二分宅，北京，中國

二分宅，北京，中國

Split House, Beijing, China, 2002

評(píng)論

朱競翔：重讀張永和先生完成于2002年的作品二分宅，我相信它可以給當(dāng)下實(shí)踐提供很多啟發(fā)，全因其設(shè)計(jì)成果中缊含的3個(gè)特征——使用動(dòng)詞、介入建造以及構(gòu)想系統(tǒng)。

二分宅譯為“Split House”, 前置的“Split”含義很多：分開的、已分的、或者被分開。它引人思考，分開房子的力量何在？觀察場地，人們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)力量來自樹木、源于溪流！樹能沖出地表、水能劈開山溝，為什么不可以分開建筑呢？這不禁令人聯(lián)想起赫爾佐格與德梅隆1985年建于博特明根的膠合木宅：樹木緊貼小房子，使其立面產(chǎn)生變形，內(nèi)里空間受到擠壓。奇妙的選址為形態(tài)的生成提供了充分的理據(jù)。二分宅如同高而闊的堤壩，也如同打開旋轉(zhuǎn)中的閘門。被大地切分的房舍限定了院落，這一生成方法與傳統(tǒng)民居中通過單體復(fù)制組合得到的庭院極為不同。二分宅的院落雖也內(nèi)向宜人，卻更生機(jī)勃勃，渾然天成。

自然環(huán)境中的建造不如城市資源充沛，但也會(huì)少些規(guī)制、多些自由。夯土山墻型制來自民居傳統(tǒng)，卻因?yàn)閷W(xué)院初試而充滿挑戰(zhàn)。輕木框架看似傳統(tǒng)，實(shí)則來自北美，來自現(xiàn)代，皆因其材料供給的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化以及木結(jié)構(gòu)性能的可計(jì)算可預(yù)測。朝向內(nèi)院的玻璃幕墻在日間顯得混搭，但實(shí)驗(yàn)建筑本身反映了從民間工藝向工業(yè)制品的過渡，提示了設(shè)計(jì)師們即將面對的協(xié)同不同材料與工藝體系的新仼務(wù)。這個(gè)“土宅”鮮明地反對了當(dāng)時(shí)流行的圖像化、符號(hào)化傳統(tǒng)民居的潮流，也恰巧提供了設(shè)計(jì)師值得投身的三重修煉：手工、工程與組織。

張永和先生暢想過200m2宅基地的開發(fā)，小住宅設(shè)計(jì)不僅在于組織好功能，更指向開發(fā)。在二分宅中，順從項(xiàng)目自身的地產(chǎn)開發(fā)特點(diǎn)，他思考了這一原型走向復(fù)制后的命運(yùn)。通過使用鉸鏈般的機(jī)制產(chǎn)生形態(tài)的變化，它可以適應(yīng)不確定的場地。可以變化的是地形與合院轉(zhuǎn)角，不變的則是空間系統(tǒng)及其內(nèi)里功能組織。這一空間系統(tǒng)有能力結(jié)合其他結(jié)構(gòu)與材料。它來源于設(shè)計(jì)者東方的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)，重組于現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法，以獨(dú)立住宅成形于山水間。

15年后的今日，建筑師正紛紛走向鄉(xiāng)村，學(xué)院設(shè)計(jì)訓(xùn)練已回歸建造，而現(xiàn)代工業(yè)與商業(yè)為悠久的建筑業(yè)正帶來強(qiáng)烈沖擊?；厮葸@一小型作品，其中包含的豐富基因與融合技藝，設(shè)計(jì)者嚴(yán)肅的實(shí)驗(yàn)態(tài)度與追求獨(dú)立的精神，值得后繼者反復(fù)地回味與學(xué)習(xí)。

Comment

ZHU Jingxiang:Rereading the work Split House finished by Yung Ho Chang in 2002, I believe that it can provide many inspirations to modern practices.That's all because of the 3 characteristics contained in the design work: using verbs, interfering construction and creating system.

In the English name of Split House, the preposed word "Split" has many meanings: separate,separated, or being separated. It makes people thinking, where does the force splitting the house come from? Observing the site, it's not hard to realize that the force came from trees, from creeks!Trees can split ground, water can split valleys, why can't they split architecture? It's hard not to think of the Plywood House in Bottmingen by Herzog & de Meuron in 1985: a tree sticking closely to the house and bending its fa?ade, also squeezing the inner space. The uncommon selection of the site provided sufficient evidence for the creation of the form. Split House is like a dam tall and wide, and also like a gate open and spinning. Cut by the ground, the house defined the yard. This method is very different from creating yards by organizing single buildings in traditional residential houses. Though the yard of Split House is also inward and pleasant, it's more lively and natural.

Building in nature is not as resourceful as in the city, but there's less limitation and more freedom.The form of rammed earth wall came from residential tradition, but is full of challenge because of the early attempt by academies. Light wooden frame looks traditional, but actually came from modern times in North America, because of the standardization of material supply and the calculability and predictability of wooden structure performance. The glass screen walls facing the yard seem mixed in daytime, but experiential architecture itself is the reflection of transition from traditional artifacts to industrial products, and suggests the new task of combining different materials and techniques that architects are about to face. This "earth house" showed strong oppositions against visualizing and symbolizing traditional houses which was popular at the time, and accidentally provided 3 skills that architects should work on: handcraft, engineering and organization.

