從珊瑚壩到T3A，重慶機(jī)場的那些事兒

◇ 文 |本刊記者 陳科龍 圖|游 宇 受訪者提供

從珊瑚壩到T3A，重慶機(jī)場的那些事兒

◇ 文 |本刊記者 陳科龍 圖|游 宇 受訪者提供

最近兩個(gè)月，重慶江北國際機(jī)場成了“網(wǎng)紅”，刷屏朋友圈。

為啥？答案在這里：歷時(shí)5年建成的重慶江北國際機(jī)場T3A航站樓和第三跑道，2017年8月29日正式投用。這一來，重慶江北國際機(jī)場成為繼北京首都機(jī)場、上海浦東機(jī)場、廣州白云機(jī)場后，國內(nèi)第四座擁有三條跑道同時(shí)運(yùn)行的機(jī)場。

先來看一個(gè)現(xiàn)場：2017年8月29日凌晨5點(diǎn)，天還沒亮，溫宏夫妻倆就帶著兒子匆匆趕到了重慶江北國際機(jī)場T3A航站樓，孩子將搭乘SC8880航班前往山東煙臺上學(xué)。航站樓燈火通明，人頭攢動(dòng)。凌晨6點(diǎn)20分，一架波音737在第三跑道徐徐滑行，逐漸提速，向著蒼穹抬起了頭。

其實(shí)，他們并不知道，這不是一趟尋常的航班——他們的孩子，成了重慶江北國際機(jī)場T3A航站樓及第三跑道投用后的首批旅客。

In the past two months, Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport has become a hit on Wechat.

After 5 years’construction,T3A and the 3rd Runway were put into use on Aug 29. Thus, following Beijing Capital Airport, Shanghai Pudong Airport and Guangzhou Baiyun Airport, Chongqing Jiangbei Airport has become the fourth in China to have three runways operating simultaneously.

Here is a scene: At 5 a.m. on Aug. 29,Wen Hong arrived at T3A with his wife and son in a hurry. His son was going to take Flight SC8880 bound for Yantai for school. The terminal is bright and crowded. At 6:20 a.m., gliding on the 3rd runway slowly, one Boeing 737 aircraft gradually sped up and rose to the sky.

They never expect the special flight on which their kid was among the first batch of passengers immediately after T3A and the 3rd Runway were officially opened.

竹棚搭建的“候機(jī)廳”

Departure Hall under a Bamboo Shed

上圖：珊瑚壩機(jī)場示意圖

左上：1940年7月，周恩來由重慶返回延安，登機(jī)前和鄧穎超張沖（右）在重慶珊瑚壩機(jī)場留影。

左下：1949年11月底，國民黨逃跑時(shí)對白市驛機(jī)場進(jìn)行轟炸。

① 為旅客辦理登記手續(xù)

② 中國民用航空客票

③ 90年代的機(jī)票

④ 90年代的機(jī)票

抗戰(zhàn)期間任重慶復(fù)旦大學(xué)教授的作家靳以一定想不到，重慶機(jī)場從珊瑚壩開始，歷經(jīng)了白市驛機(jī)場和江北機(jī)場，如今已位居全國機(jī)場旅客吞吐量第九，躋身全球繁忙機(jī)場行列。他曾在1941年寫下《珊瑚壩》一文，描繪了70多年前的重慶機(jī)場——

人多了，嘈成一片，連那辦事員也皺起了眉頭，咕嚕著：“從香港來，從仰光來，從桂林來，從成都來，從蘭州來，從昆明來——到香港去，到仰光去，到桂林去，到成都去，到蘭州去，到昆明去。”

他筆下的珊瑚壩機(jī)場，曾是重慶最早的陸上民航機(jī)場，如今，是重慶石板坡長江大橋下的一片“沙灘”。當(dāng)年，珊瑚壩機(jī)場建成后，由于旅客逐漸增多，次第開通了重慶至成都、貴陽、昆明等航線?？箲?zhàn)期間，珊瑚壩機(jī)場更是繁忙，既開辟了往返大后方的航線，又承接了運(yùn)送戰(zhàn)略物資的駝峰航線，遠(yuǎn)航至印度汀江、緬甸仰光，乃至中亞的阿拉木圖。

