• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    The Desirability of Integrating Chinese Culture into College English Teaching:A Case Study

    2021-03-03 14:46:31MAYue-ling
    Journal of Literature and Art Studies 2021年10期

    MA Yue-ling

    A brief review of the history shows that China’s educational pendulum has always swung between English as an important practical tool for China to connect with the world and English as a threat to Chinese language and culture. In recent years, China sees a rising concern over the declining of Guoxue, or the study of traditional Chinese culture, and the absence of Chinese culture in College English pedagogy. A survey conducted in South China University of Technology shows that even for non-English majors with good English competency, their ability to express local cultures in English is weak. However, despite some experts’ calling for reducing the proportion of English in education, this paper holds that English should be restored to its place as a lingua franca and that the reform of College English education is urgent and desirable. The integration of Chinese culture into College English can be achieved by such ways as re-editing the “Syllabus”, renewing textbooks, improving teachers’ competency, and revising the assessment methodologies.

    Keywords: the absence of Guoxue in English teaching, College English, intercultural communicative competence

    Early in 2004, the Education Ministry of China has promulgated the new “College English Curriculum Requirements”, requiring that non-English majors “should be able to translate articles about Chinese conditions and Chinese culture”, and in 2013, College English Test Band 4 or 6 (CET4 or CET6 for short), the most popular exam for the non-English majors in China, also added Chinese culture in the translation module. Behind these reforms is the absence of traditional Chinese culture in College English teaching, which, as some argue, have led to some terrible consequences, like, Chinese students cannot share with their foreign friends their own cultures, or more seriously, as Professor Cong Cong (2000) has maintained, Chinese students fail to reveal an independent cultural identity.

    The following survey explores students’ ability to convey Chinese cultures and their willingness to learn Chinese culture in English, which aims to see whether Chinese culture should be involved in College English pedagogy and how to make it come true. Considering that the English competency of the non-English majors is a far cry from each other, this research narrowed the scope of the respondents down to those non-English majors who are of excellent English communicative skills, and aims to see whether these students can have a better result in conveying Chinese culture in English.

    English as a Threat to Local Language and Culture in China

    Before jumping to the analysis of the survey, it is necessary to draw a brief review about what role English has played in Chinese history. Indeed, up to the mid-19th century, English, among other foreign languages, was regarded as barbarian or inferior to Chinese. China was forced to “open her eyes” after the Opium War(1839-1842) and the subsequent Westernization Movement formally set up English courses for the first time. But as one of the most famous slogans in this period “Chinese culture is for essential importance while western culture is for practical purposes” (Zhong Xue Wei Ti, Xi Xue Wei Yong) has revealed, English during this period was skill-based and marginal.

    During the late Qing Dynasty and after its collapse, the attitudes towards foreign language has basically been fluctuating. At the beginning of the 20th century, the mission schools with English courses flourished(Ross, 1993, p. 30), but later, as educational policy became more controlled by the government to unify China, English was criticized as a source of cultural and psychological disunity (Tsang, 1933, p. 71, quoted in Ross, 1993, p. 34). After World War II, English-learning in both mission schools and public-sponsored institutions enjoyed a revival (Ross, 1993, p. 35), but with the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, due partly to the heavy reliance of Soviet assistance, Russian replaced English as the preferred foreign language while English, instead, was regarded as vestiges of cultural and economic imperialism, which resulted in the disbanding of missionary institutions or their increasing cooperation with government-funded schools. Although English witnessed a temporal revival in early 1960s with the changing international situation and the global vision of some leaders, it was soon undermined again during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) when the whole modern education system was dismantled in hopes of building a brand-new educational institution suited to the socialist system (Hayhoe, 1989, p. 49).

    It was not until the 1970s, with the initiation of “Four Modernization” and the policy of reform and opening-up, English started to gain popularity. Although in the early 1980s, there was also concerns over the fact that foreign-language-learning could easily result in “spiritual pollution”, English was gradually perceived as a necessity for college entrance, employment, job promotion and training abroad, and its importance continued to grow. The commitment to learning English further intensified in the following decades. In 1993, the Education Ministry of China officially confirmed the English syllabus for the new secondary school curriculum and in 2003, it announced a new “student-centered” English language curriculum for all primary and secondary schools, despite the fact that, early in the 1990s, many schools in the cities have made English one of the three key subjects for the primary students, the other two being Chinese and Mathematics.

    Among this craze for English learning, there has always been concerns over its threat to traditional Chinese language and culture, because people found that most teaching materials for both English majors and non-English majors are about Anglophone cultural products. As Qu (2012, p. 17) said, among 118 books recommended to the English majors on the reading list, 106 are related to Anglophone cultures. And since most English teachers are from the English majors, their teaching would also emphasize the Anglophone cultures, because “the ‘standard English’ of Britain and the ‘general American’ of the United States” was upheld as the“primary target model of English” (Bolton, 2006, p. 2). This so-called “native speaker model” impels the learners’ preference over the native speaker image, and, together with the dominance of western culture in the past century in the world stage, leads to the popularity of the English-language cultures, like films, TV programs, newspapers and books etc.

