有較高的折射率,黑素在RCM圖像中呈現(xiàn)明亮的結(jié)構(gòu),因此RCM可用于色素性皮損的診斷與鑒別診斷[4]。我們?cè)u(píng)估皮膚鏡聯(lián)合RCM對(duì)黑素細(xì)胞痣的診斷價(jià)值。
(一)研究對(duì)象:2016年11月至2017年3月收集中日友好醫(yī)院皮膚性病科門診臨床擬診為黑素細(xì)胞痣并需手術(shù)切除的37例患者,共44處皮損。
(二)方法:
1.儀器:用RCM(vivascope1500,美國Lucid Inc公司)成像系統(tǒng)對(duì)患者皮損和正常皮膚進(jìn)行逐層掃描成像,以蒸餾水作為黏合窗與組織之間的浸液。用德國FotoFinder公司皮膚鏡系統(tǒng)(Medicam 800HD)采集圖像,以70%乙醇[5]作為接觸媒介。
2.皮膚鏡特征:黑素細(xì)胞痣常見結(jié)構(gòu)模式,①網(wǎng)狀模式:組織病理學(xué)上相當(dāng)于延長(zhǎng)的表皮突頂端的表真皮交界處小的痣細(xì)胞巢或單一黑素細(xì)胞,見于交界痣;②球狀模式:組織病理學(xué)上相當(dāng)于真皮淺層以及表真皮交界處的痣細(xì)胞巢,見于混合痣[6];③鵝卵石樣結(jié)構(gòu):組織病理學(xué)上相當(dāng)于真皮淺層、深層痣細(xì)胞形成的大的痣細(xì)胞巢,見于皮內(nèi)痣[7]。
3.RCM特征[4]:痣細(xì)胞呈高折光的圓形或橢圓形巢狀排列,或真皮內(nèi)呈團(tuán)塊樣聚集,根據(jù)痣細(xì)胞的層次分為:①交界痣:圓形或橢圓形痣細(xì)胞巢狀分布在真表皮交界處;②皮內(nèi)痣:痣細(xì)胞位于真皮乳頭內(nèi);③混合痣:具有交界痣和皮內(nèi)痣的雙重特點(diǎn)。
4.組織病理特征:①交界痣:痣細(xì)胞位于表皮和真皮交界處;②皮內(nèi)痣:痣細(xì)胞位于真皮內(nèi),多呈巢狀分布,也可散在分布;③混合痣:具有皮內(nèi)痣和交界痣的雙重特點(diǎn)[8]。
5.診斷方法:術(shù)前行皮膚鏡、RCM檢查,留取影像資料,術(shù)后經(jīng)組織病理確診。收集影像學(xué)資料并進(jìn)行編號(hào),2名皮膚科醫(yī)師學(xué)習(xí)2周后根據(jù)上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共同診斷,分別依據(jù)皮膚鏡、RCM特征診斷或整合皮膚鏡與RCM特征診斷,結(jié)果以兩名醫(yī)師診斷意見一致為準(zhǔn)。RCM結(jié)合皮膚鏡兩種檢查方式結(jié)果不一致時(shí):色素性皮損以RCM為準(zhǔn),表面不平整或角化過度皮損以皮膚鏡為準(zhǔn)。以病理結(jié)果為診斷金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),評(píng)價(jià)三種方案診斷黑素細(xì)胞痣的敏感度、特異度、正確率、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值、陰性預(yù)測(cè)值。
(三)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法:采用SPSS17.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。采用χ2檢驗(yàn)分析3種檢查方式與組織病理學(xué)診斷結(jié)果的差異性,并進(jìn)行Kappa檢驗(yàn),判斷一致性情況,檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)ɑ=0.05,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
(一)組織病理檢查結(jié)果:44處皮損經(jīng)組織病理學(xué)確診,包括6例脂溢性角化病、2例藍(lán)痣、36例黑素細(xì)胞痣,其中5例脂溢性角化病組織病理分型均為角化過度型,另1例未確認(rèn)分型。36例黑素細(xì)胞痣中包括4例混合痣、32例皮內(nèi)痣。