但它的命運(yùn)很快被改變了。由于珊瑚壩位于江心，是江水常年沖積形成的一片大沙洲，夏季洪水期常被淹沒，冬季枯水期才會露出水面。所以，機(jī)場內(nèi)并沒有永久性建筑，每年夏汛后即在場內(nèi)搭建起幾十間竹棚作為辦公室與“候機(jī)廳”，夏汛來時(shí)再將其拆除。1950年，由于長江漲水，重慶機(jī)場搬遷至白市驛，珊瑚壩機(jī)場從此退出歷史舞臺。

Professor JinYi of Chongqing Fudan University during Anti-Japanese War, could have never imagined Chongqing Airport, first built at Shanhuba, would later be transferred to Baishiyi and Jiangbei afterwards, and now has evolved as the 9th biggest airport in terms of passenger throughput. In his article Shanhuba, written in 1941, he described the Chongqing Airport as followed:

With crowds of people and bursts of noise, even the officers started to frown, whispering“from Hong Kong, from Rangoon, from Guilin, from Chengdu, from Lanzhou, from Kunming, to Hong Kong, to Rangoon, to Guilin, to Chengdu, to Lanzhou, to Kunming…’’

Shanhuba Airport, now a beach of sands under Yangtze Bridge, was the earliest land civil aviationairport in Chongqing. It gradually opened flights to Guilin, Chengdu, Kunming and so on as demands were increasing after it was put into use. Traffic got much heavier during Anti-Japanese War, for both routes to Big rear and the hump airlines exclusively for transferring strategic materials were started. The lines even stretched to Dinjian, India, Rangoon, Myanmar and Alma-Ata in Central Asia.

However, Shanhuba was a stretch of shoal in the center of Yangtze River, and it was often under water surface in summer while did not come out until winter. Thus, the offices and terminal were purely built from bamboos that were easy to be removed instead of any permanent buildings. In 1950, it had to be moved to Baishiyi due to heavy flood.

沒有廊橋和擺渡車

Without Lounge Bridges and Shuttle Buses

透過T3A航站樓候機(jī)大廳的玻璃幕墻，可以看到登機(jī)廊橋，造型如同一把微微打開的剪刀。它擁有兩個(gè)固定通道，分別連接出發(fā)廳和到達(dá)廳，可以提高旅客中轉(zhuǎn)的效率。

鏡頭切回白市驛機(jī)場，它初建于1938年11月，位于白市驛鎮(zhèn)一條南北走向的淺丘地帶，西面有些不規(guī)則的山頭，東面則是中梁山脈，這片狹長的土地算得上是重慶較為平坦的地方。新建成時(shí)，旅客和航班少，機(jī)場也小，尚沒有登機(jī)廊橋，也沒有擺渡車，旅客登機(jī)得提著行李走到登機(jī)舷梯口，幸而停機(jī)坪上只有一架客機(jī)，不必?fù)?dān)心上錯(cuò)飛機(jī)。

上世紀(jì)八十年代，白市驛機(jī)場新建了候機(jī)樓和指揮塔，候機(jī)樓有1個(gè)迎賓廳、4個(gè)候機(jī)廳和1個(gè)行李提取廳。“候機(jī)樓在當(dāng)時(shí)算是先進(jìn)，裝有空調(diào)，還有電子翻板航班動(dòng)態(tài)顯示裝置和提取行李的轉(zhuǎn)盤?！痹鴧⑴c編撰《重慶民航志》的周印富，清楚記得三十多年前的白市驛機(jī)場。

Seeing through the glass wall in T3A,we can find the lounge bridges are like scissors with two fixed passages linking to the departure and arrival hall respectively to improve the transfer efficiency.

Back to October in 1938, Baishiyi Airport was built on a hilly site that could be counted as a flat area in Chongqing. When newly built, it was so small that there were few passengers and flights, and the lounge bridge and shuttle bus were not available, too. Passengers had to carry luggage by themselves to the boarding gate without worrying about taking wrong flights since only one airplane was waiting in the parking apron.