    The one-way distribution of Anglophone cultural products has raised concerns over the “aphasia” of Chinese language and culture in English teaching. “Aphasia” was a medical term, according to the Webster dictionary, it means “l(fā)oss or impairment of the power to use or comprehend words usually resulting from brain damage (as from a stroke, head injury, or infection)”. In 2000, Cong Cong firstly applied this term to the absence of Chinese culture in English teaching, referring to it as “the aphasia of Chinese culture in English”. Although discussion concerning the marginal place of Chinese culture in English teaching has started in 1990s(Liu, 1995, p. 73), it was not until recent years, probably with the implementation of such projects as “One Belt, One Road” and “Chinese culture going global” led by the Chinese government, that it has attracted attention.

    Against such background, proposals of reducing the heat of English learning and lowering its importance have been made. In 2013, Wang Xuming, the former spokesman of China’s Education Ministry and now President of Language and Culture Press, in his verified Sina Microblog account called for cancellation of English teaching in the primary schools and increase classes on Guoxue, or traditional Chinese culture, which has stirred intense discussion among the netizens.1 Later, during the Two Sessions in 2014, some experts proposed to lower the weight of English in Gaokao (college entrance examination) or even to remove English from the exam altogether—and again, during the Two Sessions in 2021, Xu Jin, one of the national committee members, proposed that English should be removed as a compulsory course for primary and secondary school students2. Gaokao is without doubt the most important examination for most Chinese people, and any changes of it would lead to a big and long-lasting impact on most of the people. One important move taken by the Education Ministry was that in 2019, it allowed English to be taken twice during the year, with the higher score submitted.

    The above review shows that China’s educational pendulum always swung between English as an important practical tool for China to connect with the world and English as a threat to Chinese language and culture. Indeed, the learning of English and traditional culture should not be a zero-sum scenario, that is, the gains of one language would be counterbalanced by the loss of the other language. Instead, English as a global language, or lingua franca, can be used globally with not only the “native-English-speakers”, but also non-native English speakers. In China, the integration of traditional Chinese culture with English learning is very likely a desirable way to reduce the “threat” English has brought about.

    Research Design

    Research Questions

    This research investigates the current situation of integrating Chinese culture into college English teaching. The main issues to be discussed are: (1) College students’ ability to express Chinese culture in English; (2) College students’ need to express Chinese culture in English; (3) College students’ attitude towards integrating Chinese culture into college English.

    Research Methodology and Research Design

    In order to explore to what extent can contemporary non-English-major undergraduates convey Chinese culture in English, this questionnaire intends to figure out: Firstly, whether the college students know about traditional Chinese culture. Secondly, whether the students can translate certain words or phrases related to Chinese culture. Thirdly, whether the students can share with others the implications of Chinese cultures in English.

    A total of 118 valid answer sheets were collected. As is mentioned, this survey has chosen the non-English-major students who are fluent in English, because this research not only concerns about the problem of simple English expression of Chinese culture, but also about whether the students can express the implicit significance of the cultural phenomena. It is obvious that if the students have difficulties in simple expression of English, it is impossible to complete this more difficult task. Thus, the respondents are chosen from the freshmen and sophomores of the non-English majors from South China University of Technology, most of their scores of English in Gaokao is above-138 (full score 150), with most freshmen passed CET-4 with high score and most sophomores passed CET-6. To make the sample more representative, a wide range of majors are covered, including Electrical Engineering and Automation, Software Engineering, Law, Environmental Science and Engineering, Communication, Biopharmaceuticals, Statistics, Mechanical Engineering, Accounting, Economics, Vehicle Engineering, Materials, Ecommerce, and so on.

    Results and Discussion

    The Ability of Expressing Chinese Culture in English

    This survey shows that the vast majority of college students have extensive but not in-depth understanding of Chinese culture. When asked about whether they can express terms, stories, or classics about Chinese culture in English, 80% of them said they “can only express some, but not much” or “not at all”. It should be noticed that about 65% of them “know a lot about Chinese culture but not quite well”, only 5% “can express in English relevant nouns, tell the background stories, and explain their ideological connotation and cultural logic.” On the one hand, as Zheng (2014, p. 37) argues, “the absence of global English cultural products” or “the one-way distribution of Anglophone cultural products” may have shaped Chinese learners’ preference for Anglophone cultures rather than Chinese cultures, which results in their poor competency in sharing Chinese culture in English. On the other hand, however, as is known to all, in-depth understanding is the prerequisite for correct expression, so, the students’ poor English proficiency in conveying Chinese culture is also probably resulted from their poor proficiency in Chinese culture per se. This is also the reason why more students are able to translate certain terms or stories of Chinese culture into English (74% and 69% respectively) while less students(47%) can express the related thoughts and stories.

