袁哲軍,張洪昌,胡雙慶,沈根祥*,錢曉雍,王振旗,朱英,張玉
(1.東華大學(xué)環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,上海 201620;2.上海市環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院,上海 200233;3.華東理工大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境工程學(xué)院,上海 200237)
上海典型畜禽場(chǎng)周邊河流雌激素污染特征研究
袁哲軍1,張洪昌2,胡雙慶2,沈根祥2*,錢曉雍2,王振旗2,朱英2,張玉3
(1.東華大學(xué)環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,上海 201620;2.上海市環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院,上海 200233;3.華東理工大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境工程學(xué)院,上海 200237)
為了探究畜禽養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)周邊河流中雌激素類物質(zhì)的污染特征,利用固相萃取-高效液相色譜-串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜(SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)方法,對(duì)上海市三個(gè)典型畜禽養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)(豬場(chǎng)、雞場(chǎng)、奶牛場(chǎng))周邊河流上下游地表水中雌激素的種類和含量進(jìn)行測(cè)定。結(jié)果顯示,天然雌激素E1(雌酮)、E2(雌二醇)和E3(雌三醇)在各個(gè)采樣點(diǎn)均被檢出,濃度范圍分別為21.66~73.40、8.75~55.96、4.56~23.90 ng·L-1;人工合成雌激素EE2(乙炔基雌二醇)的檢出率為99.44%,濃度范圍是ND~19.42 ng·L-1,DES(己烯雌酚)的檢出率為27.78%,濃度范圍是ND~3.23 ng·L-1。采用EEQ(雌二醇當(dāng)量)評(píng)價(jià)各水體中雌激素類物質(zhì)的總體雌激素活性,結(jié)果顯示,所有采樣點(diǎn)EEQ的濃度范圍為54.15~194.61 ng·L-1,在三個(gè)養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)周邊河流中,EE2對(duì)EEQ的貢獻(xiàn)率均為最高。綜合分析表明,三個(gè)典型畜禽場(chǎng)周邊河流均受到不同程度的雌激素污染,且豬場(chǎng)和奶牛場(chǎng)周邊河流中雌激素活性較高。典型豬場(chǎng)和典型奶牛場(chǎng)是E2的主要排放源,典型豬場(chǎng)是E1的主要排放源,而典型雞場(chǎng)對(duì)周邊河流產(chǎn)生的雌激素污染較小。
雌激素;SPE-HPLC-MS/MS;畜禽場(chǎng);河流污染;雌二醇當(dāng)量
人們生活水平的提高帶動(dòng)了畜禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)向規(guī)?;图s化方向快速發(fā)展,與此同時(shí)也產(chǎn)生了大量畜禽糞便。研究表明,目前我國(guó)的畜禽養(yǎng)殖污染防治措施仍不完善[1],環(huán)境中90%的天然雌激素均來(lái)自畜禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)排放的畜禽糞便[2],包括雌酮(Estrone,E1)、雌二醇(17β-estradiol,E2)和雌三醇(Estriol,E3)。而人工合成雌激素,如乙炔基雌二醇(17β-ethinylestradiol,EE2)和己烯雌酚(Diethylstilbestrol,DES),因其具有促進(jìn)動(dòng)物生長(zhǎng)的作用,被用作激素類藥物或動(dòng)物飼料添加劑應(yīng)用到畜禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)。這些天然和人工合成雌激素具有很強(qiáng)的內(nèi)分泌干擾活性,應(yīng)該被優(yōu)先關(guān)注[3]。它們能夠造成河流中魚類胚胎發(fā)育遲滯和畸形[4],能夠在ng·L-1痕量水平誘導(dǎo)雄魚雌性化[5-8]。由此可見,畜禽養(yǎng)殖排放的雌激素對(duì)水生環(huán)境的污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不容忽視。
上海市規(guī)?;笄蒺B(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)產(chǎn)生的畜禽糞污主要采用資源化還田模式進(jìn)行處理[9],然而研究表明,畜禽糞污通過堆肥處理和污水處理設(shè)施處理后其自由態(tài)雌激素并不能被完全去除[10-13],糞污中的天然雌激素會(huì)通過農(nóng)田施肥和地表徑流等作用進(jìn)入周邊水體[14-16]。由于上海市河流體系復(fù)雜,支流縱橫交錯(cuò),尤其小河、溝渠數(shù)量眾多,也加劇了水環(huán)境中雌激素污染防治的難度,因此更應(yīng)當(dāng)引起足夠重視。