In the 1980s, new terminals and control towers were built, including one guest hall, four waiting halls and one luggage hall. “With AC and dynamic e-flight display devices and luggage-carrying turn-plates, this terminal was listed in advanced ranking.”Zhou Yinfu, who participated the compile of Chongqing Civil Aviation Magazine, clearly remembered the situation over 30 years ago.

手工登機(jī)牌的年代

Days of Using Hand-written Boarding Cards

2017年8月29日凌晨的T3A航站樓內(nèi)，旅客們井然有序地在值機(jī)柜臺前辦理手續(xù)，還有旅客在自動(dòng)值機(jī)柜臺前試著自助辦理托運(yùn)和登機(jī)牌。對于這樣現(xiàn)代化的智慧機(jī)場，家住石柱縣城的馬勤煊20多年前還不曾料到。1992年，由于印刷廠急需采購印刷儀器，馬勤煊被派往廣州商洽儀器采購，第一次在江北機(jī)場搭乘了飛機(jī)。

那時(shí)乘坐飛機(jī)必須要由縣團(tuán)級以上的單位開具介紹信。馬勤煊拿著縣政府開的介紹信，從縣城坐汽車來到高家鎮(zhèn)，然后乘船到朝天門碼頭，最后在上清寺民航售票處買到了機(jī)票。機(jī)票并非現(xiàn)在的一張卡片，更像是一本小冊子：機(jī)票上有封皮，印著航空公司的名字，打開后有旅客聯(lián)、財(cái)務(wù)聯(lián)、結(jié)算聯(lián)，都是由工作人員手工填寫，封底則印有旅客須知等內(nèi)容。

① 氣源車

② 電源車

③ 客梯車

④ 加油車

⑤ 行李車

除了手寫機(jī)票，工作人員要事先計(jì)算好一次航班的座位，再告訴值機(jī)柜臺有沒有限載，哪些座位可以值機(jī)，然后值機(jī)柜臺的地勤人員制作出一張張座位標(biāo)簽。旅客值機(jī)時(shí)，地勤人員核對完紙質(zhì)機(jī)票和身份證后，會在手工制作的登機(jī)牌與行李牌上蓋章、貼好座位號，如此才算完成了一份登機(jī)憑證。每位旅客的值機(jī)信息，也都要手工記錄?？上攵菚r(shí)坐飛機(jī)，即使國內(nèi)航班也必須提前好幾個(gè)鐘頭到機(jī)場。

值機(jī)完成后，馬勤煊帶著新奇感和陌生感坐上了飛機(jī)。起飛后，他的心懸在了半空，落地了，機(jī)艙門打開后，他擠在最前面下了飛機(jī)。兩腳一落地，全身感到從沒有過的輕松，從心底喘了幾口大氣。

Early in the morning on Aug 29, some passengers were checking in at the counters, and some were trying selfcheck-in by those machines in T3A. Ma Qinxuan from Shizhu County never imagined such a smart airport 20 years ago. In 1992, he was sent to Guangzhou for a business trip and took a plane for the first time at this airport.

Back then, one must to obtain an introduction letter granted by government to take a plane. With this letter, Ma took a bus to Gaojia Town, and then a ship to Chaotianmen, and at last bought the ticket at the ticket office in Shangqingsi. The air ticket was more like a booklet than a card, on the cover of which was written the airline company while the passenger and finance coupon all filled by the staff, notes for passengers on the back.

Besides filling in tickets, the staff must count the seats and inform the check-in counter whether there was a loading limit. Then the ground crew made seat tags one by one. After checking the paper ticket and ID, the ground crew would stamp on the boarding card and luggage card and then paste the seat number. The check-in information of each passenger must be recorded by hand. Even to take the domestic flight, it was advisable to get to the airport ahead of hours.

After check-in, Ma got on the airplane in curiosity, nervous, and rushed first to get off the plane when it landed. He had never felt so relaxed before.

