網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲：風(fēng)靡校園防沉迷

丁山

作為一項(xiàng)新興的文化產(chǎn)業(yè)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲產(chǎn)業(yè)在國(guó)內(nèi)尚屬起步階段，里面蘊(yùn)藏著巨大的潛力。日前，被譽(yù)為“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)女皇”的美國(guó)凱鵬華盈（KPCB）合伙人瑪麗·米克，在《2017年互聯(lián)網(wǎng)趨勢(shì)》報(bào)告中指出，2016年全球互動(dòng)游戲增長(zhǎng)迅猛，在網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲方面，中國(guó)已超過美國(guó)，成為全球第一大游戲市場(chǎng)。另據(jù)國(guó)外數(shù)據(jù)機(jī)構(gòu)統(tǒng)計(jì)，中國(guó)生產(chǎn)的《王者榮耀》已是全球下載量最大的游戲，注冊(cè)用戶已破2億。如此“熱鬧”的網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲產(chǎn)業(yè)，其背后究竟隱匿著怎樣的真相，潛藏著怎樣的危機(jī)？監(jiān)管者應(yīng)怎樣加強(qiáng)行業(yè)管理，遏制弊端？

監(jiān)管失控，中小學(xué)竟成重災(zāi)區(qū)

據(jù)報(bào)道，2017年6月中旬的一天，杭州13歲男孩毛毛因手機(jī)被其父親沒收，玩不了《王者榮耀》的游戲，竟從四樓窗口跳了下去。家人趕緊把毛毛送進(jìn)醫(yī)院，但令其父母沒有想到的是，這孩子從昏迷中剛醒來，竟然還掛念著游戲，立即向父親索要手機(jī)，試圖登錄賬號(hào)，并要錢買新的裝備?！拔姨耐刺鷼猓恢滥盟趺崔k，沉溺游戲太害人?！泵母赣H痛心疾首。

游戲是人類的天性，但孩子尚不是成熟的理性人。癡迷于《王者榮耀》這款游戲的，遠(yuǎn)不止毛毛一個(gè)。為采寫本文，筆者向一位同窗舊友了解，她說她向來聽話的兒子迷上這款游戲后，晚上經(jīng)常悄悄起床玩，甚至有一夜兩次偷偷爬進(jìn)她房間，企圖拿走藏在柜子里的下載了游戲的手機(jī)。孩子即將面臨初一新生入學(xué)考，母親心急如焚，卻又無計(jì)可施。據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)媒體報(bào)道，《王者榮耀》的玩家中，中小學(xué)生占57%以上，而制作方騰訊公司對(duì)此數(shù)據(jù)表示否認(rèn)。有杭州媒體記者通過對(duì)在杭州的幾所學(xué)校的調(diào)查，發(fā)現(xiàn)在玩這款游戲的孩子多得超出預(yù)想，個(gè)別小學(xué)里，參與玩此游戲者占70%以上。

杭州夏衍中學(xué)分管德育的校長(zhǎng)助理蔣瀟瀟，曾寫下一篇名為《我懟天懟地懟“王者”》的文章，她驚悚于十來歲的男孩因母親打斷了他玩游戲，竟出手打母親這樣的新聞;揪心于孩子因沉迷于游戲而忘了學(xué)業(yè)、忘了校紀(jì)校規(guī)、忘了除游戲以外的一切的情狀：“前兩天，我在小區(qū)里聽見三個(gè)小學(xué)生聊天，一名男生用少年宮的30張獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)卡換《王者榮耀》果凍卡貼，用榮譽(yù)去換這個(gè)成本僅幾元的東西，只能說明這款游戲的魔性實(shí)在太大了。游戲崇拜已經(jīng)到了很嚴(yán)重的地步！”

該校召開的一次家長(zhǎng)會(huì)上，很多老師和家長(zhǎng)紛紛痛陳游戲之害，一致認(rèn)為在校園及家庭中對(duì)它予以限制、由相關(guān)部門強(qiáng)化對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲的監(jiān)管，已到了不容絲毫遲緩的地步。一位資深英語老師在連舉數(shù)例后說，沉迷游戲?qū)⒆拥呢?fù)面影響是巨大的，學(xué)習(xí)的專注力下降，課余時(shí)間不愿運(yùn)動(dòng)、不愿閱讀，也不愿交流，所有的注意力和精力都傾注在游戲上面?！耙?dú)У粢粋€(gè)孩子，就讓他沉溺游戲?！边@位英語老師喟嘆。

嗜迷游戲，網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)代的“社會(huì)病”