本研究利用固相萃取-高效液相色譜-串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜(SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)方法對(duì)典型畜禽養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)周邊河流地表水中5種天然和人工合成雌激素E1、E2、E3、EE2和DES進(jìn)行定量檢測(cè),同時(shí)分析其污染來(lái)源和空間分布特征,并利用雌二醇當(dāng)量(EEQ)評(píng)價(jià)雌激素活性,旨在為畜禽養(yǎng)殖雌激素污染危害評(píng)價(jià)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管控提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1.1 試劑與儀器
儀器:AB5500Q-trap高效液相色譜串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜儀(美國(guó)AB公司),配島津30A液相色譜。12通道固相萃取裝置(美國(guó)Waters公司),Oasis HLB固相萃取柱(200 mg,6 mL,Waters公司),Milli-Q超純水器(美國(guó)Millipore公司),氮吹儀(Anpel 12通道,安譜實(shí)驗(yàn)科技股份有限公司),超聲波清洗器(KQ3200E,昆山市超聲儀器有限公司),pH計(jì)(S220,梅特勒-托多儀器有限公司),溶解氧測(cè)定儀(YSI-58,YSI Instruments),便攜式懸浮物測(cè)定儀(PSS-200型,深圳市昌鴻科技有限公司)。
試劑:甲醇、乙腈均為HPLC級(jí),購(gòu)自美國(guó)Tedia公司。E1(99.3%)、E2(97.5%)、E3(99.5%)、EE2 (99.0%)、DES(99.5%)均購(gòu)自德國(guó)Dr.Ehrenstorfer公司。上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品均用甲醇配成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)儲(chǔ)備液,并配制濃度為100 mg·L-1的5種雌激素的混合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液。根據(jù)需要用甲醇配制成系列濃度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工作溶液,于4℃冰箱中保存。
1.2 樣品的采集與前處理
采集上海市三個(gè)規(guī)模化畜禽養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)周邊河流上下游各500 m處的斷面地表水樣,共6個(gè)斷面,每個(gè)斷面沿水體截面設(shè)置3個(gè)采樣點(diǎn),每個(gè)采樣點(diǎn)取4 L水樣,保存于4 L棕色瓶?jī)?nèi),并立即加入4 mol·L-1的鹽酸防止微生物對(duì)目標(biāo)物質(zhì)的降解。水樣快速運(yùn)回實(shí)驗(yàn)室放于4℃冰庫(kù)避光保存,48 h內(nèi)處理水樣。本次采樣時(shí)間為冬季,各采樣點(diǎn)的水溫范圍為11.0~12.5℃,pH 7.50~7.70,水樣均呈弱堿性。溶解氧(DO)為4.5~7.0 mg·L-1,懸浮物(SS)濃度為10.2~23.3 mg·L-1。
每個(gè)采樣點(diǎn)設(shè)置3個(gè)平行樣,每份水樣取1 L,經(jīng)玻璃纖維濾紙(孔徑0.7 μm)過濾后,加入50 ng內(nèi)標(biāo)物質(zhì)E2-d5,調(diào)pH值為3。固相萃取方法在譚麗超等[17]方法的基礎(chǔ)上有所改進(jìn),依次用6 mL甲醇、6 mL水活化HLB固相萃取小柱。上樣速率為2~3 mL· min-1,上樣結(jié)束后,依次用5 mL超純水、5 mL含5%甲醇水溶液淋洗小柱,減壓抽干10 min,最后用10 mL甲醇分兩次洗脫。洗脫液在40℃條件下氮吹至近干,用1 mL甲醇/水(體積比為7/3)重新溶解,過0.22 μm微孔濾膜到進(jìn)樣瓶中,進(jìn)行HPLC-MS/MS測(cè)定。
1.3 HPLC-MS/MS分析
液相色譜條件:Shim-Pack XR-ODSII C18色譜柱(100 mm×2 mm,1.0 μm);柱溫40℃;進(jìn)樣量5 μL;進(jìn)樣室溫度10℃;流動(dòng)相流速0.3 mL·min-1。流動(dòng)相A為Milli-Q超純水,B為乙腈。梯度洗脫程序:0~3.0 min,30%B;3.0~4.0 min,30%B~90%B;4.0~7.0 min,90%B;7.0~8.0 min,90%B~30%B;8.0~10.0 min,30%B。
質(zhì)譜條件:采用電噴霧離子源負(fù)離子(ESI-)模式,離子源溫度為550℃,離子化電壓為-4500 V,氣簾氣(CUR)為35 psi(1 psi=6.895 kPa),噴霧氣(GS1)為50 psi,輔助加熱氣(GS2)為50 psi,碰撞氣(CAD)為Medium,(碰撞氣為高純氮?dú)猓?。采用多反?yīng)監(jiān)測(cè)模式(MRM)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。
1.4 質(zhì)量保證和質(zhì)量控制
