黃權(quán)生,劉華,唐新旺,梁耀園,蔡奕增
(1.嘉應(yīng)學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院放射科,超聲科,廣東梅州514031;2.廣東省婦幼保健院超聲科,廣東廣州510030;3.廣東省梅州市人民醫(yī)院超聲科,廣東梅州514031)
MSCT與超聲診斷腎癌病理分級(jí)的價(jià)值比較
黃權(quán)生1a,劉華1a,唐新旺1b,梁耀園2,蔡奕增3
目的:比較MSCT和超聲在判斷腎癌病理分級(jí)上的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,并對(duì)2種方法行一致性檢驗(yàn),為臨床診斷腎癌病理分級(jí)提供診斷依據(jù)。方法:選取80例腎透明細(xì)胞癌(CCRCC)患者,隨機(jī)分為CT組和超聲組各40例,術(shù)前CT組行MSCT常規(guī)平掃和雙期增強(qiáng)掃描,超聲組行常規(guī)超聲和超聲造影,觀察不同分級(jí)腫瘤的CEUS增強(qiáng)模式、程度、均勻性及腫瘤周邊環(huán)狀高增強(qiáng)(PHR)情況。結(jié)果:經(jīng)手術(shù)取病理活檢Fuhrman病理分級(jí),CT組Ⅰ級(jí)9例,Ⅱ級(jí)17例,Ⅲ級(jí)11例,Ⅳ級(jí)3例;超聲組Ⅰ級(jí)8例,Ⅱ級(jí)19例,Ⅲ級(jí)10例,Ⅳ級(jí)3例。2組在年齡、性別、病程等方面差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05)。MSCT組各病理級(jí)別平掃CT值及相對(duì)密度指數(shù)差異不大(P>0.05),而皮質(zhì)期及髓質(zhì)期掃描,病理級(jí)別越高,CT值、CT差值、增強(qiáng)百分比、增強(qiáng)指數(shù)明顯降低(均P<0.05)。超聲造影顯示不同F(xiàn)uhrman分級(jí)CCRCC的PHR差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。FuhrmanⅠ級(jí)腫瘤中PHR檢出率相對(duì)較高,Ⅳ級(jí)腫瘤PHR檢出率相對(duì)較低。各級(jí)腫瘤在強(qiáng)化均勻性和CEUS增強(qiáng)模式上差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。MSCT和超聲造影對(duì)不同F(xiàn)uhrman病理分級(jí)的CCRCC診斷效能差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有中度一致性(K=0.527,P<0.0001),F(xiàn)uhrman病理分級(jí)不同,兩者的診斷效能一致性也有差異。結(jié)論:MSCT和超聲造影對(duì)腎癌不同F(xiàn)uhrman病理分級(jí)的判斷具有可行性,診斷效能與Fuhrman具有相關(guān)性,但兩者診斷效能差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,可為臨床診斷CCRCC的Fuhrman病理分級(jí)提供更多依據(jù),值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
腫瘤;體層攝影術(shù),X線計(jì)算機(jī);超聲檢查;Fuhrman分級(jí)
腎癌起病隱匿,惡性程度高。腎透明細(xì)胞癌(clear cell renal cell carcinoma,CCRCC)是腎癌中最常見(jiàn)、惡性度最高的一種。腎癌Fuhrman病理分級(jí)是影響腎癌預(yù)后的一項(xiàng)很重要因素[1],及早確定腎癌的病理分級(jí)對(duì)指導(dǎo)治療和判斷預(yù)后具有重要意義。目前確定CCRCC的病理分級(jí)有一定難度,只有在手術(shù)切除后才可得到,受很大限制[2]。MSCT在確定CCRCC病理分級(jí)上具有重要意義,而超聲造影也越來(lái)越多地應(yīng)用于腎臟惡性腫瘤的診斷中[3]。本研究通過(guò)對(duì)比MSCT和超聲造影對(duì)CCRCC病理分級(jí)的診斷,并與手術(shù)取得的Fuhrman病理分級(jí)對(duì)比,探討2種方法診斷腎癌病理分級(jí)的價(jià)值,報(bào)道如下。
1.1 一般資料選取2011年3月至2016年6月嘉應(yīng)學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院經(jīng)手術(shù)病理活檢證實(shí)的80例CCRCC作為研究對(duì)象,其中男54例,女性26例;年齡23~56歲,平均(37.5±4.54)歲。80例隨機(jī)分為CT組和超聲組各40例,2組年齡、性別、病程等差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05)。