    College Students’ Demand of Learning Chinese Culture in English

    As is mentioned before, English teaching often stress more importance on the culture of “target language”, which results in the awkward situation that Chinese students are not able to share with their foreign friends their native culture. This survey reveals similar results. Up to 78% of the respondents said it is expected that they will have the occasion when they need to share their native culture in English, and most of them will to share Chinese culture with foreigners, but they have difficulties in translation.

    What’s more, even though the respondents have a comparatively good command of English, up to 86% of them confess that they need teachers’ guidance in learning Chinese culture in English, and most of them hope that their teachers can take the initiative to integrate Chinese culture in English teaching. In terms of teaching strategies, 69% of the students hold that Chinese culture should be added in the textbooks, 58% believe that the schools should set up courses on Chinese culture taught in English, 52% suggest that the students should read or watch materials about Chinese culture in English, 42% agree that the competency of conveying Chinese in English should be tested in all kinds of English examinations, and 33% hold that there should be seminars on Chinese culture. Overall speaking, for most of the correspondents, it is desirable to learn Chinese culture in the College English classes.

    Students’ Attitudes Towards Integrating Chinese Culture into College English

    The survey shows that up to 74% of the students hold that “the proportion of Chinese culture and English culture in the textbook should be balanced”, because current textbooks stress more on the Anglophone cultures. As has been mentioned above, English teaching in China prefers Anglophone cultures, or the culture of native speakers in English, rather than local Chinese culture, be it English majors or not. Correspondingly, most English Departments in domestic China have set up courses about western cultures, such as “American Society and Culture”, “Introduction to the Britain and the United States”, and “Cross-cultural Studies” and so on, but very few have set up courses on Chinese culture. It is not exaggerated to say that English learning in China is to learn both the language and culture, rather than English as a lingua franca.

    The survey shows that 92% of the students regard it important to integrate Chinese culture into college English teaching and up to 96% hope that their college English teacher can integrate this part in the course, all reveal that the students are very much willing to learn Chinese culture in English. However, only 5% of them hold that they will learn it even if it is not required by their teachers and only 14% said that they can learn it well by self-learning, both suggest the importance of teachers’ guidance and the urgency of reforming traditional teaching resources and methodologies.

    Notwithstanding, the sample of this survey is too small to draw any definite generalization of these findings, but it seems that these students, who have learned English for so long a time (most of them start learning English at or even before primary schools), and who claim a good master of English, still have difficulties in expressing mother-tongue culture in English. What’s more, most of them are supportive of the idea of integrating Chinese culture in College English learning.

    Strategies of Integrating Chinese Culture into College English

    The above survey and analysis reveal that reforms of College English are desirable and it is suggested that improvements should be made in teaching sources, teachers and assessments.

    First of all, it is without doubt that both the syllabus and the textbooks play an important role in teaching. As some Chinese scholars have advised, the college English syllabus should be revised to involve traditional Chinese culture. (Xiao et al., 2010, p. 46) College English Syllabus may be of slight differences among different colleges in China, but all are made based on the requirement of the “College English Curriculum Requirements”promulgated by the Education Ministry. Therefore, reforms should start with the “Requirements” and the“Syllabus”.

    Likewise, the textbooks also play a leading role in College English teaching. As has been mentioned, Chinese cultures are absent in most textbooks, so the revision and renewal of the textbooks are urgent. In 2020, the new textbook New College English: Ideological-Political Course edited by Li Yun was published, which is a beneficial attempt towards this issue, because it has induced critical thinking on traditional Chinese values and contemporary westerns thought by selection of some famous excerpts written by celebrities from both China and the western world. This is also an attempt echoing the “Guidelines for the Ideological and Political Construction of Higher Education Curriculum” by the Education Ministry released in 2020, and it is expected that more efforts would be made in this respect in the coming years.

    Third, the Chinese cultural literacy of the College English teachers should be improved. As is discussed, the majority of College English teachers in China were of English majors who did not receive much training or learning of Chinese culture because too much emphasis has been put on Anglophone cultures. Thus, they need further training or learning to make themselves qualify enough to meet the demands of the students. The teachers should be encouraged to take lessons or attend seminars on Chinese cultures and different departments or institutes may have some cooperation.

    Last but not the least, adjustments should be made for the assessments of English. It is obvious that the test has an important counter-effect on teaching, especially for traditional examination-oriented teaching in China, as is shown by the slight reform of CET in 2013, which has impelled more students to learn Chinese culture in English. Besides, cross-cultural communication competency has always been one of the most important teaching goals of College English education in China, therefore, in-class practices should also be adjusted to involve both Chinese and western cultures.