配制5種雌激素的系列混合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液,濃度范圍為1.0~1000 μg·L-1,采用內(nèi)標(biāo)法定量,在選定的色譜和質(zhì)譜條件下進(jìn)行測(cè)定,以目標(biāo)物和內(nèi)標(biāo)物濃度的比值為橫坐標(biāo),以其峰面積的比值為縱坐標(biāo),得到5種雌激素的決定系數(shù)(r2)均大于0.996(表1),表明所建立的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線線性關(guān)系良好。在該方法條件下,以3倍和10倍信噪比(S/N)對(duì)應(yīng)的樣品中雌激素濃度為方法檢測(cè)限(LOD)和定量限(LOQ),獲得各目標(biāo)物的LOD范圍為0.20~1.71 ng·L-1,LOQ范圍為0.62~5.25 ng·L-1。
選擇兩種不同水樣(Milli-Q超純水和養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)周邊河流地表水樣),準(zhǔn)確添加5種雌激素的混合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液,配制成100 ng·L-1的加標(biāo)水樣,進(jìn)行加標(biāo)回收率試驗(yàn)。按上述前處理方法進(jìn)行萃取、凈化和濃縮,用HPLC-MS/MS測(cè)定各目標(biāo)物的濃度,并計(jì)算回收率與相對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差,得到Milli-Q超純水樣中目標(biāo)物回收率為76.5%~92.1%,相對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差(RSD)小于6.0%;養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)周邊河流地表水樣中目標(biāo)物回收率為67.8%~98.4%(表1),相對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差(RSD)小于10.0%,表明所建立的方法具有良好的準(zhǔn)確度和精密度。
1.5 數(shù)據(jù)處理
采用EEQ表征雌激素活性,其計(jì)算公式[18]如下,其中雌二醇當(dāng)量因子(EEF)參考隋倩等[19]的方法,即采用體外法測(cè)試所得EEF的最大值進(jìn)行計(jì)算,雌激素E1、E2、E3、EE2和DES對(duì)應(yīng)的EEF分別為0.59、1.0、0.26、8.71、8.0。
表1 目標(biāo)化合物的線性關(guān)系、檢測(cè)限、定量限和回收率Table 1 Linear relationships,limits of detection(LOD),limits of detection quantity(LOQ)and recoveries for target compound
式中:MEC為各雌激素實(shí)測(cè)濃度,ng·L-1。
取三次平行試驗(yàn)的算術(shù)平均值,利用Excel 2010進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算及處理。同時(shí)利用t檢驗(yàn)對(duì)各樣品數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行顯著性分析。
2.1 畜禽場(chǎng)周邊河流地表水中雌激素的分布特征
對(duì)水樣中5種天然和人工合成雌激素進(jìn)行檢測(cè),結(jié)果如表2所示。E1、E2和E3的檢出率均為100%,而EE2和DES檢出率分別為94.44%和27.78%。雌激素E1、E2、E3、EE2和DES的濃度范圍分別為21.66~73.40、8.75~55.96、4.56~23.90、ND~19.42、ND~3.23 ng·L-1。在已有研究中,Chen等[20]對(duì)集中式畜禽養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)附近受納水體中的雌激素進(jìn)行調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),E1、E2、E3和DES的平均濃度分別為7.4~1267、ND~313.6、ND~210、ND~3.3 ng·L-1,而EE2低于檢出限。Lei等[21]對(duì)天津地區(qū)某三條河流中雌激素濃度進(jìn)行了測(cè)定,結(jié)果顯示E1、E2、E3、EE2和DES的檢出濃度分別為0.64~55.33、ND~32.4、ND~46.4、ND~35.6、ND~8.51 ng·L-1。綜合以上數(shù)據(jù)可以看出,本研究中河流地表水中雌激素濃度與上述其他水環(huán)境處于同一數(shù)量級(jí)。相關(guān)報(bào)道顯示,天然雌激素主要通過污水處理廠和畜禽養(yǎng)殖廠糞便處理單元進(jìn)入環(huán)境當(dāng)中,并且畜禽養(yǎng)殖排放的雌激素量約為污水處理廠排放量的10倍,是最重要的雌激素排放源[13,22]??梢姡{(diào)查水體中高檢出率的雌激素與周邊的畜禽養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)可能存在密切關(guān)系。
表2 畜禽養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)周邊河流中5種雌激素的質(zhì)量濃度Table 2 Mass concentrations of the 5 target compounds in adjacent rivers of livestock and poultry farms