關(guān)于游戲，有數(shù)量龐大的人群被裹挾其中。從迷戀到癡迷，直至進(jìn)入狂熱的愛戀，是一種社會(huì)性病癥，它不僅出現(xiàn)在克制力薄弱的中小學(xué)生身上，同樣也出現(xiàn)在大學(xué)生及年輕人群體、乃至中年人身上。

一位中年同事以萬般憂慮的語調(diào)告訴筆者，他的兒子入讀國(guó)內(nèi)一所名牌大學(xué)，本以為兒子能造就學(xué)業(yè)、將來擁有理想的人生前途;然而一天他去看望兒子，發(fā)現(xiàn)寢室里的同學(xué)都捧著手機(jī)玩網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲，兒子也癡迷其中;一問才知該游戲與學(xué)業(yè)毫無關(guān)聯(lián)，只是為了消磨時(shí)間、尋求刺激;有同學(xué)告訴，通過玩游戲可以掙到若干金錢，但這與大學(xué)生們所浪費(fèi)的大好光陰相稱么？這位同事大呼后悔，對(duì)兒子說：“早知道這樣，當(dāng)時(shí)就讓你換一所大學(xué)、不上名牌了！”兒子哂笑道：“換到哪所大學(xué)都一樣，現(xiàn)在哪個(gè)大學(xué)生不玩游戲？”

同事的兒子的說法難免夸張，但大學(xué)生癡迷游戲的現(xiàn)象的確已成了一個(gè)大問題。大學(xué)對(duì)學(xué)生的日常管理原本就較松弛，大學(xué)城里每到晚上更是見不到老師，而大學(xué)生除了攻讀功課外，也少有娛樂消遣活動(dòng)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲便填補(bǔ)了這一空白。手機(jī)的普及、手機(jī)功能的不斷升級(jí)，尤其是游戲種類、內(nèi)容、項(xiàng)目、刺激程度不斷增加，使得不少大學(xué)生一發(fā)不可收地癡迷。如果說沉湎游戲，在中小學(xué)生尚有家長(zhǎng)和老師過問，乏人管束的大學(xué)生就幾近失控。報(bào)道說，省內(nèi)某名牌大學(xué)的一名理科生，正是因?yàn)橥嬗螒蚨膹U了學(xué)業(yè)，無法再正常續(xù)讀，校方不得不將其退學(xué)，而類似的慘痛結(jié)局絕非僅此一例。

在臺(tái)州工作的朋友說，他的同事王女士發(fā)現(xiàn)，近段時(shí)間來，在上市公司做銷售的丈夫一回家就捏著手機(jī)玩?zhèn)€不停，吃飯時(shí)、帶孩子時(shí)也照玩不誤，甚至還與客戶一起玩，而對(duì)王女士無暇顧及，對(duì)家里的好多事情再無興趣處理?！拔液苡憛捰螒颍覀兗野俜种呤牟缓椭C因素，都是因此而起?！蓖跖空f，由于兩人為此齟齬不斷，從某種程度上說，網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲已成為社會(huì)性病癥，傷害夫妻感情，破壞家庭和睦。

強(qiáng)化監(jiān)管，祛除弊端方能健康發(fā)展

筆者從浙江省新聞出版廣電局得悉，浙江作為全國(guó)網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲產(chǎn)業(yè)較為發(fā)達(dá)的省份，從事網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲開發(fā)、引進(jìn)、制作生產(chǎn)的企業(yè)眾多，幾乎每天都有好幾款游戲應(yīng)市。由于不少人認(rèn)定網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲有利可圖，眾多經(jīng)營(yíng)商攜資進(jìn)入此行，使得網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲產(chǎn)業(yè)快速膨脹，成為一個(gè)投資熱點(diǎn)、乃至個(gè)別地方成為新的“經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)”。為了爭(zhēng)搶玩家資源、吸引注意力，各路經(jīng)營(yíng)商使出渾身解數(shù)，不惜以“打擦邊球”的方式推出所謂新產(chǎn)品，這也是目前網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲產(chǎn)業(yè)亂象叢生、殃及青少年身心健康的主要原因之一。

2017年初，一款源自俄羅斯的《藍(lán)鯨死亡》游戲傳入中國(guó)，迅速流行。與在國(guó)外一樣，這款游戲很快在中國(guó)釀成一幕幕悲劇，在寧波、溫州兩地，多次發(fā)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)民組織《藍(lán)鯨死亡》游戲，而“群主”往往正是青少年。令人驚訝的是，此類游戲竟能在國(guó)內(nèi)“暢通無阻”，相關(guān)部門未予有效阻止?！锻跽邩s耀》游戲的實(shí)名認(rèn)證也形同虛設(shè)，用在百度上任意搜來的人名和身份證號(hào)碼填入，即可很順利地完成實(shí)名認(rèn)證。很多孩子都知道上網(wǎng)玩游戲“很簡(jiǎn)單”。endprint