    Conclusion

    The history of English pedagogy shows that English has been regarded as both an important tool and a cultural threat in China, and traditional College English teaching stressed Anglophone cultures while ignored Chinese ones, which have led to serious consequences, as can be proved by a survey conducted in a prestigious university in China, showing that even for non-English majors with good English competency, their ability to express Chinese culture in English is still weak. Therefore, it is suggested that for a course related to two languages and cultures, College English should at least strike a balance between native language culture and targeted-language culture, rather than emphasizing the study of western cultures solely. The integration of Chinese culture into College English teaching can be achieved by such ways as re-editing the “Syllabus”, renewing textbooks, improving teachers’ competency, and revising the assessment methodologies.

    Actually, in recent years, with changes in international political and economic situations, the Education Ministry of China have made some new adaptations in College English teaching, aiming to increase the importance of Chinese cultures. However, instead of reducing the weight of English in education, as some experts have argued, this paper holds that English should be restored to its place as a lingua franca, because the improvement of college students’ ability to express Chinese language and culture is a prerequisite for improving students’ ability of cross-cultural communication and for Chinese culture to go global. Given the fact that College English is the only compulsory course for most non-English-majors in China to learn English, it is maintained that the reform of college English education is urgent and desirable. Still, it should be noted that College English cannot simply become a course to teach Chinese culture in English, let alone isolating foreign cultures and sticking to nativism.

    References

    Bolton, K. (2006). Chinese Englishes: A sociolinguistic history. UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Cong, C. (2000). “Chinese Culture Aphasia”: Defects of English teaching in China. Guangming Daily.

    Hayhoe, R. (1989). China’s universities and western academic models. Higher Education, 18(1), 49-85.

    Li, Y. (Ed.). (2020). New college English: Ideological-political course. China: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.

    Liu, R.-Q. (1995). Professor Xu Guo-zhang and English education. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, (01), 72-74.

    Qu, W.-G. (2012). “Practical” English and the crisis of English studies. English Today, 111(09), 15-20.

    Ross, H. A. (1993). China learns English: Language teaching and social change in the People’s Republic. USA: Yale University Press.

    Tsang, C.-S. (1933). Nationalism in school education in China. Hong Kong: South China Morning Post.

    Xiao, L.-F., Xiao, D., Li, L., & Song, Y.-W. (2010). A study of the “Chinese Culture Aphasia” in present English education in Chinese higher education. Foreign Language Learning Theory and Practice, (01), 39-47.

    Zheng, Y.-Y. (2014). A phantom to kill: The challenges for Chinese learners to use English as a global language. English Today, 30(4), 34-39.