Yung Ho Chang visioned the development of this 200m2residential based site. The design of small residential houses is not only about organizing functions, but also points to development. In Split House, following the project's own real estate development features, he thought about the destiny of this motif going into reproduction. With a hinge-like system creating the change of forms,it can adapt to uncertain sites. What's changing is the terrain and angle of the yard, what stays the same is the spatial system and the organization of inner functions. This spatial system has the ability of combining with other structures and materials. It came from the eastern life experience of the designer, reconstructed with modern design methods, and came to form as a single house between the mountains and rivers.

Now, after 15 years, architects are paying attention to villages , academic design training are returning to construction, and modern industry and commerce are striking huge impact to the old architecture industry. Looking back on this small work, the rich genetics and combination of techniques that it contains, the serious experimental attitude and independent spirits of the designer,deserves repeated analyzing and studying by successors. (Translated by CHEN Yuxiao)

1

2

基地

基地位于水關(guān)長城附近的一條山谷。二分宅是長城腳下公社的11座別墅之一。

空間

我們設(shè)計(jì)的起點(diǎn)是將北京四合院從高密度的城市環(huán)境移植到自然景觀之中。院子從在城市中被建筑四面圍合變?yōu)橛勺匀缓徒ㄖh(huán)抱。因此，二分即是指由兩翼組成的房子也是指半邊房子加半邊山坡形成的合院。二分的結(jié)果一方面為住宅劃出主、客兩個(gè)區(qū)域，另一方面保留了基地上原有的樹木，最終使建筑與環(huán)境更融合。

材料+結(jié)構(gòu)

建造一個(gè)對生態(tài)環(huán)境影響較小、日后必要時(shí)能夠相對容易并干凈地拆除的建筑是我們另外一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)的初衷：借助中國以土木為主要建筑材料的傳統(tǒng)，二分宅用膠合木框架作結(jié)構(gòu)，用保溫隔熱效果良好的夯土墻作維護(hù)。同時(shí)在使用者較少的情況下，二分宅亦可僅開放一翼，以節(jié)省運(yùn)行和維護(hù)費(fèi)用。

原型

我們不認(rèn)為這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)特例，而更可作為一個(gè)靈活的原型：二分宅的兩翼之間的角度并非是固定的，可以隨著不同的山地地形而調(diào)整，在0o-360o之間任意變化，可出現(xiàn)“一字宅”“平行宅”“直角宅”等等形式?！?/p>

Location

Split House is located in a valley near the Shuiguan section of the Great Wall. It is one of the 11 villas in the Commune by the Great Wall.

Space

The starting point of our design was to transplant a Beijing style courtyard from a high-density urban environment to a natural landscape. The courtyard was no longer being surrounded by buildings as in the city. Instead,it is surrounded by both nature and architecture.Therefore, the name "Split" not only refers to the two wings of the house, but also demonstrates the fact that the courtyard is formed half by the house and half by the hillside. On one hand, this split brings the home two spaces, one for the host, and one for the guest. On the other hand,this design preserves the trees that originally grew on the site, thus integrating the building and the environment.

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: 紅石公司/Red Stone Industrie Co. Ltd.

地址/Location: 北京延慶水關(guān)長城/Shui Guan (Water Gate)of the Great Wall, Yanqing, Beijing, China

建筑設(shè)計(jì)/Architets: 非常建筑/Atelier FCJZ

主持建筑師/Principal Architect: 張永和/Yung Ho Chang

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Project Team: 劉向暉，陸翔，Lucas Gallardo，王暉，許義興/LIU Xianghui, LU Xiang, Lucas Gallardo,WANG Hui, XU Yixing

結(jié)構(gòu)咨詢/Structural Consultant: 徐民生/XU Minsheng

結(jié)構(gòu)和材料/Structure and Material: 膠合木框架，夯土墻和木質(zhì)噴漆推拉窗/Laminated plywood frame, rammed earth walls, and painted wood siding with frameless glazing建筑面積/Floor Area: 449m2

基地面積/Site Area: 6729m2

基底面積/Footprint Area: 242m2

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Period: 2000.09-2001.05

建造時(shí)間/Construction Period: 2001.06-2002.10

攝影/Photos: 淺川敏/Satoshi Asakawa (f i g. 2,16,17)，舒赫/SHU He (f i g.1)

3

Materials + Structure

Another design objective was to build a structure with low environmental impact materials, which could be demolished relatively easily and efficiently if necessary. Learning from China's traditional use of earth and wood as building materials, Split House utilizes a laminated wood frame for its structure,and employs rammed earth walls with good insulation effects. Furthermore, during low season, Split House is capable of opening only one wing to conserve operation and maintenance costs.

Prototype

We believe that this design is not a one-off and can be used as a flexible prototype. The angle between the two wings is not fixed. It can be adjusted at will from 0oto 360oin order to suit the shape of different mountain terrains so that the two wings can form a "Line House", "Parallel House", or"Right Angle House".□

4

5

6

7

8

9

12

14

10

11

13

15

16

17