1.2 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)經(jīng)手術(shù)取活檢診斷為CCRCC,確定Fuhrman病理分級(jí);檢查前均未接受任何藥物和手術(shù)治療;簽署知情同意書。
1.3 儀器與方法先行常規(guī)超聲和CT平掃,再行超聲造影和CT增強(qiáng)掃描[4]。超聲造影采用GE Logiq 9和Alokeα10彩超診斷儀,C5-2探頭,具有低機(jī)械指數(shù)實(shí)時(shí)諧頻CEUS功能,機(jī)械指數(shù)0.07~0.11。超聲對(duì)比劑采用SonoVue(Bracco公司)[5]。MSCT檢查采用16層螺旋CT機(jī)(日本東芝)行CT平掃加雙期增強(qiáng)掃描。掃描參數(shù):120 kV,300mA,層厚、層距均為5mm,螺距1.0。掃描范圍自膈頂至十二指腸水平段以下1~2 cm。對(duì)比劑采用碘普羅胺(370mgI/mL),經(jīng)肘靜脈注射,流率3mL/s,劑量1.5mL/kg體質(zhì)量,在注射對(duì)比劑后25、60 s,行皮質(zhì)期和髓質(zhì)期掃描。
1.4 CT圖像分析由至少3名具有8年以上臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)的影像診斷醫(yī)師進(jìn)行閱片,觀察病灶形態(tài)特征(病灶數(shù)目、最大徑、有無(wú)囊變壞死、鈣化、轉(zhuǎn)移征象等),有無(wú)靜脈瘤栓,對(duì)影像學(xué)指標(biāo)(平掃CT值及相對(duì)密度指數(shù),動(dòng)脈期及靜脈期CT值、CT差值、增強(qiáng)百分比、增強(qiáng)指數(shù)等)進(jìn)行觀察比較。
1.5 評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)以Fuhrman核分級(jí)法為病理分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6]:Ⅰ級(jí),核小且規(guī)則,直徑在10μm左右,核仁小或無(wú);Ⅱ級(jí),核略大且輕度不規(guī)則,直徑在15μm左右,400×視野下可觀察到核仁;Ⅲ級(jí),核較大且中至重度不規(guī)則,直徑在20μm左右,100×視野下核仁明顯;Ⅳ級(jí),出現(xiàn)畸形核,染色體呈大塊狀。
CT檢查評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)為病灶有無(wú)瘤栓,以及影像學(xué)指征[7]。于動(dòng)脈期圖像病灶強(qiáng)化最明顯處手動(dòng)放置1個(gè)ROI后[8],拷貝至平掃及門靜脈期圖像,測(cè)量平掃及增強(qiáng)掃描時(shí)病變組織及周圍正常組織各期的CT值,并計(jì)算以下指標(biāo):平掃相對(duì)密度=平掃病灶CT值/平掃正常腎組織CT值,皮(髓)質(zhì)期病灶CT差值=皮(髓)質(zhì)期病灶CT值-平掃病灶CT值,皮(髓)質(zhì)期病灶增強(qiáng)百分比=皮(髓)質(zhì)期病灶CT差值/平掃CT值×100%,腎臟皮(髓)質(zhì)期增強(qiáng)百分比=[腎臟皮(髓)質(zhì)期CT值-平掃腎臟CT值]/平掃腎臟CT值×100%,皮(髓)質(zhì)期病灶增強(qiáng)指數(shù)=皮(髓)質(zhì)期病灶增強(qiáng)百分比/皮(髓)質(zhì)期腎臟增強(qiáng)百分比。
超聲檢查評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)為不同分級(jí)腫瘤的CEUS增強(qiáng)模式、程度、均勻性,以及腫瘤周邊環(huán)狀高增強(qiáng)(PHR)[9-10]。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法應(yīng)用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,計(jì)量資料以±s表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用率(%)表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),配對(duì)資料用McNemar及Kappa一致性檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 不同F(xiàn)uhrman分級(jí)CCRCC的CT靜脈瘤栓檢出率及CT值的比較CT組40例Fuhrman分級(jí):Ⅰ級(jí)9例,均未見(jiàn)瘤栓;Ⅱ級(jí)17例,見(jiàn)瘤栓2例(11.76%);Ⅲ級(jí)11例,見(jiàn)瘤栓5例(45.45%)(圖1);Ⅳ級(jí)3例,見(jiàn)瘤栓2例(66.67%)??