    精品电影一区二区在线| 别揉我奶头~嗯~啊~动态视频| 亚洲av第一区精品v没综合| 欧美日韩乱码在线| 欧美乱妇无乱码| 日韩高清综合在线| 亚洲天堂国产精品一区在线| 亚洲 欧美一区二区三区| 在线观看舔阴道视频| 中文字幕精品免费在线观看视频| 久久人人精品亚洲av| 国产精品香港三级国产av潘金莲| 亚洲一码二码三码区别大吗| 午夜福利在线观看吧| 可以免费在线观看a视频的电影网站| 久久 成人 亚洲| 日本黄色视频三级网站网址| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 成人手机av| 国产成人啪精品午夜网站| 国产免费男女视频| 精品久久久久久,| 久久久久久大精品| 亚洲人成伊人成综合网2020| 亚洲国产欧美网| 99久久久亚洲精品蜜臀av| 久久天堂一区二区三区四区| 欧美日韩中文字幕国产精品一区二区三区| 国产精品美女特级片免费视频播放器 | 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 一区福利在线观看| 欧美zozozo另类| 可以免费在线观看a视频的电影网站| 搡老熟女国产l中国老女人| 此物有八面人人有两片| 欧美性猛交黑人性爽| 欧美日韩福利视频一区二区| 男男h啪啪无遮挡| 一区二区三区高清视频在线| 亚洲自拍偷在线| 哪里可以看免费的av片| 99久久无色码亚洲精品果冻| 国产视频内射| 欧美精品啪啪一区二区三区| 日韩欧美一区视频在线观看| 俺也久久电影网| 级片在线观看| 黄色 视频免费看| 亚洲久久久国产精品| 麻豆av在线久日| 国产久久久一区二区三区| 婷婷亚洲欧美| 99热只有精品国产| bbb黄色大片| 中文字幕av电影在线播放| 国产爱豆传媒在线观看 | 亚洲一卡2卡3卡4卡5卡精品中文| 男男h啪啪无遮挡| 日韩精品青青久久久久久| 国产三级黄色录像| 欧美黄色淫秽网站| 超碰成人久久| 久久精品国产亚洲av香蕉五月| 亚洲aⅴ乱码一区二区在线播放 | 国产亚洲精品久久久久久毛片| 久热这里只有精品99| 99久久无色码亚洲精品果冻| 亚洲人成网站高清观看| 欧美一区二区精品小视频在线| 国产午夜精品久久久久久| 可以在线观看的亚洲视频| 黄色毛片三级朝国网站| 久久久久久人人人人人| 国产精品自产拍在线观看55亚洲| 国产区一区二久久| 婷婷精品国产亚洲av| 久久婷婷人人爽人人干人人爱| 久久天躁狠狠躁夜夜2o2o| 国内久久婷婷六月综合欲色啪| 国产精品98久久久久久宅男小说| 亚洲激情在线av| 久久久久九九精品影院| 国产99久久九九免费精品| 午夜视频精品福利| 国产一区二区三区在线臀色熟女| 性欧美人与动物交配| 欧美 亚洲 国产 日韩一| 天天躁狠狠躁夜夜躁狠狠躁| 精品久久久久久久末码| 九色国产91popny在线| 妹子高潮喷水视频| 天堂√8在线中文| 中文字幕人妻熟女乱码| 又黄又粗又硬又大视频| 久热这里只有精品99| 国产成人影院久久av| 人人澡人人妻人| 亚洲欧美精品综合一区二区三区| 国产精品久久久av美女十八| 久久精品影院6| 日本 欧美在线| 91麻豆av在线| 亚洲第一av免费看| 久久狼人影院| 在线天堂中文资源库| 91av网站免费观看| 午夜精品在线福利| 狂野欧美激情性xxxx| 91老司机精品| 亚洲自偷自拍图片 自拍| 色哟哟哟哟哟哟| 99国产极品粉嫩在线观看| 精品国产美女av久久久久小说| 90打野战视频偷拍视频| 日韩高清综合在线| 成熟少妇高潮喷水视频| 又紧又爽又黄一区二区| 国产成年人精品一区二区| 欧美成狂野欧美在线观看| 99精品在免费线老司机午夜| 搡老岳熟女国产| av超薄肉色丝袜交足视频| 最新美女视频免费是黄的| 色哟哟哟哟哟哟| 欧美日韩中文字幕国产精品一区二区三区| 成人亚洲精品av一区二区| 精品不卡国产一区二区三区| 视频区欧美日本亚洲| 欧美丝袜亚洲另类 | 日韩欧美国产在线观看| 亚洲 国产 在线| 黑丝袜美女国产一区| 亚洲成国产人片在线观看| 老熟妇乱子伦视频在线观看| 美女高潮喷水抽搐中文字幕| 国产单亲对白刺激| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 国产午夜精品久久久久久| 国产97色在线日韩免费| 国产亚洲精品久久久久久毛片| 哪里可以看免费的av片| 欧美另类亚洲清纯唯美| 亚洲全国av大片| 欧美性猛交╳xxx乱大交人| 精品午夜福利视频在线观看一区| 国产一区二区三区视频了| 久久久久久大精品| 亚洲欧洲精品一区二区精品久久久| 欧美三级亚洲精品| 午夜亚洲福利在线播放| 欧美一级a爱片免费观看看 | 国产高清有码在线观看视频 | 亚洲av片天天在线观看| avwww免费| 久久九九热精品免费| 亚洲av中文字字幕乱码综合 | 91大片在线观看| 亚洲专区中文字幕在线| 精品久久久久久久末码| 国产亚洲精品综合一区在线观看 | cao死你这个sao货| 