針對(duì)當(dāng)前網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲種種弊病，有識(shí)之士已在大聲呼吁加強(qiáng)監(jiān)管。2017年7月2日，騰訊公司發(fā)布消息，稱將以《王者榮耀》為試點(diǎn)，率先推出最嚴(yán)防沉迷系統(tǒng)措施，限制未成年人每天登錄的時(shí)長(zhǎng)。然而，國(guó)家原“防沉迷系統(tǒng)”規(guī)定早已過時(shí)，在某種程度上目前尚處于法律法規(guī)“空白點(diǎn)”的網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲監(jiān)管，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)滯后于游戲業(yè)本身的發(fā)展。

但是，對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲，我們不該以“悲哀”來形容。網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲是把雙刃劍，智者利己，有益于增長(zhǎng)智力;愚者害己，沉迷其中，難已自拔。網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲要興利除弊，需要全社會(huì)配合，除了制作商、經(jīng)營(yíng)商摒除只圖經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、不顧負(fù)面效應(yīng)的做法之外，學(xué)校、家庭應(yīng)擔(dān)負(fù)起教育引導(dǎo)的責(zé)任，文化執(zhí)法部門的監(jiān)管方法也有待于更新、強(qiáng)化，如提高游戲制作和經(jīng)營(yíng)商的入行門檻，加強(qiáng)事中和事后監(jiān)管，嚴(yán)厲處罰違規(guī)違法者，同時(shí)制訂相關(guān)行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，嚴(yán)格實(shí)施。家長(zhǎng)和老師則正確引導(dǎo)孩子以更健康的生活和娛樂方式合理規(guī)范地利用，從而調(diào)整行為準(zhǔn)則，鍛造人格。

（本文圖片由達(dá)飛欴提供）

A flourishing gaming industry is a brand new phenomenon in China. Some experts say there is still big room for Chinese electronic games to expand market presence both at home and abroad. According to some market analysts who watch the global gaming market， China overtook USA in 2016 to become the worlds biggest gaming playground. ， a multiplayer online battle game developed by Shenzhen-based Tencent and released in November 2015， is now the worlds leading game with over 200 million registered players in China alone. In May 2017 it became the highest-grossing mobile game in the world and it had 160 million monthly active users.

The top game is now being openly criticized in media for the negative impact it has afflicted upon some youngsters. It is reported that a 13-year-old boy in Hangzhou was so frustrated after he was banned by his father from playing the game that he jumped out of a window of the family apartment on the fourth floor. He was rushed to the hospital. The moment he came to， he urged his father to give back the mobile phone so that he could play the game. A mom complained that her son was so obsessed with that the boy sneaked two times into her room trying to get the mobile phone and play the game. The boy was about to sit for the middle school entrance examination. It was reported that primary and middle school students accounted for 57% of all the players of the top game， but Tencent said the data wasnt correct. Some media reporters did a survey in a number of schools in Hangzhou and found that the game enjoyed popularity greater than thought previously. Even some kindergarteners were playing the game. In a primary school， about 70% kids were playing .

Zhejiang is a powerhouse of game development. There are many businesses engaged developing and operating online games. Almost every day sees a number of new games go online. Venture capitals are a vital force behind the exponential growth of the gaming industry. In some regions， the online game is considered a new economy growth engine. Some game businesses， in order to grab bigger market shares and attract players， use controversial and dubious measures and deliberately ignore some rules. Thats why the gaming industry looks a little bit messy and hurt some children and their unsuspecting parents. Several cases have been reported that some kids stole their parents savings and purchased in-game items.endprint

In July 2017， Peoples Daily and Xinhua News Agency， two top national news media， published articles criticizing the social maladies caused by the obsession with and analyzing how the social problem could be brought under control. Game developers and parents are called to shoulder responsibility respectively.

On July 2， 2017， Tencent announced a group of practices to protect the young from spending too much hours on the game. Minors will be automatically kicked out if they stay in the game beyond the time limit. Tencent is being criticized for this inadequate policy. It is pointed out that it was based on a state regulation that many believe is outdated. Many people believe that the law lags far behind whats happening in the cyber world. What is more， some kids have found a way to play the game as an adult as it wouldnt be difficult to buy a false identification online.

Game developers and operators should do something about protecting the young. Government should regulate the industry more closely. Parents and school teachers should strengthen the guarding and guiding for children in a more responsible way.endprint