那些古詩(shī)詞，在中秋月色中閃亮

● 尚佐文

蘇軾的《水調(diào)歌頭》是音樂(lè)史上的名作，宋元時(shí)期即廣為傳唱。到了當(dāng)代，此詞由臺(tái)灣音樂(lè)人梁弘志重新譜曲，歌名改為《但愿人長(zhǎng)久》，因鄧麗君首唱而風(fēng)靡一時(shí)，因王菲等歌星翻唱而至今不衰，可謂舊曲新翻的佳話。

玉兔是中秋傳說(shuō)的主角。The jade rabbit plays a key role in the most famous legend about the moon in China.

“日月盈昃，辰宿列張?！痹谔焐系娜赵滦浅街?，月亮因其皎潔柔美，而且善于“變臉”，最能引發(fā)詩(shī)人的聯(lián)想和想象。

月到中秋分外明，這月色照亮了詩(shī)詞，催生了佳作。一年一度中秋節(jié)，感謝歷代詩(shī)人和詞家，為我們留住了千秋月色。

蘇東坡的中秋絕唱

蘇軾挾曠世之才，筆掃千軍，所向無(wú)敵。公元1076年中秋節(jié)，他大醉后寫下的《水調(diào)歌頭》，被推為中秋詞的絕唱。用宋代詩(shī)評(píng)家胡仔的話說(shuō)，此詞一出，“余詞盡廢”。其詞雖已爛熟于口，仍值得我們一遍遍地溫習(xí)回味。

這是一首既有溫度又有高度的佳構(gòu)。上片寫“我”，以“我”帶月；下片寫月，以月帶人。

《水調(diào)歌頭》

丙辰中秋，歡飲達(dá)旦，大醉，作此篇，兼懷子由。

明月幾時(shí)有，把酒問(wèn)青天。不知天上宮闕，今夕是何年。我欲乘風(fēng)歸去，又恐瓊樓玉宇，高處不勝寒。起舞弄清影，何似在人間。

轉(zhuǎn)朱閣，低綺戶，照無(wú)眠。不應(yīng)有恨，何事長(zhǎng)向別時(shí)圓？人有悲歡離合，月有陰晴圓缺，此事古難全。但愿人長(zhǎng)久，千里共嬋娟。

“不知天上宮闕，今夕是何年”，作者為什么如此關(guān)心天上的時(shí)間？“我欲乘風(fēng)歸去”透露了個(gè)中消息：興許這位蘇大才子和李太白一樣是位“謫仙人”！但他又不愿回到天上，因?yàn)槭懿涣四欠N高寒。這其實(shí)反映了蘇軾內(nèi)心“出世”與“入世”的糾結(jié)，他終究是個(gè)熱愛(ài)生活的人，雖然人間有很多不完美、不如意，但是親情、友情以及種種樂(lè)趣，讓他難以割舍。

“何事長(zhǎng)向別時(shí)圓”，用看似無(wú)理的指責(zé)，表達(dá)了對(duì)離別深深的無(wú)奈?！叭擞斜瘹g離合”數(shù)句，升華為人生哲理；篇尾的“但愿人長(zhǎng)久，千里共嬋娟”，更是道出人所共有的祈愿。句句打動(dòng)人心，句句引人共鳴，這樣的作品不廣為流傳，那真是沒(méi)天理了。

這首詞也是音樂(lè)史上的名作，宋元時(shí)期即廣為傳唱。據(jù)北宋末年蔡絳《鐵圍山叢談》記載，某年中秋之夜，蘇東坡與客游金山，讓當(dāng)時(shí)的“歌壇巨星”袁绹演唱此詞，東坡為之起舞，說(shuō)：“此便是神仙矣！”得意之情溢于言表。南宋末年吳潛《霜天曉角》中有“且唱東坡《水調(diào)》，清露下，滿襟雪”之句，《水滸傳》第三十回寫到八月十五夜唱“東坡學(xué)士中秋《水調(diào)歌》”，都是它廣為傳唱，成為“流行曲”的證據(jù)。

到了當(dāng)代，此詞由臺(tái)灣音樂(lè)人梁弘志重新譜曲，歌名改為《但愿人長(zhǎng)久》，因鄧麗君首唱而風(fēng)靡一時(shí)，因王菲等翻唱而至今不衰，可謂舊曲新翻的佳話。