波多野结衣巨乳人妻| 国产精品久久久av美女十八| 99精品久久久久人妻精品| 国产成+人综合+亚洲专区| 日本 av在线| 国产亚洲av嫩草精品影院| 精品久久久久久久人妻蜜臀av| 亚洲欧美日韩无卡精品| 精品欧美国产一区二区三| 9191精品国产免费久久| 国产精品免费一区二区三区在线| 亚洲欧美激情综合另类| 黄网站色视频无遮挡免费观看| videosex国产| 午夜久久久久精精品| 成人国产一区最新在线观看| 国产精品 国内视频| 人妻丰满熟妇av一区二区三区| 日本五十路高清| 麻豆av在线久日| 精品久久久久久久人妻蜜臀av| 久久国产精品男人的天堂亚洲| 嫁个100分男人电影在线观看| 国产精品电影一区二区三区| 色综合亚洲欧美另类图片| 国产真实乱freesex| 亚洲自偷自拍图片 自拍| 欧美午夜高清在线| 国产单亲对白刺激| 男人舔女人的私密视频| www.www免费av| 国产亚洲精品综合一区在线观看 | 欧美成人一区二区免费高清观看 | xxx96com| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 俺也久久电影网| 久久精品国产综合久久久| 久久精品国产亚洲av香蕉五月| 日韩有码中文字幕| 亚洲五月色婷婷综合| 亚洲中文av在线| 色av中文字幕| 女人高潮潮喷娇喘18禁视频| 一区二区三区精品91| 亚洲国产欧美网| 日韩欧美一区二区三区在线观看| 午夜激情福利司机影院| 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区mp4| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 亚洲男人的天堂狠狠| 亚洲国产高清在线一区二区三 | 国产99久久九九免费精品| 国产又爽黄色视频| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 一二三四在线观看免费中文在| 国产一区二区在线av高清观看| 亚洲av电影不卡..在线观看| 午夜免费成人在线视频| 真人一进一出gif抽搐免费| 中文字幕精品免费在线观看视频| 色综合站精品国产| 日本三级黄在线观看| 亚洲专区中文字幕在线| 两性夫妻黄色片| 无限看片的www在线观看| 国产精品免费一区二区三区在线| 校园春色视频在线观看| 91字幕亚洲| 中亚洲国语对白在线视频| 国产亚洲精品综合一区在线观看 | 午夜福利视频1000在线观看| 老司机在亚洲福利影院| 国内毛片毛片毛片毛片毛片| 99精品在免费线老司机午夜| 国产精品,欧美在线| 国产97色在线日韩免费| 亚洲专区中文字幕在线| 国产精品久久视频播放| 岛国在线观看网站| 99国产综合亚洲精品| 两个人看的免费小视频| 久久亚洲精品不卡| 嫩草影院精品99| 成人18禁在线播放| 色在线成人网| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 精品不卡国产一区二区三区| 欧美在线一区亚洲| 欧美绝顶高潮抽搐喷水| 亚洲无线在线观看| 中文字幕久久专区| 国产精品免费一区二区三区在线| 老司机午夜福利在线观看视频| 侵犯人妻中文字幕一二三四区| 欧美日韩亚洲综合一区二区三区_| 观看免费一级毛片| 午夜福利一区二区在线看| 精品一区二区三区四区五区乱码| 老汉色∧v一级毛片| 免费人成视频x8x8入口观看| 国产伦在线观看视频一区| 中文字幕人妻丝袜一区二区| 在线播放国产精品三级| 国内揄拍国产精品人妻在线 | 亚洲成人久久性| 69av精品久久久久久| 久久国产亚洲av麻豆专区| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影 | 亚洲激情在线av| 成年女人毛片免费观看观看9| 悠悠久久av| 亚洲国产欧美一区二区综合| 99国产精品一区二区三区| 亚洲中文av在线| 久久国产精品人妻蜜桃| 少妇被粗大的猛进出69影院| 91麻豆av在线| 国产成人系列免费观看| 国产区一区二久久| av中文乱码字幕在线| 俺也久久电影网| 国产精品国产高清国产av| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 我的亚洲天堂| 国产成年人精品一区二区| 法律面前人人平等表现在哪些方面| 欧美又色又爽又黄视频| 后天国语完整版免费观看| 国产黄片美女视频| 国产黄色小视频在线观看| 精品久久久久久久人妻蜜臀av| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 可以免费在线观看a视频的电影网站| 18禁观看日本| 国产熟女午夜一区二区三区| 国产一区二区三区视频了| 久久天躁狠狠躁夜夜2o2o| 搞女人的毛片| 久久中文字幕一级| av电影中文网址| av有码第一页| 亚洲av中文字字幕乱码综合 | 好看av亚洲va欧美ⅴa在| 