(二)不同形態(tài)痣皮損的皮膚鏡、RCM影像形態(tài)特點(diǎn):皮膚鏡淺褐色均質(zhì)模式(圖1B)對(duì)應(yīng)RCM下真皮淺層高折光、散在分布、圓形的痣細(xì)胞(圖1C),共5例,病理學(xué)顯示真皮淺層散在分布的痣細(xì)胞(圖1D);皮膚鏡鵝卵石樣結(jié)構(gòu)模式(圖2B)對(duì)應(yīng)RCM下真皮乳頭內(nèi)高折光、成巢分布的痣細(xì)胞團(tuán)塊(圖2C),共27例,病理學(xué)顯示真皮淺層痣細(xì)胞成巢分布(圖2D);皮膚鏡球狀模式(圖3B)對(duì)應(yīng)RCM下真表皮交界及真皮乳頭內(nèi)的痣細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)(圖3C),共4例,組織病理示基底層色素增加,真皮淺中層可見痣細(xì)胞巢;皮膚鏡藍(lán)灰色均質(zhì)模式(圖4B)對(duì)應(yīng)RCM下真皮中部長(zhǎng)梭狀痣細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)(圖4C),共2例,組織病理顯示真皮大量長(zhǎng)梭形黑素細(xì)胞,聚集成束(圖4D)。
圖1 ~4 不同形態(tài)痣皮損臨床、皮膚鏡、反射式共聚焦顯微鏡(RCM)、組織病理表現(xiàn)的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系 1A:肉眼觀察皮損呈棕色乳頭狀丘疹,邊界清楚,表面光滑;1B:皮膚鏡下表現(xiàn)為褐色或淺褐色均質(zhì)模式(白箭頭,×40,浸潤(rùn)式偏振模式);1C:RCM檢查真皮乳頭層不融合、圓形、高折光的痣細(xì)胞(紅色圓圈,×30);1D:病理學(xué)檢查示真皮淺層散在分布的痣細(xì)胞(黃色圓圈,HE×20)。2A:肉眼觀察皮損呈黑色扁平丘疹,邊界清楚,表面光滑;2B:皮膚鏡下表現(xiàn)為鵝卵石結(jié)構(gòu)(白箭頭,×20,浸潤(rùn)式偏振模式);2C:RCM檢查真皮乳頭內(nèi)、真皮淺層融合性痣細(xì)胞團(tuán)塊(紅色圓圈,×30);2D:組織病理中真皮淺層痣細(xì)胞成巢分布(黃色圓圈,HE×20)。3A:肉眼觀察皮損呈黑褐色乳頭狀丘疹,邊界清楚,表面光滑;3B:皮膚鏡下表現(xiàn)為藍(lán)灰色球狀結(jié)構(gòu),中央可見局部淺褐色背景(白箭頭,×40,浸潤(rùn)式偏振模式);3C:真表皮交界、真皮乳頭內(nèi)均可見痣細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)(紅色圓圈,×30);3D:病理學(xué)檢查示基底層色素增加,真皮淺中層可見痣細(xì)胞巢(黃色圓圈,HE×10)。4A:肉眼觀察皮損呈藍(lán)色扁平丘疹,邊界清楚,表面光滑;4B:皮膚鏡下表現(xiàn)為藍(lán)灰色模式(白箭頭,×40,浸潤(rùn)式偏振模式);4C:真皮中上部可見長(zhǎng)索狀中高折光痣細(xì)胞(紅色圓圈,×30);4D:真皮可見大量長(zhǎng)梭形黑素細(xì)胞,聚集成束(黃色圓圈,HE×20)
表1 黑素細(xì)胞痣不同檢查診斷結(jié)果比較(例)
表2 黑素細(xì)胞痣3種檢查方式敏感度、特異度、正確率、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值、陰性預(yù)測(cè)值比較(%)
(三)影像學(xué)檢查與病理學(xué)檢查結(jié)果比較:見表1。RCM結(jié)合皮膚鏡或RCM單獨(dú)檢查與組織病理學(xué)檢查診斷結(jié)果差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2值分別為0.25、0.57,均P> 0.05),而皮膚鏡與病理學(xué)檢查結(jié)果差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=5.81,P=0.012)。RCM結(jié)合皮膚鏡、RCM單用、皮膚鏡單用與組織病理檢查的一致性分析示,κ值分別為0.72、0.53、0.41,前兩者與組織病理檢查中度一致,皮膚鏡與組織病理一致性較差。
RCM結(jié)合皮膚鏡檢查除特異度與皮膚鏡單用相同外,診斷黑素細(xì)胞痣的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)均高于二者單用;RCM敏感度、正確率、陰性預(yù)測(cè)值均高于皮膚鏡,但特異度、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值低于皮膚鏡。見表2。