梢?jiàn)Fuhrmam分級(jí)越高,CCRCC病灶伴靜脈瘤栓的可能性越高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=15.72,P<0.05)。CT平掃,各病理級(jí)別CT值及相對(duì)密度指數(shù)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。各級(jí)CCRCC皮質(zhì)期、髓質(zhì)期CT值見(jiàn)表2,3。皮質(zhì)期和髓質(zhì)期增強(qiáng)掃描,病理級(jí)別越高,CT值、CT差值、增強(qiáng)百分比、增強(qiáng)指數(shù)越低,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05)。
2.2 不同F(xiàn)uhrman分級(jí)CCRCC超聲造影特點(diǎn)(表4)超聲組40例Fuhrman分級(jí):Ⅰ級(jí)8例,Ⅱ級(jí)19例,Ⅲ級(jí)10例,Ⅳ級(jí)3例。超聲造影顯示不同F(xiàn)uhrman分級(jí)CCRCC的PHR差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05)。FuhrmanⅠ級(jí)腫瘤中PHR檢出率相對(duì)較高;Ⅳ級(jí)腫瘤PHR檢出率相對(duì)較低,Ⅰ級(jí)和IV級(jí)比較差異明顯。各級(jí)腫瘤在強(qiáng)化均勻性和CEUS強(qiáng)化模式上差異不大,增強(qiáng)模式主要表現(xiàn)為“快進(jìn)”(29/40,72.5%)、“慢出”(26/40,65.0%)、“快出”(11/40,27.5%)模式,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
表1 不同F(xiàn)uhrman病理分級(jí)平掃CT值比較(±s)
表1 不同F(xiàn)uhrman病理分級(jí)平掃CT值比較(±s)
Fuhrman分級(jí)例數(shù)CT值(HU)相對(duì)密度指數(shù)Ⅰ級(jí)9 42.1±2.7 1.1±0.4Ⅱ級(jí)17 40.2±3.0 1.0±0.3Ⅲ級(jí)11 39.4±2.6 1.2±0.2Ⅳ級(jí)3 38.7±3.1 1.2±0.3
表2 各級(jí)CCRCC皮質(zhì)期CT值比較(±s)
表2 各級(jí)CCRCC皮質(zhì)期CT值比較(±s)
注:CCRCC,腎透明細(xì)胞癌。
Fuhrman分級(jí)例數(shù)CT值(HU)CT差值(HU)增強(qiáng)百分比(%)增強(qiáng)指數(shù)Ⅰ級(jí)9 125.4±15.2 48.2±7.2 320.7±27.3 5.1±1.5Ⅱ級(jí)17 110.5±14.9 36.7±6.4 280.4±32.2 3.9±1.2Ⅲ級(jí)11 96.7±19.6 24.3±7.3 215.3±26.5 2.4±1.3Ⅳ級(jí)3 82.2±17.8 12.8±7.9 183.6±30.4 1.2±1.5
表3 各級(jí)CCRCC髓質(zhì)期CT值比較(±s)
表3 各級(jí)CCRCC髓質(zhì)期CT值比較(±s)
注:CCRCC,腎透明細(xì)胞癌。
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表4 不同F(xiàn)uhrman分級(jí)CCRCC超聲造影特點(diǎn)(例)
2.3 MSCT和超聲對(duì)80例不同F(xiàn)uhrman分級(jí)CCRCC的診斷比較(表5)MSCT和超聲造影對(duì)不同F(xiàn)uhrman病理分級(jí)的CCRCC診斷結(jié)果分別為:MSCT 92.5%(74/80),超聲95.0%(76/80),兩者差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有中度一致性(K=0.527,P<0.000 1)。MSCT和超聲對(duì)不同級(jí)別CCRCC診斷符合率分別為:Ⅰ級(jí)94.1%/94.1%;Ⅱ級(jí)94.4%/97.2%;Ⅲ級(jí)90.5%/90.5%;Ⅳ級(jí)83.3%/83.3%。兩者聯(lián)合診斷結(jié)果為:Ⅰ級(jí)100%,Ⅱ級(jí)97.2%,Ⅲ級(jí)100%,Ⅳ級(jí)100%。2種方法對(duì)CCRCC不同F(xiàn)uhrman分級(jí)的診斷差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),一致性檢驗(yàn),F(xiàn)uhrman病理分級(jí)不同,兩者的診斷效能一致性不同。