99在线人妻在线中文字幕| 午夜久久久久精精品| 男人舔女人下体高潮全视频| 婷婷丁香在线五月| 18禁黄网站禁片免费观看直播| 免费在线观看成人毛片| 日韩精品青青久久久久久| 真人一进一出gif抽搐免费| 国产亚洲av高清不卡| 国产精品久久久久久人妻精品电影| 国产精品亚洲美女久久久| www.999成人在线观看| 国产精品亚洲av一区麻豆| 国产精品98久久久久久宅男小说| 日韩三级视频一区二区三区| 久久草成人影院| 12—13女人毛片做爰片一| 午夜福利视频1000在线观看| 亚洲 欧美 日韩 在线 免费| 久久天躁狠狠躁夜夜2o2o| 岛国在线观看网站| cao死你这个sao货| 777久久人妻少妇嫩草av网站| 51午夜福利影视在线观看| 国产亚洲精品av在线| 亚洲精品国产精品久久久不卡| 精品第一国产精品| 国产成年人精品一区二区| 级片在线观看| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 亚洲欧洲精品一区二区精品久久久| 国产精品香港三级国产av潘金莲| 熟女少妇亚洲综合色aaa.| 18禁黄网站禁片免费观看直播| 亚洲免费av在线视频| 午夜福利在线在线| 成年免费大片在线观看| 亚洲美女黄片视频| 久久久久国产一级毛片高清牌| 日本五十路高清| 99热6这里只有精品| 国产高清视频在线播放一区| bbb黄色大片| 国内少妇人妻偷人精品xxx网站 | 丝袜人妻中文字幕| 亚洲三区欧美一区| 亚洲色图 男人天堂 中文字幕| 精品不卡国产一区二区三区| 桃红色精品国产亚洲av| 亚洲精品中文字幕在线视频| 麻豆成人午夜福利视频| 国内少妇人妻偷人精品xxx网站 | 欧美成狂野欧美在线观看| 日本黄色视频三级网站网址| 精品欧美国产一区二区三| 999久久久精品免费观看国产| 午夜福利视频1000在线观看| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 又大又爽又粗| 不卡一级毛片| av福利片在线| 此物有八面人人有两片| x7x7x7水蜜桃| 婷婷精品国产亚洲av在线| 免费在线观看成人毛片| 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影| 成熟少妇高潮喷水视频| 久久精品国产亚洲av香蕉五月| 国产久久久一区二区三区| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区| 国产激情久久老熟女| 久久亚洲精品不卡| 国产又黄又爽又无遮挡在线| 88av欧美| 看片在线看免费视频| 久久精品影院6| 国产激情欧美一区二区| videosex国产| 欧美乱色亚洲激情| av视频在线观看入口| 亚洲午夜精品一区,二区,三区| 欧美zozozo另类| 亚洲av五月六月丁香网| 亚洲精品久久国产高清桃花| 精品一区二区三区视频在线观看免费| 久9热在线精品视频| 老熟妇仑乱视频hdxx| 一进一出抽搐动态| 好男人电影高清在线观看| 三级毛片av免费| 97碰自拍视频| 女人被狂操c到高潮| 亚洲国产毛片av蜜桃av| 国产亚洲欧美精品永久| 国产高清激情床上av| 日韩欧美在线二视频| 日韩欧美一区视频在线观看| 精品第一国产精品| av有码第一页| 无限看片的www在线观看| 日本a在线网址| 成人国产综合亚洲| 日韩高清综合在线| 一区二区三区高清视频在线| 老司机午夜十八禁免费视频| 亚洲欧美日韩无卡精品| 国产久久久一区二区三区| 一进一出好大好爽视频| 欧美一级a爱片免费观看看 | 国产视频内射| 亚洲国产看品久久| 最新美女视频免费是黄的| 中文字幕人妻丝袜一区二区| 热re99久久国产66热| 久久久精品欧美日韩精品| 国产熟女xx| 一夜夜www| 欧美不卡视频在线免费观看 | 中文字幕最新亚洲高清| 国产精品二区激情视频| 人人妻人人看人人澡| 日韩视频一区二区在线观看| 不卡av一区二区三区| 国产精品 国内视频| 亚洲中文字幕日韩| 国产国语露脸激情在线看| 亚洲av五月六月丁香网| 又大又爽又粗| 久久久久久九九精品二区国产 | 成人精品一区二区免费| 久久人妻福利社区极品人妻图片| 欧美不卡视频在线免费观看 | 久久国产精品人妻蜜桃| 美女高潮喷水抽搐中文字幕| 久久国产亚洲av麻豆专区| 欧美性猛交╳xxx乱大交人| 亚洲va日本ⅴa欧美va伊人久久| 99精品久久久久人妻精品| 日韩欧美 国产精品| 无人区码免费观看不卡| 波多野结衣av一区二区av| 亚洲avbb在线观看| 午夜福利一区二区在线看| 亚洲在线自拍视频| 久久久精品欧美日韩精品| 欧美 亚洲 国产 日韩一| 久久亚洲真实| 亚洲精品中文字幕在线视频| 99久久国产精品久久久| 亚洲成人久久性| 一级片免费观看大全| 99精品在免费线老司机午夜| 中文字幕高清在线视频| 亚洲熟妇熟女久久| 免费一级毛片在线播放高清视频| 亚洲精品美女久久av网站| 