蘇東坡寫中秋月，不止這首《水調(diào)歌頭》。他寫過(guò)一首七絕，也是“秒殺”同類作品：

《中秋月》

暮云收盡溢清寒，銀漢無(wú)聲轉(zhuǎn)玉盤。

此生此夜不長(zhǎng)好，明月明年何處看。

《水調(diào)歌頭》作于兄弟睽隔之際，這首《中秋月》則是兄弟團(tuán)聚時(shí)所作。前兩句于寫景中透露出一種輕快歡愉，后兩句忽轉(zhuǎn)入惆悵感傷。歡聚是短暫的，等待他們的是長(zhǎng)久的離別和無(wú)盡的思念。整首詩(shī)有如精金美玉，令人玩賞不盡。

蘇軾在黃州期間，還留下一首中秋詞《西江月》，盡顯謫居生活的苦悶悲涼：

《西江月》

世事一場(chǎng)大夢(mèng)，人生幾度秋涼。

夜來(lái)風(fēng)葉已鳴廊，看取眉頭鬢上。

酒賤常愁客少，月明多被云妨。

中秋誰(shuí)與共孤光，把盞凄然北望。

詠月高手們的名作

蘇軾的中秋詩(shī)詞太耀眼，乃至掩蓋了其他佳作的光芒。

“詩(shī)圣”杜甫是位詠月的高手，他在白露節(jié)寫過(guò)“月是故鄉(xiāng)明”（《月夜憶舍弟》），為詠月詩(shī)中的金句。某年中秋節(jié)，杜甫作《八月十五夜月》二首，其一云：

滿月飛明鏡，歸心折大刀。

轉(zhuǎn)蓬行地遠(yuǎn)，攀桂仰天高。

水露疑霜雪，林棲見(jiàn)羽毛。

此時(shí)瞻白兔，直欲數(shù)秋毫。

此詩(shī)為杜甫避亂蜀中時(shí)所作。前四句望月思?xì)w，抒發(fā)羈旅愁懷；后四句極寫中秋月光之明亮——大地在月光的照耀下有如覆蓋霜雪，林間棲鳥(niǎo)的羽毛清晰可見(jiàn)；此時(shí)仰望天上的玉兔，簡(jiǎn)直可以數(shù)得清它的毫毛。其想象奇特，別出機(jī)杼。

中唐大家韓愈寫的《八月十五夜贈(zèng)張功曹》，被蘅塘退士收入《唐詩(shī)三百首》，是韓愈流傳最廣的名篇之一。詩(shī)以月色開(kāi)篇：“纖云四卷天無(wú)河，清風(fēng)吹空月舒波。”

中秋之夜，微云收斂，甚至連銀河都退避了，把天空讓給這一輪圓月。詩(shī)的主體部分，借張署（張功曹）之歌，備述遷謫之苦，抒發(fā)同病相憐的感慨。最后又以月作結(jié)：“一年明月今宵多，人生由命非由他，有酒不飲奈明何？”前人評(píng)此詩(shī)“聲清句穩(wěn)，無(wú)一點(diǎn)塵滓氣”，其詩(shī)真如中秋月之皎潔。

中秋詩(shī)詞中，嫦娥、桂花、玉兔自然是?？?。如中唐詩(shī)人王建的《十五夜望月寄杜郎中》，前兩句繪出一幅絕美的中秋桂子圖：

蘇軾的《水調(diào)歌頭》被改編成《但愿人長(zhǎng)久》后，成為了王菲經(jīng)典歌曲。A poem by Su Shi of the Song Dynasty is the best known poem about the moon in China. It is one of the best songs sung by Wang Fei in the photo.