圖1顯示三個(gè)畜禽場(chǎng)上下游地表水中5種雌激素的組成和分布情況。與其他4種雌激素相比,E1在豬場(chǎng)上游、豬場(chǎng)下游和雞場(chǎng)上游、雞場(chǎng)下游水體中所占比例(50.48%、55.93%和40.21%、56.67%)均最高。有研究表明,水中的E1濃度之所以較高,可能因?yàn)槠渥陨淼姆€(wěn)定性很高,或是E1的葡萄糖醛酸結(jié)合態(tài)水解產(chǎn)生自由態(tài)的E1,或是E2氧化降解產(chǎn)生了E1[23]。目前很多文獻(xiàn)也報(bào)道了地表水體中雌激素E1的濃度高于E2和E3[20-21,24]。而在奶牛場(chǎng)上下游水體中,雌激素E2所占比例最高,與黃浦江上游養(yǎng)殖區(qū)周邊水體中雌激素的檢出情況一致[25]。
比較各養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)周邊河流上下游水體中雌激素總量可以看出,上游河段雌激素總量表現(xiàn)為奶牛場(chǎng)(75.43 ng·L-1)>豬場(chǎng)(66.72 ng·L-1)>雞場(chǎng)(61.72ng·L-1),而下游河段雌激素總量表現(xiàn)為豬場(chǎng)(118.39 ng·L-1)>奶牛場(chǎng)(96.43 ng·L-1)>雞場(chǎng)(58.47 ng·L-1)。雞場(chǎng)上游和下游水體中雌激素總量均最低,表明豬場(chǎng)和奶牛場(chǎng)周邊河流受雌激素污染程度高于雞場(chǎng)周邊河流。與上游相比,豬場(chǎng)和奶牛場(chǎng)下游的雌激素總量分別增加了43.6%和21.8%,而雞場(chǎng)下游的雌激素總量下降了5.3%,表明豬場(chǎng)和奶牛場(chǎng)排污對(duì)周邊水體雌激素污染的貢獻(xiàn)大。這與Zhang等[26]研究中豬和牛的雌激素排放量顯著高于雞的排放量結(jié)果一致。以上數(shù)據(jù)顯示,各畜禽場(chǎng)周邊河流上游水體中雌激素含量很高,表明該地區(qū)幾條河流中的雌激素并非完全由這三個(gè)畜禽場(chǎng)排污產(chǎn)生,可能存在其他排放源尚需進(jìn)一步追溯。
圖1 畜禽場(chǎng)上下游河道中雌激素的分布特征Figure 1 Estrogens distribution pattern in the upstream and downstream of livestock and poultry farms
2.2 豬場(chǎng)周邊河流地表水中雌激素的污染狀況
如圖2所示,豬場(chǎng)上下游水體中均檢出了E1、E2、E3和EE2,其中E1平均濃度(49.95 ng·L-1)是E2平均濃度(14.30 ng·L-1)的3倍左右,而DES未檢出。與上游相比,豬場(chǎng)下游E1含量增加96.6%,達(dá)到極顯著水平(P<0.01),E2含量增加42.6%,達(dá)到顯著水平(P<0.05),E3和EE2含量雖有所增加,但含量間無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05)。這可能是因?yàn)樨i主要通過尿液排放雌激素(98%~99%)[26-27],而E1是尿液中主要的自由態(tài)雌激素[28]。數(shù)據(jù)分析表明,該養(yǎng)豬場(chǎng)對(duì)周邊河流水體造成了雌激素污染,成為了天然雌激素E1和E2的主要排放源。EE2含量的增加表明該養(yǎng)豬場(chǎng)可能使用了含EE2的飼料添加劑。雖然EE2作為動(dòng)物飼料添加劑已被歐盟和我國(guó)禁止使用[29],但在國(guó)內(nèi)一些畜禽養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)排放的畜禽糞污中仍能檢出EE2,如Liu 等[30]在豬場(chǎng)沖洗水中檢測(cè)出高濃度的EE2,Zhang等[26]在豬場(chǎng)的氧化塘中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了高含量的EE2。
2.3 雞場(chǎng)周邊河流地表水中雌激素的污染狀況
圖2 豬場(chǎng)上下游水體中5種雌激素的檢出濃度Figure 2 Concentration of 5 estrogens in the upstream and downstream of swine farm
圖3 雞場(chǎng)上下游水體中5種雌激素的檢出濃度Figure 3 Concentration of 5 estrogens in the upstream and downstream of chicken farm
雞場(chǎng)上下游水體中雌激素的檢出情況同豬場(chǎng)相似,E1、E2、E3和EE2均被檢出,而未檢出DES。雞場(chǎng)上下游水體中雌激素的組成和濃度如圖3所示。上游水體中雌激素濃度表現(xiàn)為E1>E2>E3>EE2,濃度范圍為2.14~27.50 ng·L-1;下游水體呈現(xiàn)為E1>E3>E2>EE2,濃度范圍為1.98~38.45 ng·L-1。與上游相比,下游E2的濃度降低40%,表現(xiàn)出極顯著差異(P<0.01),E3的濃度降低26%,表現(xiàn)出顯著性差異(P<0.05),E1的含量雖有所增加,但差異不顯著。相關(guān)研究表明,家禽相較于豬和牛所產(chǎn)生的雌激素量較少[26],并且雞主要排放糞便,現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)研時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),該養(yǎng)雞場(chǎng)的糞便處理方式主要是高溫堆肥,堆肥產(chǎn)品主要用于商業(yè)出售,故對(duì)周邊河流產(chǎn)生的雌激素污染較小。相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著水流的稀釋作用和雌激素自身的降解作用,下游雌激素濃度較上游會(huì)出現(xiàn)明顯降低現(xiàn)象[20]。另外,雌激素是中等極性類物質(zhì)(lg Kow2.6~4.0),吸附能力較強(qiáng),水體中的雌激素易吸附到懸浮顆粒物上或遷移到沉積物中[2,31]。這也可能是該河流地表水中雌激素濃度降低的一個(gè)重要原因。而E1含量的增加很可能與結(jié)合態(tài)雌激素的水解以及E2的降解有關(guān)[23]。