CCRCC是腎癌最常見(jiàn)的一種,因其發(fā)病隱匿,早期僅表現(xiàn)為腰痛、輕度血尿甚至無(wú)癥狀,確診時(shí)往往已到晚期[11-12]。而治療CCRCC,需確定其病理分級(jí),方可擬定正確的治療方案。手術(shù)取病理檢查是確定CCRCC Fuhrman病理分級(jí)的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[13],但此法繁瑣,應(yīng)用受限制,且某些患者身體各項(xiàng)功能無(wú)法支持手術(shù),因此失去了治療機(jī)會(huì)[14]。近年來(lái),各項(xiàng)研究[15]表明,MSCT平掃和雙期增強(qiáng)掃描及超聲造影能判斷CCRCC Fuhrman病理分級(jí),但這2種方法診斷的準(zhǔn)確性及哪種方法更具優(yōu)勢(shì)等仍未明確,為解決上述問(wèn)題,筆者進(jìn)行了本研究。
通過(guò)分析MSCT平掃和雙期增強(qiáng),結(jié)果顯示Fuhrmam分級(jí)越高,CCRCC病灶伴靜脈瘤栓的可能性越高(P<0.05)。CT平掃,各病理級(jí)別CT值及相對(duì)密度指數(shù)差別較?。≒>0.05)。皮質(zhì)期和髓質(zhì)期增強(qiáng)掃描,病理級(jí)別越高,CT值、CT差值、增強(qiáng)百分比、增強(qiáng)指數(shù)越低(P<0.05)。超聲造影顯示不同F(xiàn)uhrman分級(jí)CCRCC的PHR、△PI值差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05)。FuhrmanⅠ級(jí)腫瘤中PHR檢出率相對(duì)較高,△PI最低;Ⅳ級(jí)腫瘤PHR檢出率相對(duì)較低,△PI最高,Ⅰ級(jí)和Ⅳ級(jí)比較差異明顯。各級(jí)腫瘤在強(qiáng)化均勻性和CEUS增強(qiáng)模式上差異不大,增強(qiáng)模式主要表現(xiàn)“快進(jìn)”、“慢出”、“快出”模式,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。通過(guò)對(duì)比CT組和超聲組的診斷結(jié)果,MSCT和超聲造影對(duì)不同F(xiàn)uhrman病理分級(jí)的CCRCC診斷,兩者的效能差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有中度一致性(K=0.527,P<0.0001)。2種方法對(duì)CCRCC不同F(xiàn)uhrman分級(jí)的診斷差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),一致性檢驗(yàn),F(xiàn)uhrman病理分級(jí)不同,兩者的診斷效能一致性也不同。
綜上所述,MSCT和超聲對(duì)CCRCC Fuhrman病理分級(jí)的診斷具有可行性,結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確性高,兩者對(duì)不同分級(jí)CCRCC的診斷結(jié)果差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,具有中度一致性,但分級(jí)不同,診斷一致性也有差異,分級(jí)越低,兩者的診斷效能一致性越差,因此2種方法的聯(lián)合使用,能為CCRCC的診斷,尤其低分級(jí)的CCRCC的診斷提供更多依據(jù),從而改善患者預(yù)后、延長(zhǎng)患者的生存時(shí)間,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
表5 MSCT和超聲對(duì)不同F(xiàn)uhrman分級(jí)CCRCC的診斷比較例
圖1 男,42歲,CT診斷為腎癌,術(shù)后病理診斷透明細(xì)胞癌FuhrmanⅢ級(jí),增強(qiáng)掃描示左腎靜脈內(nèi)癌栓形成,左腎中部癌灶呈不均勻強(qiáng)化,其內(nèi)含低密度壞死區(qū)及點(diǎn)狀鈣化影(圖1a為皮質(zhì)期,圖1b為髓質(zhì)期,圖1c為髓質(zhì)期)
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Com parison of M SCT and ultrasonography in the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma
HUANG Quansheng,LIU Hua,TANG Xinwang,LIANG Yaoyuan,CAI Yizeng.Department of Radiology,the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Jiaying University,Meizhou,514031,China.