《十五夜望月寄杜郎中》

中庭地白樹(shù)棲鴉，冷露無(wú)聲濕桂花。

今夜月明人盡望，不知秋思落誰(shuí)家。

原詩(shī)題下注云：“時(shí)會(huì)琴客?！痹?shī)人在中秋夜與好友相聚，賞桂聽(tīng)琴，望月懷遠(yuǎn)，從中可窺見(jiàn)唐代中秋習(xí)俗。詩(shī)中“秋思”語(yǔ)意雙關(guān)，既指琴曲《秋思》，也指秋日情思。

晚唐詩(shī)人皮日休于唐咸通八年（867）中進(jìn)士，次年?yáng)|游，在杭州天竺寺過(guò)中秋節(jié)，寫下一首詠月詩(shī)：

《天竺寺八月十五日夜桂子》

玉顆珊珊下月輪，殿前拾得露華新。

至今不會(huì)天中事，應(yīng)是嫦娥擲與人。

皮日休其貌不揚(yáng)，不諳世故，在看重名人權(quán)貴推薦的唐代科舉中，得中進(jìn)士，真像撿到嫦娥扔下的桂花一樣，不禁有僥幸之感。

自小情商極高的北宋才子晏殊，羈旅他鄉(xiāng)孤獨(dú)地過(guò)中秋時(shí)，“推己及仙”，憐惜起獨(dú)處蟾宮的嫦娥。天上人間，同此寂寞：

《中秋月》

十輪霜影轉(zhuǎn)庭梧，此夕羈人獨(dú)向隅。

未必素娥無(wú)悵恨，玉蟾清冷桂花孤。

中秋遇雨，最是煞風(fēng)景之事。范成大的一首《中秋無(wú)月》，令人心有戚戚焉：

撲地癡云欲萬(wàn)重，家家簾幕護(hù)房櫳。

世間第一無(wú)情物，誰(shuí)似中秋雨與風(fēng)。

天馬行空的辛棄疾

面對(duì)中秋“同題作文”，豪放詞派的另一位主將辛棄疾表現(xiàn)出色，沒(méi)有辜負(fù)“蘇辛”這個(gè)合稱。在某個(gè)中秋夜，他和蘇軾一樣，也是通宵歡飲，也是即興創(chuàng)作，于是誕生了一首與《水調(diào)歌頭》堪稱雙璧的奇作：

《木蘭花慢》

中秋飲酒將旦，客謂前人詩(shī)詞有賦待月，無(wú)送月者，因用《天問(wèn)》體賦。

可憐今夕月，向何處，去悠悠？是別有人間，那邊才見(jiàn)，光影東頭？是天外、空汗漫，但長(zhǎng)風(fēng)浩浩送中秋？飛鏡無(wú)根誰(shuí)系？姮娥不嫁誰(shuí)留？

謂經(jīng)海底問(wèn)無(wú)由，恍惚使人愁。怕萬(wàn)里長(zhǎng)鯨，縱橫觸破，玉殿瓊樓。蝦蟆故堪浴水，問(wèn)云何玉兔解沉??？若道都齊無(wú)恙，云何漸漸如鉤？

辛棄疾用的是跟蘇軾完全不同的套路。他取法屈原《天問(wèn)》，腦洞大開(kāi)，奇思異想噴涌而出，化為一連串問(wèn)句：圓月西墜，它要去哪里？是不是天外另有人間，剛看到圓月東升？是天外長(zhǎng)風(fēng)吹走這中秋明月的嗎？明月憑空高懸，是誰(shuí)用繩索系?。挎隙痖L(zhǎng)居廣寒，是誰(shuí)將她留住？都說(shuō)月亮運(yùn)行經(jīng)由海底，這真令人費(fèi)解犯愁。鯨魚體大力猛，撞壞了月上宮殿該如何是好？蛤蟆固然能水，為何玉兔也能游泳？如果說(shuō)月上一切安好，為什么它又會(huì)漸漸變小，直至成為一個(gè)彎鉤？

這些問(wèn)題，在科學(xué)尚未昌明的宋代，確實(shí)是能問(wèn)倒眾人的。尤其是“是別有人間，那邊才見(jiàn)，光影東頭”幾句，更是神來(lái)之筆。王國(guó)維在《人間詞話》中贊道：“詞人想象，直悟月輪繞地之理，與科學(xué)家密合，可謂神悟?！?/p>

辛棄疾的另兩首中秋詞，也收獲點(diǎn)贊無(wú)數(shù)：

中秋燈飾。Lanterns are a must on the Moon Festival in China.