怎么达到女性高潮| 亚洲av美国av| 国产片内射在线| 国产av一区二区精品久久| 法律面前人人平等表现在哪些方面| 精华霜和精华液先用哪个| 色av中文字幕| 一a级毛片在线观看| 亚洲第一欧美日韩一区二区三区| 国产爱豆传媒在线观看 | 一级作爱视频免费观看| 日本黄色视频三级网站网址| 一级片免费观看大全| 又黄又爽又免费观看的视频| 久久久精品欧美日韩精品| 免费一级毛片在线播放高清视频| 亚洲av第一区精品v没综合| 国产精品98久久久久久宅男小说| 别揉我奶头~嗯~啊~动态视频| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| 午夜久久久久精精品| 久久久久久国产a免费观看| 超碰成人久久| 两性夫妻黄色片| 精品人妻1区二区| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| 国产精品一区二区三区四区久久 | 变态另类丝袜制服| 亚洲va日本ⅴa欧美va伊人久久| 十八禁人妻一区二区| 好男人电影高清在线观看| 精品日产1卡2卡| 99精品欧美一区二区三区四区| 在线国产一区二区在线| 一级片免费观看大全| 一区二区三区高清视频在线| 91麻豆av在线| 免费高清视频大片| 久久精品亚洲精品国产色婷小说| 一本久久中文字幕| 人人妻人人澡欧美一区二区| 国产人伦9x9x在线观看| 欧美日韩中文字幕国产精品一区二区三区| 亚洲午夜精品一区,二区,三区| 制服诱惑二区| 在线视频色国产色| 国产又黄又爽又无遮挡在线| 黄色视频,在线免费观看| 亚洲色图av天堂| 国产熟女午夜一区二区三区| 国产又爽黄色视频| 看免费av毛片| 99国产精品一区二区蜜桃av| 成人av一区二区三区在线看| 人妻久久中文字幕网| 免费高清视频大片| 757午夜福利合集在线观看| 香蕉国产在线看| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| xxx96com| 免费观看人在逋| 亚洲熟女毛片儿| 桃色一区二区三区在线观看| 欧美激情 高清一区二区三区| 午夜日韩欧美国产| 麻豆av在线久日| 亚洲av成人不卡在线观看播放网| 国产精品 欧美亚洲| 久久久久久久午夜电影| 精品福利观看| 久久久精品国产亚洲av高清涩受| 少妇被粗大的猛进出69影院| 亚洲国产欧美网| 1024视频免费在线观看| 神马国产精品三级电影在线观看 | 欧美成人午夜精品| 日韩一卡2卡3卡4卡2021年| 两个人免费观看高清视频| 国产激情偷乱视频一区二区| 国产精品 国内视频| 成人国产一区最新在线观看| 国产av一区在线观看免费| 久久久久久大精品| 国产视频一区二区在线看| 两人在一起打扑克的视频| 在线免费观看的www视频| 一本大道久久a久久精品| 大香蕉久久成人网| 成人三级黄色视频| 免费观看精品视频网站| 大型av网站在线播放| 12—13女人毛片做爰片一| 欧美日韩亚洲国产一区二区在线观看| 国产三级黄色录像| 一级黄色大片毛片| 欧美色欧美亚洲另类二区| 99热只有精品国产| 在线十欧美十亚洲十日本专区| 在线观看日韩欧美| 日韩欧美一区视频在线观看| 亚洲国产欧美网| 黄片大片在线免费观看| 久久人人精品亚洲av| 国产成人av激情在线播放| 久久精品国产亚洲av高清一级| 午夜视频精品福利| 日本在线视频免费播放| 国产精品爽爽va在线观看网站 | 夜夜爽天天搞| 亚洲精品在线观看二区| 最近最新中文字幕大全电影3 | 人人妻人人看人人澡| 99riav亚洲国产免费| 欧美av亚洲av综合av国产av| 欧美一级a爱片免费观看看 | 国产片内射在线| 国内毛片毛片毛片毛片毛片| 丝袜在线中文字幕| 国产精品 欧美亚洲| av在线天堂中文字幕| 日本黄色视频三级网站网址| 欧美一级毛片孕妇| 视频区欧美日本亚洲| 黄网站色视频无遮挡免费观看| 精品久久蜜臀av无| 国产亚洲欧美在线一区二区| 在线观看66精品国产| 女人被狂操c到高潮| 久久久水蜜桃国产精品网| 国产精品免费视频内射| 国产视频内射| 国产欧美日韩精品亚洲av| 国产精品98久久久久久宅男小说| 夜夜夜夜夜久久久久| 亚洲精品美女久久久久99蜜臀| 欧美日韩精品网址| 国产亚洲欧美98| 变态另类丝袜制服| 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区mp4| 亚洲成国产人片在线观看| 久久香蕉国产精品| 久久香蕉精品热| 特大巨黑吊av在线直播 | 免费无遮挡裸体视频| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 精品福利观看| 欧美丝袜亚洲另类 | 国产91精品成人一区二区三区| 天天一区二区日本电影三级| 国产成人一区二区三区免费视频网站| 久久久久久久久久黄片| 激情在线观看视频在线高清| 亚洲成a人片在线一区二区| 久久精品影院6|