黑素細(xì)胞痣是臨床常見的良性皮膚腫瘤,臨床常用的診斷依據(jù)有:①臨床信息;②可疑皮損的組織病理檢查;③皮損形態(tài)演變;④皮膚影像技術(shù)。與肉眼診斷比較,皮膚鏡的應(yīng)用可提高黑素瘤診斷的準(zhǔn)確性[2],減少良性黑素細(xì)胞性皮損切除的概率[9];相對(duì)皮膚鏡而言,RCM結(jié)合皮膚鏡可進(jìn)一步降低黑素細(xì)胞性皮損的誤切率[10]。因此,我們?cè)u(píng)估RCM結(jié)合皮膚鏡對(duì)黑素細(xì)胞痣的診斷價(jià)值。
皮膚鏡的成像原理是丁達(dá)爾效應(yīng),反映皮損的整體特點(diǎn)[11],不能準(zhǔn)確觀察痣細(xì)胞的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn);RCM可觀察到細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu),并生成厚度<5 μm的水平圖像,在水平面的分辨率接近傳統(tǒng)的組織病理學(xué)檢查;皮膚鏡下黑素細(xì)胞痣網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)與RCM鏡下鵝卵石樣結(jié)構(gòu)、真表皮交界處單個(gè)或成巢的痣細(xì)胞相對(duì)應(yīng)[12]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,RCM鏡下真皮乳頭層高折光、散在圓形細(xì)胞與組織病理學(xué)真皮內(nèi)散在痣細(xì)胞相對(duì)應(yīng),真皮乳頭內(nèi)高折光的融合細(xì)胞團(tuán)與組織病理學(xué)痣細(xì)胞成巢分布相對(duì)應(yīng),真皮中上部中高折光的條索狀痣細(xì)胞與組織病理聚集成束的長(zhǎng)梭形黑素細(xì)胞相對(duì)應(yīng),證實(shí)RCM可清晰、客觀真實(shí)地反映黑素細(xì)胞痣的細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)及位置,更直觀的了解皮損信息,為臨床診斷提供依據(jù)。本研究還顯示,RCM與皮膚鏡敏感度相似,但RCM特異度低于皮膚鏡。既往研究顯示,兩種檢查方式的敏感度相似,但RCM的特異度優(yōu)于皮膚鏡[13]。這種研究結(jié)果之間的差異,可能和樣本量少、皮膚病影像學(xué)特征不完善有關(guān)。因此,仍需多中心、大樣本的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證,以期全面了解皮損信息,提高診斷的準(zhǔn)確性。
利用皮膚影像技術(shù)對(duì)疾病鑒別診斷、分型等方面的研究為臨床提供了重要依據(jù)[7?8,12,14]。本研究中 RCM 未能準(zhǔn)確診斷的為角化過度、表面不平整的皮損,而皮膚鏡能將這些皮損正確診斷為脂溢性角化?。ú±矸中蜑榻腔^度型),同時(shí)RCM還將混合痣誤診為皮內(nèi)痣,皮膚鏡診斷為不典型痣;皮膚鏡未能準(zhǔn)確診斷的皮損多為低色素或無色素皮損,誤診為軟纖維瘤、黑素瘤,RCM則正確診斷為皮內(nèi)痣;兩者皆誤診的為脂溢性角化病皮損,因患者搔抓導(dǎo)致皮損特點(diǎn)不明確,經(jīng)病理免疫組化檢查確診為脂溢性角化病。提示RCM對(duì)角化過度性皮損成像較差而不能用于不平整部位的檢查,皮膚鏡可通過移動(dòng)鏡頭觀察這些皮損信息。對(duì)無色素或低色素皮損皮膚鏡可因無法提供色素結(jié)構(gòu)而誤診;相比之下,RCM對(duì)黑素的高折光率,可提高淺色皮損的診斷準(zhǔn)確性,特異度達(dá)84%[13]。研究表明,皮膚鏡聯(lián)合RCM可提高無色素或低色素皮損的診斷準(zhǔn)確性[15]。因此在臨床應(yīng)用中,對(duì)低色素或無色素性皮損可以優(yōu)選RCM檢查,而角化過度、表面不平整的皮損建議優(yōu)選皮膚鏡。
本研究顯示,RCM單用或結(jié)合皮膚鏡與組織病理學(xué)檢查結(jié)果無顯著差異性,診斷一致性良好,且兩種技術(shù)聯(lián)合優(yōu)于二者單獨(dú)使用。如何更好地整合皮膚鏡與RCM的信息是進(jìn)一步研究的方向。dermoscopy[J].Lancet Oncol,2002,3(3):159?165.