《太常引 建康中秋夜為呂叔潛賦》

一輪秋影轉(zhuǎn)金波，飛鏡又重磨。把酒問(wèn)姮娥，被白發(fā)、欺人奈何。

乘風(fēng)好去，長(zhǎng)空萬(wàn)里，直下看山河。斫去桂婆娑，人道是、清光更多。

《一剪梅》

憶對(duì)中秋丹桂叢，花在杯中，月在杯中。今宵樓上一尊同，云濕紗窗。雨濕紗窗。

渾欲乘風(fēng)問(wèn)化工，路也難通，信也難通。滿堂唯有燭花紅，杯且從容，歌且從容。

“斫去桂婆娑，人道是、清光更多”，典出杜甫寫于寒食節(jié)的五律《一百五日夜對(duì)月》：“斫卻月中桂，清光應(yīng)更多?！毙翖壖灿么说?，表達(dá)了除奸邪、逐外敵的強(qiáng)烈愿望。

（本文圖片提供：CFP）

Best Known Poems about Moon Festival

By Shang Zuowen

In Chinese literature, some best known poems are about the

mid-autumn full moon. Su Dongpo (1037-1101) wrote a Ci-poem

on the evening of the Moon Festival in 1067 when he was 30 years

old. Drunken, the greatest poet of the Song (960-1279) wrote it in

honor of his younger brother living far away.

How rare the moon, so round and clear!

With cup in hand, I ask of the blue sky,

“I do not know in the celestial sphere

What name this festive night goes by?”

I want to fl y home, riding the air,

But fear the ethereal cold up there,

The jade and crystal mansions are so high!

Dancing to my shadow,

I feel no longer the mortal tie.

She rounds the vermilion tower,

Stoops to silk-pad doors,

Shines on those who sleepless lie.

Why does she, bearing us no grudge,

Shine upon our parting, reunion deny?

But rare is perfect happiness--

The moon does wax, the moon does wane,

And so men meet and say goodbye.

I only pray our life be long,

And our souls together heavenward fl y!

(Translated by Lin Yutang, 1895-1976)

It is the best known poem about the moon in China. Su Dongpo himself wrote some other poems about the moon, but none is equal to this one. A scholar named Cai Di in the Northern Song records an anecdote in an essay about this poem and the poet. On the evening of the Moon Festival one year, Su Dongpo and some friends visited Golden Mount Temple by the Yangtze River. One of the friends was a prominent singer. The singer sang Su's moon poem and Su danced in accompaniment. This poem by Su Dongpo is mentioned in many poems by other poets in subsequent dynasties, indicating the poem was sung as a song for hundreds of years. In the 20th-century China, the best song composed for this poem is by Liang Hongzhi(1957-2004), a pop singer and song writer based in Taiwan.

桂花似乎是歷代詩(shī)人在中秋賦詩(shī)時(shí)愛(ài)用的元素。On the ground is a thick layer of golden osmanthus flowers with two children playing in the foreground and some adults on the background sipping tea and chatting leisurely in an osmanthus woods in Hangzhou.

Another poem Su Dongpo wrote about the full moon on the Mid-Autumn Festival is insightful and sadly beautiful. The last part of the poem reads:

一位外國(guó)友人參與中秋活動(dòng)，展示其創(chuàng)作的扇繪。An international friend at a Moon Festival celebration event shows off a drawing she has just created on a fan about the moon.

“The beauty of this night in this life does not last, where do I see next year the moon bright?”

Poets in the Tang (618-907) and the Song wrote the most memorable poems on the evening of the Moon Festival in the history of Chinese literature. Du Fu, one of the greatest poets of the Tang,let his imagination fl y when writing about the moon he could see so clearly. He said he could almost see all the autumnal fur of the white rabbit in the moonlight (a Chinese myth says that Chang'e in the moon pets a white rabbit).

Xin Qiji (1140-1207), a Ci-poet of the Southern Song (1127-1279), wrote great Ci-poems about the moon on the Mid-Autumn Festival. On one moon festival, the drunken poet looked up at the moon and posed a series of questions about the celestial body and the goddess who resided in the moon. Part of the poem reads to the effect: where is the moon going this evening? Is there another world which just sees the sunrise in the east? Is the moon going out of the sky where strong winds blow in the autumn? What anchors the moon so that the bright mirror does not fl y away? How do the lunar palaces survive when the moon travels under the sea? What would happen if the giant whale smashes into the palaces? Who keeps Chang'e single? If everything up there is perfect, why does the moon wane so fast? The Song Dynasty, which did not have science to give people hard facts about the earth's satellite, still allowed poets to let their imagination fl y and ask wild questions about the moon based on beautiful myths.