江北機(jī)場再次起航

Jiangbei Airport Sets to Sail Again

重慶江北機(jī)場開航典禮

2017年8月29日重慶T3A航站樓啟用后的首個(gè)航班，6時(shí) 20分起飛，由山東航空執(zhí)飛。乘坐這趟航班的河北人陳先生，這次從?？诘匠啥汲霾睿◤某啥贾苯臃祷睾？?，得知重慶T3A航站樓當(dāng)日啟用，專程來重慶轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)。

陳先生腳下的江北機(jī)場，今年已經(jīng)27歲了。1990年1月22日，江北機(jī)場舉行開航典禮，在上千名市民的注視下，第一架民航班機(jī)升空，自此開啟了重慶民航新的里程碑。

2009年，重慶機(jī)場準(zhǔn)備建設(shè)第二條跑道，初始設(shè)計(jì)長度3200米。此時(shí)正值重慶和惠普談判的關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻。重慶希望惠普能來渝建立筆記本電腦全球制造中心?；萜崭邔拥囊笾皇菣C(jī)場跑道必須達(dá)到3600米，這一長度可以滿足波音747全貨機(jī)滿載起降要求。次年12月21日，T2A航站樓及3600米的第二跑道正式投用。

隨著重慶江北國際機(jī)場T3A航站樓及第三跑道的投用，T3A航站樓可以滿足年旅客吞吐量4500萬人次、貨郵吞吐量110萬噸、飛機(jī)起降37.3萬架次，而長3800米、寬度75米的第三跑道可以起降當(dāng)今最大的“空中巨無霸”空客380，以及波音787等大型客機(jī)。重慶江北機(jī)場飛行區(qū)等級提升到了4F級，江北機(jī)場形成南客北貨、東西雙航站區(qū)運(yùn)行的格局。

重慶作為西部大開發(fā)的重要戰(zhàn)略支點(diǎn)，處在“一帶一路”與長江經(jīng)濟(jì)帶的聯(lián)結(jié)點(diǎn)上，在國家區(qū)域發(fā)展和對外開放格局中具有獨(dú)特而重要的作用，機(jī)場不僅成為城市生活中的一部分，承擔(dān)遠(yuǎn)距離運(yùn)輸，巨大的吞吐量更是帶來了龐大的人流量，為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展注入了新的活力。

On Aug. 29, the maiden flight in T3A was executed by Shandong Airline. Mr. Chen from Hebei province was on a business trip from Haikou to Chengdu. He could have taken the direct flight back to Haikou. But when he got to know T3A was about to put into use that day, he intended to transfer at Chongqing.

Jiangbei Airport has a history of 27 years. On Jan. 22, 1990, an opening ceremony was host here. Thousands of citizens witnessed the lift-off of the first flight marked as a new milestone in civil aviation of Chongqing.

In 2009, the 2nd Runway was designed to built at a length of 3200 meters, when the negotiation between Chongqing municipal government and Hewlett-Packard(HP) was going on to a crucial period. The government hoped HP could set global manufacturing center of laptops in Chongqing, while top leaders of HP demanded the runway must be 3600-meter-long to ensure Boeing 747 taking off even in full load. On Dec 21, 2010, T2A and the the 3600-meter-long runway were put into use.

Now, T3A can accommodate 45 million passengers, 1.1 million tons of goods, and make 373 thousand times of take-off possible. The 3rd Runway, 3800-meter-long and 75-meter-wide, can hold the “air jumbo’’ Airbus 380 and Boeing 787. The level of its airspace has ascended to 4F,forming a pattern of passenger transport located in its south while cargo in north, and terminal areas operated in its east and west.

Chongqing, as the crucial strategic pivot of West Development and linkage of “Belt and Road Initiative” and Yangtze River Economic Belt, plays a unique and vital role in regional development and opening-up. As an inseparable part of urban life, the airport undertakes the task of long-distance transportation. Moreover, the bulky throughput capacity brings huge passenger flow, injecting new impetus to economic development.

Tales of Chongqing's Airports from Shanhuba to T3A

Article | Chen Kelong Pictures | You Yu Interviewee