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[1]Kittler H,Pehamberger H,Wolff K,et al.Diagnostic accuracy of
Diagnostic value of reflectance confocal microscopy combined with dermoscopy for melanocytic nevu
s
Zheng Yajie,Shen Xue,Jing Yan,Wu Yatong,Yu Ruixing,Wang Lei,Xue Ke,Cui Yong
Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology,First Affiliated Hospital,Anhui Medical University,Hefei 230022,China(Zheng YJ,Shen X,Jing Y);Department of Dermatology,China?Japan Friendship Hospital,National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China,Beijing 100029,China(Wu YT,Yu RX,Wang L,Xue K,Cui Y)
Cui Yong,Email:wuhucuiyong@vip.163.com
ObjectiveTo evaluate the diagnostic value of dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy(RCM)alone or in combination for melanocytic nevus.MethodsA total of 37 patients with clinically diagnosed melanocytic nevus were collected.Skin lesions were firstly examined by dermoscopy and RCM,then were resected to be subjected to histopathological examination for final diagnosis.The imaging features of melanocytic nevus were summarized.The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value and accuracy of different skin imaging techniques were calculated,and the consistency was analyzed between skin imaging techniques and histopathological examination.ResultsBased on the dermoscopic and RCM findings,2 kinds of nevus cells with different morphological features were observed in the dermis of intradermal nevus.One kind of nevus cells was characterized by a non?fusional,highly?refractive round structure in the papillary dermis under RCM,and by a brown or light brown homogenous pattern under dermoscopy,which was observed in 5 skin lesions.The other kind of nevus cells appeared as irregular,highly?refractive cell clumps in the papillary dermis under RCM,and by a cobblestone or globular pattern under dermoscopy,which was observed in 31 skin lesions.For the diagnosis of melanocytic nevus,the sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,positive predictive value and negative predictive value of RCM combined with dermoscopy were 91.7%,87.5%,90.9%,97.1%and 70%respectively,thoseof RCM were 86.1%,75%,84%,93.9%and 54.5%respectively,and those of dermoscopy were 77.8%,87.5%,75%,96.3%and 41.2%respectively.All the diagnostic indices of RCM combined with dermoscopy were higher than those of RCM or dermoscopy alone,except that the specificity was equal to that of dermoscopy alone.RCM showed higher sensitivity,accuracy and negative predictive value,but lower specificity and positive predictive value compared with dermoscopy.There were no significant differences in the diagnostic yield in melanocytic nevus between RCM combined with dermoscopy or RCM alone and histopathological examination(χ2=0.25,0.57,P=0.63,0.45,Kappa value=0.72,0.53,respectively).However,a significant difference in the diagnostic yield in melanocytic nevus was observed between dermoscopy and histopathological examination(χ2=5.81,P=0.012).ConclusionRCM combined with dermoscopy shows higher diagnostic accuracy for melanocytic nevus compared with RCM or dermoscopy alone.
Nevus;Microscopy,confocal;Dermoscopy;Pathology,clinical;Diagnostic techniques and procedures
崔勇,Email:wuhucuiyong@vip.163.com
10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412?4030.2017.07.011
米爾斯坦亞美醫(yī)學(xué)基金會(huì)項(xiàng)目“中國人群皮膚病數(shù)字圖片資源庫的建立與應(yīng)用”
Fund program:Milstein Medical Asian American Partnership Foundation“The Digital Image Bank(DIB)of Skin Diseases for Chinese population
2017?05?24)
(本文編輯:尚淑賢)