2.4 奶牛場(chǎng)周邊河流地表水中雌激素的污染狀況
奶牛場(chǎng)周邊河流雌激素污染特征與豬場(chǎng)和雞場(chǎng)有所差異。如圖4所示,上下游水體中5種雌激素均被檢出,且雌激素E1和E2檢出濃度相對(duì)較高。與上游相比,下游天然雌激素E2含量增加45.1%,表現(xiàn)出極顯著差異(P<0.01),E1和E3含量略有增加(9.0% 和6.5%),但差異不顯著(P>0.05);人工合成雌激素EE2含量增加33.5%,DES含量下降17.7%,但均無(wú)顯著性差異(P>0.05)。相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在上海地區(qū)多個(gè)奶牛場(chǎng)新鮮糞便、尿液、氧化塘污水和厭氧污水池中均檢出一定濃度的天然雌激素,且厭氧污水池對(duì)雌激素的去除效率低于50%[26]。相關(guān)研究表明,在某奶牛養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)周邊河道地表水中檢測(cè)到顯著的雌激素活性,其結(jié)果表明該養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)對(duì)其周邊水體造成了雌激素污染[32]。本研究通過現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn),奶牛場(chǎng)污水經(jīng)厭氧池處理后通過污水管道就近還田,若厭氧池未能將糞污中的雌激素完全去除,則很可能污染還田土壤和周邊水體。綜合分析表明,該奶牛場(chǎng)對(duì)周邊水體造成了雌激素污染,且主要雌激素污染種類為E2,而這與Hanselman等[31]和Combalbert等[33]所述奶牛排泄物中最主要的雌激素是E1和E2的結(jié)論并不完全相符。這可能與養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)污水處理設(shè)施、糞便處理方式、雌激素去除效率以及其他影響因素有關(guān)。
圖4 奶牛場(chǎng)上下游水體中5種雌激素的檢出濃度Figure 4 Concentration of 5 estrogens in the upstream and downstream of dairy farm
2.5 畜禽場(chǎng)周邊河流地表水中雌激素活性
采用EEQ表征各雌激素污染物活性,其計(jì)算結(jié)果見表3。畜禽場(chǎng)周邊河流中EEQ濃度范圍為54.15~194.61 ng·L-1。而相關(guān)研究報(bào)道,臺(tái)灣某受畜禽場(chǎng)污染地表水體中3種雌激素總EEQ濃度范圍為17.3~137.9 ng·L-1[20],日本某受養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)污水影響的河流中兩種雌激素總EEQ濃度范圍為1.50~24.60 ng·L-1[34],黃浦江上游水源地干支流區(qū)水體中6種雌激素總EEQ濃度范圍為32~1 007.3 ng·L-1[25]。通過對(duì)比可以看出,被調(diào)查河流水體中雌激素活性處于中等水平。三個(gè)畜禽場(chǎng)周邊河流中EEQ總體表現(xiàn)為豬場(chǎng)(149.42 ng·L-1)>奶牛場(chǎng)(133.59 ng·L-1)>雞場(chǎng)(55.77 ng·L-1),表明豬場(chǎng)周邊河流地表水中的雌激素活性最大,奶牛場(chǎng)次之,雞場(chǎng)最小。這與上述分析結(jié)果一致,均表明豬場(chǎng)和奶牛場(chǎng)周邊河流地表水受雌激素污染程度較高。由表3數(shù)據(jù)可以看出,EE2雌激素活性高于其他雌激素,其在所有采樣斷面中對(duì)總EEQ的貢獻(xiàn)均最大,故調(diào)查河流水體存在的EE2污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不容忽視。
表3 雌激素類物質(zhì)的雌二醇當(dāng)量(ng·L-1)Table 3 EEQ of five estrogenic substances(ng·L-1)
研究表明,為了評(píng)估E2的存在對(duì)水體魚類繁殖能力所產(chǎn)生的影響,建議E2的最低觀察效應(yīng)濃度(LOEC)是10 ng·L-1[35]。根據(jù)歐盟關(guān)于污染物生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的安全系數(shù)設(shè)定[36],將引起雌激素內(nèi)分泌干擾效應(yīng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定為1 ng·L-1,即凡雌激素污染物的EEQ大于1 ng·L-1的物質(zhì)即被認(rèn)為會(huì)對(duì)受納水體水生生物產(chǎn)生內(nèi)分泌干擾作用。結(jié)合表3可知,三個(gè)典型養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)周邊河流上下游地表水中EEQ均顯著高于10 ng·L-1,表明雌激素對(duì)水生生物均存在不同程度的威脅,雌激素污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)引起足夠重視。