Objective:To compare the application value of multilayer spiral CT and ultrasound in the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma pathological grading,the feasibility of comparison of two methods in the diagnosis,and to check the consistency of the two methods,to provide diagnostic basis for clinical feasibility of diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma pathological grading.M ethods:80 cases of renal cell carcinoma from March 2011 to June 2016 as the research object,surgical biopsy to determine Fuhrman pathological classification of various cases of renal cell carcinoma,80 cases of patients were random ly divided into CT group and ultrasound group,40 cases in each group,the preoperative CT group underwent multi-slice spiral CT routine scan and dual phase enhanced scan,ultrasound group underwent conventional ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound.Homogeneity and tumor surrounding ring high enhancement mode,and enhance the observation of the different grade of tumor CEUS(PHR),the Fuhrman grading and operation made to compare the feasibility of the two methods in the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma,and to test the feasibility of the method.Results:after surgical biopsy and Fuhrman pathologic grading,CT group of 40 patients,9 cases of gradeⅠ,17 cases of gradeⅡ,11 cases ofⅢgrade,and 3 cases of gradeⅣ.Ultrasound group of 40 patients,8 cases of gradeⅠ,19 cases of gradeⅡ,10 cases of gradeⅢ,3 cases of gradeⅣ,no significant difference of age between two groups(P>0.05).In multi-slice spiral CT examination group,there were no statistical significant difference of plain CT value and relative density index according to the pathological grade(P>0.05),but in cortical and medullary phase scanning,the higher pathological grade,the lower CT value,CT value difference,enhanced percentage,enhanced index,the difference had statistical significance(P<0.05).Contrast enhanced ultrasonography showed that the PHR of CCRCC in different Fuhrman grades were statistically significant(P<0.05).In Fuhrman grade I tumors,the rate of PHR was relatively high,and the PHR detection rate of gradeⅣtumors was relatively low.There was no significant difference in the enhancement pattern of tumor and CEUS enhancement pattern in all levels(P>0.05).There was no significant difference in CCRCC diagnostic efficacy of multi-slice spiral CT and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in different pathological grades of Fuhrman(P>0.05),with a moderate consistency(Kappa=0.527,P<0.0001),in different Fuhrman pathological grading,the diagnostic efficacy of the consistency between the two was different.Conclusion:the feasibility of diagnosis of multi-slice spiral CT and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in different Fuhrman pathological grading of renal cell carcinoma,associated with the diagnostic efficiency with Fuhrman grading,but no significant difference between the diagnostic efficiency,can provide more evidences for clinical diagnosis of CCRCCFuhrman pathological grade,it is worthy of clinical promotion and application.
Kidney neoplasms;Tomography,X-ray computed;Ultrasonography;Fuhrman grading
2016-09-23)
10.3969/j.issn.1672-0512.2017.04.010
梅州市科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2015240)。
黃權(quán)生,E-mail:hu13347@163.com。
中國(guó)中西醫(yī)結(jié)合影像學(xué)雜志2017年4期