(1)天然雌激素E1、E2和E3在各個(gè)采樣點(diǎn)均被檢出,EE2只有一個(gè)采樣點(diǎn)未被檢出,而DES只在奶牛場(chǎng)上下游采樣點(diǎn)被檢出。三個(gè)典型養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)周邊河流地表水體均受到不同程度的雌激素污染,且豬場(chǎng)和奶牛場(chǎng)周邊河流受污染程度高于雞場(chǎng)周邊河流。
(2)典型豬場(chǎng)和典型奶牛場(chǎng)是E2的主要排放源,典型豬場(chǎng)是E1的主要排放源,而典型雞場(chǎng)對(duì)其周邊河流產(chǎn)生的雌激素污染較小。
(3)典型畜禽養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)周邊河流中雌激素活性表現(xiàn)為豬場(chǎng)>奶牛場(chǎng)>雞場(chǎng),三條河流均存在一定程度的雌激素污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
[1]吳根義,廖新俤,賀德春,等.我國(guó)畜禽養(yǎng)殖污染防治現(xiàn)狀及對(duì)策[J].農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2014,33(7):1261-1264.
WU Gen-yi,LIAO Xin-di,HE De-chun,et al.Current situation and countermeasures of livestock industry pollution control in China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(7):1261-1264.
[2]Khanal S K,Xie B,Thompson M L,et al.Fate,transport,and biodegradation of natural estrogens in the environment and engineered systems [J].Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(21):6537-6546.
[3]Ying G G,Kookana R S,Ru Y J.Occurrence and fate of hormone steroids in the environment[J].Environment International,2002,28(6):545-551.
[4]Hu S Q,Zhang H C,Shen G X,et al.Effects of 17β-estradiol and 17αethinylestradiol on the embryonic development of the clearhead icefish (Protosalanx hyalocranius)[J].Chemosphere,2017,176:18-24.
[5]Lorenzen A,Hendel J G,Conn K L,et al.Survey of hormone activities in municipal biosolids and animal manures[J].Environmental Toxicology, 2004,19(3):216-225.
[6]Ternes T A,Stumpf M,Mueller J,et al.Behavior and occurrence of estrogens in municipal sewage treatment plants:I.Investigations in Germany,Canada and Brazil[J].Science of the Total Environment,1999,225 (1/2):81-90.
[7]Andersen L,Holbech H,Gessbo A,et al.Effects of exposure to 17αethinylestradiol during early development on sexual differentiation and induction of vitellogenin in zebrafish(Danio rerio)[J].Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol,2003,134(3):365-374.
[8]Jobling S,Casey D,Rogersgray T,et al.Comparative responses of molluscs and fish to environmental estrogens and an estrogenic effluent[J]. Aquatic Toxicology,2003,65(2):205-220.
[9]王振旗,錢曉雍,沈根祥.上海市規(guī)?;笄輬?chǎng)污染減排模式分析與應(yīng)用[J].農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2014,33(10):2030-2035. WANG Zhen-qi,QIAN Xiao-yong,SHEN Gen-xiang.Analysis and application of pollution reduction techniques for scale livestock and poultry farms in Shanghai[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014, 33(10):2030-2035.
[10]Combalbert S,Bellet V,Dabert P,et al.Fate of steroid hormones and endocrine activities in swine manure disposal and treatment facilities [J].Water Research,2011,46(3):895-906.
[11]Gadd J B,Tremblay L A,Northcott G L.Steroid estrogens,conjugated estrogens and estrogenic activity in farm dairy shed effluents[J].Environmental Pollution,2010,158(3):730-736.
[12]Hutchins S R,White M V,Hudson F M,et al.Analysis of lagoon samples from different concentrated animal feeding operations for estrogens and estrogen conjugates[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2007, 41(3):738-744.
[13]Raman D R,Williams E L,Layton A C,et al.Estrogen content of dairy and swine wastes[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2004,38 (13):3567-3573.
[14]Bartelthunt S,Snow D D,Damonpowell T,et al.Occurrence of steroid hormones and antibiotics in shallow groundwater impacted by livestock waste control facilities[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,2011,123 (3):94-103.
[15]Belfroid A C,Van der Horst A,Vethaak A D,et al.Analysis and occurrence of estrogenic hormones and their glucuronides in surface water and waste water in the Netherlands[J].Science of the Total Environment,1999,225(1/2):101-108.
[16]Dutta S,Inamdar S,Tso J,et al.Dissolved organic carbon and estrogen transport in surface runoff from agricultural land receiving poultry litter [J].Jawra Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2012, 48(3):558-569.
[17]譚麗超,葛峰,單正軍,等.超高效液相色譜-串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法測(cè)定污水處理廠水樣中的雌激素[J].生態(tài)與農(nóng)村環(huán)境學(xué)報(bào),2011,27(5):86-92.
TAN Li-chao,GE Feng,SHAN Zheng-jun,et al.Determination of estrogens in water samples from wastewater treatment plant using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2011,27(5):86-92.
[18]Korner W,Spengler P,Bolz U,et al.Substances with estrogenic activity in effluents of sewage treatment plants in southwestern Germany:2.Biological analysis[J].Environmental Toxicology&Chemistry,2001,20 (10):2142-2151.
[19]隋倩,黃俊,余剛.中國(guó)城市污水處理廠內(nèi)分泌干擾物控制優(yōu)先性分析[J].環(huán)境科學(xué),2009,30(2):384-390.
SUI Qian,HUANG Jun,YU Gang.Priority analysis for controlling endocrine disrupting chemicals in municipal wastewater treatment plants of China[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(2):384-390.
[20]Chen T S,Chen T C,Yeh K J C,et al.High estrogen concentrations in receiving river discharge from a concentrated livestock feedlot[J].Science of the Total Environment,2010,408(16):3223-3230.
[21]Lei B L,Huang S B,Zhou Y Q,et al.Levels of six estrogens in water and sediment from three rivers in Tianjin area,China[J].Chemosphere, 2009,76:36-42.
[22]李艷霞,韓偉,林春野,等.畜禽養(yǎng)殖過程中雌激素的排放及其環(huán)境行為[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2010,30(4):1058-1065.
LI Yan-xia,HAN Wei,LIN Chun-ye,et al.Excretion of estrogens in the livestock and poultry production and their environmental behaviors [J].ActaEcologicaSinica,2010,30(4):1058-1065.
[23]Ternes T A,Kreckel P,Mueller J.Behaviour and occurrence of estrogens in municipal sewage treatment plants?Ⅱ.Aerobic batch experiments with activated sludge[J].Science of the Total Environment,1999, 225(1/2):91-99.
[24]Furuichi T,Kannan K,Giesy J P,et al.Contribution of known endocrine disrupting substances to the estrogenic activity in Tama River water samples from Japan using instrumental analysis and in vitro reporter gene assay[J].Water Research,2004,38(20):4491-4501.
[25]聶明華.黃浦江上游水源地水體中雌激素的分布特征和分配機(jī)制[D].上海:華東師范大學(xué),2012.
NIE Ming-hua.Occurrence and phase distribution of selected estrogens in the water of the water source protection area of upper reach of Huangpu River[D].Shanghai:East China Normal University,2012.
[26]Zhang H,Shi J H,Liu X W,et al.Occurrence and removal of free estrogens,conjugated estrogens,and bisphenol A in manure treatment facilities in East China[J].Water Research,2014,58(7):248-257.
[27]Zhang H,Shi J H,Liu X W,et al.Occurrence of free estrogens,conjugated estrogens,and bisphenol A in fresh livestock excreta and their removal by composting in North China[J].Environmental Science& Pollution Research,2014,21(16):9939-9947.
[28]Johnson A C,Williams R J,Matthiessen P.The potential steroid hormone contribution of farm animals to freshwaters,the United Kingdom as a case study[J].Science of the Total Environment,2006,362(1/2/ 3):166-178.
[29]Durant A A,Fente C A,Franco C M,et al.Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of 17α-ethinylestradiol residue in the hair of cattle:Application to treated animals[J].Journal of Agricultural&Food Chemistry,2002,50(3):436-440.
[30]Liu S,Ying G G,Zhang R Q,et al.Fate and occurrence of steroids in swine and dairy cattle farms with different farming scales and wastes disposal systems[J].Environmental Pollution,2012,170(8):190-201.
[31]Hanselman T A,Graetz D A,Wilkie A C.Manure-borne estrogens as potential environmental contaminants:A review[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2003,37(24):5471-5478.
[32]Soto A M,Calabro J M,Prechtl N V,et al.Androgenic and estrogenic activity in water bodies receiving cattle feedlot effluent in eastern Nebraska,USA[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2004,112(3):346-352.
[33]Combalbert S,Hernandezraquet G.Occurrence,fate,and biodegradation of estrogens in sewage and manure[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2010,86(6):1671-1692.
[34]Tashiro Y,Takemura A,Fujii H,et al.Livestock wastes as a source of estrogens and their effects on wildlife of Manko tidal flat,Okinawa[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2003,47(1-6):143-147.
[35]Young W F,Whitehouse P,Johnson I,et al.Proposed predicted no effect concentrations(PNECs)for natural and synthetic steroid oestrogens in surface waters[R].Environment Agency R&D Technical Report P2-T04/1.Bristol:England and Wales Environment Agency,2004.
[36]European Commission.Technical guidance document in support of commission directive 93/67/EEC on risk assessment for new notified substances and commission regulation(EC)No.1488/94 on risk assessment for existing substances[R].Luxembourg:Office for Official Publications of the European Communities,1996:328-334.
Study on estrogen pollution characteristics of rivers around typical livestock and poultry farms in Shanghai
YUAN Zhe-jun1,ZHANG Hong-chang2,HU Shuang-qing2,SHEN Gen-xiang2*,QIAN Xiao-yong2,WANG Zhen-qi2,ZHU Ying2,ZHANG Yu3
(1.College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Donghua University,Shanghai 201620,China;2.Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences,Shanghai 200233,China;3.College of Resources and Environmental Engineering,East China University of Science and Technology,Shanghai 200237,China)
In order to investigate the pollution characteristics of estrogenic substances in the rivers around livestock and poultry farms,The types and content of estrogen in the upstream and downstream surface water of river around three typical livestock and poultry farms(swine farm,chicken farm,dairy farms)in Shanghai were measured by solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(SPE-HPLC-MS/MS).The results showed that the natural estrogens E1(Estrone),E2(17β-estradiol)and E3(Estriol)were detected in all sites.Concentrations ranged from 21.66 to 73.40 ng·L-1for E1,from 8.75 to 55.96 ng·L-1for E2,and from 4.56 to 23.90 ng·L-1for E3.The rate of detection of EE2(17β-ethinylestradiol)was 99.44%and the concentrations ranged from not detected(ND)to 19.42 ng·L-1.The rate of detection of DES(Diethylstilbestrol)was 27.78%and the concentrations ranged from ND to 3.23 ng·L-1.The estrogenic activity was evaluated by using EEQ(estradiol equivalent quotient).The concentrations of EEQ ranged from 54.15 to 194.61 ng·L-1in the studied rivers,of which the contribution rate of EE2 was the highest.In conclusion,our results showed that the rivers around the threetypical livestock and poultry farms were subject to different levels of estrogen pollution,and the estrogen activity was higher in the rivers around the swine farm and dairy farm than chicken farm.The typical swine farm was a main source of E1 and E2,and the typical dairy farm was a main source of E2,while typical chicken farm produced less estrogenic contamination to the surrounding river.
estrogen;SPE-HPLC-MS/MS;livestock and poultry farms;river pollution;estradiol equivalent
X713
A
1672-2043(2017)08-1583-07
10.11654/jaes.2017-0325
2017-03-10
袁哲軍(1991—),女,安徽池州人,碩士研究生,從事生態(tài)毒理研究。E-mail:13866430301@163.com
*通信作者:沈根祥E-mail:shengx@saes.sh.cn
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金青年科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(21607105);上海市環(huán)??蒲许?xiàng)目(2016-2,2016-3)
Project supported:Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21607105);Scientific Research Program of Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau,China(2016-2,2016-3)
袁哲軍,張洪昌,胡雙慶,等.上海典型畜禽場(chǎng)周邊河流雌激素污染特征研究[J].農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2017,36(8):1583-1589.
YUAN Zhe-jun,ZHANG Hong-chang,HU Shuang-qing,et al.Study on estrogen pollution characteristics of rivers around typical livestock and poultry farms in Shanghai[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2017,36(8):1583-1589.
農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)2017年8期