⊙ By Patrick Cox
翻譯:T Boy
英語是一盆大雜燴
⊙ By Patrick Cox
翻譯:T Boy
English Is a1)Hodgepodge
沒錯,英語就是一盆大雜燴。盡管它顧名思義源自英國,但英語自其形成發(fā)展的早期就已經不夠“純粹”了。與歐洲大陸隔海相望的英國歷來是塊香餑餑,誰都想來插一腳。于是,古羅馬人、維京人、盎格魯人、撒克遜人、諾曼人……外來者入侵、定居、被后來者趕走,絡繹不絕,好不熱鬧。外來者人離開了,卻也留下了永久的印記——語言。各種外來語言在英國這口大鍋里不停地蒸、炒、燜、燉、煮,燒成了這盆夾雜著各種風味的大雜燴。
Dialects are fading away in Britain, but they haven’t disappeared yet; far from it. One of the best known and least2)penetrable to outsiders is the “3)Geordie” accent, spoken in Newcastle and other parts of Northeast England. Much of the region where this dialect is spoken is a post-industrial place today. Shipbuilding, coal mining, they’re gone, replaced by call centres, office parks and a4)container ship port. Something else, too.
John Sadler (Tour Guide): On this site we’ve got pigs and sheep and goats, cattle…
...and ducks; all kinds of farmyard animals, including some ancient varieties more popular 1,400 years ago than they are now, like this5)shaggy-haired pig.
It’s called “Bede’s World.” The animals are part of a re-creation of an Anglo-Saxon village. There are6)timber-frame buildings here, part of a farm called “Gyrwe注1”—that’s old English. Next door is a7)monastery that really is old. It was the home of a8)monk known as “the9)Venerable Bede.”
1) hodgepodge ['h?d?p?d?] n. 大雜燴,混合物
2) penetrable ['pen?tr?b(?)l] adj. 可識破的
3) Geordie ['d???d?] n. (英國的)泰恩賽德人;adj. 泰恩賽德人的
4) container [k?n'te?n?(r)] n. 集裝箱,貨柜
5) shaggy-haired ['??g?he?(r)d] adj. 毛發(fā)蓬松散亂的
6) timber ['t?mb?] n. 木材,木料
7) monastery ['m?n?st?r?] n. 修道院
8) monk [m??k] n. 修道士
9) venerable ['ven?r?b(?)l] adj. 尊敬的,在天主教中被列為圣徒者的頭銜。
注1:位于英格蘭東北部的賈羅鎮(zhèn)(Jarrow)在盎格魯–撒克遜語中的叫法。
John: He’s famous as a writer and as a teacher, and, of course, he has this10)keen interest in history and in language.
David Crystal (Linguist): Bede wrote an ecclesiastical history注2of the nation at the time. We’re talking 7th century here, and he’s the first person to actually write down who it was that actually came to the11)British Isles. He talks about the Angles and the Saxons and the Jutes, and discusses the range of languages that were spoken around the country.
These were the languages that arrived in Britain after the Romans had left. The newcomers, these Angles, Saxons and Jutes, they found themselves in a place already12)heaving with languages: Celtic ones, as well as bits and pieces of languages left behind by Roman13)mercenaries, which explains why English, from its very beginnings, was a14)mongrel tongue. Pure English? It never existed.
Now, these waves of15)migrants, they also helped form the dialects that you can still hear in Britain. On average, there’s a different one for every 25 miles you travel.
This is one of the reasons Bede’s writings are so valuable. They’ve helped linguists16)trace the origins of today’s dialects. Of course the migration didn’t stop there. Vikings, Normans, and much later, Irish, Jamaican, Indians and others; they’ve all left their stamp on Britain’s dialects. English, like the people who spoke it then and speak it today, is a17)fabulous hodgepodge.
10) keen [ki:n] adj. 強烈的,深切的
11) British Isles 不列顛群島
12) heave [hi?v] v. 起伏
13) mercenary ['mз?s?n?r?] n. 雇傭兵
14) mongrel ['m??gr(?)l] adj. 雜交的
15) migrant ['ma?gr?nt] n. 移民
16) trace [tre?s] v. 追溯,探索
17) fabulous ['f?bj?l?s] adj. <口>非常好的
注2:即《英格蘭人教會史》(Ecclesiastical History of the English People)。
見招拆招
詞組:bits and pieces
把兩個表達小片、小段、碎塊的詞放在一起,就有了這個常用詞組:bits and pieces。這個詞組指一些不同事物的零碎小部分,它既可指整體的一部分,如剩余材料、機器零部件等,又可指一些分散的物件,如家中、辦公室里的零星雜物等;既可指實體的物品,也可指抽象的事物,如:
● I always have a lot of bits and pieces in my kitchen drawers.(我家廚房的抽屜里總有些七零八碎的東西。)
● We only have bits and pieces of information.(我們只有一些零碎的消息。)
在英國,各種方言在漸漸減少,但并未消失,而且離消失還差得遠呢。其中一種最有名,且外人最難明白的就是泰恩賽德語。你可以在紐卡斯爾和英格蘭東北部的其他地區(qū)聽到這種方言。這種方言使用的地方大都屬后工業(yè)地區(qū),造船、采礦等行業(yè)都不復存在,取而代之的是呼叫中心、辦公區(qū)和一個集裝箱港口。另外還有一種東西。
約翰·薩德勒(導游):在這里,我們有豬、綿羊、山羊、?!?/p>
……還有鴨子,以及各種圈養(yǎng)動物,包括一些在1400年前更受人們歡迎的古老動物,比如說這種毛發(fā)蓬松的豬。
這個地方叫“比德的世界”,這些動物只不過是一個復原版的盎格魯–撒克遜村莊的一部分,村子在一個農莊(這個農莊在古英語里叫Gyrwe)里,村里有不少木屋,木屋的旁邊是一座修道院,這可是真正的老建筑,那是一位修道士的家,他被人們稱為“尊敬的比德”。
約翰:他是很有名的作家和老師,當然了,他對歷史與語言非常感興趣。
大衛(wèi)·克里斯特爾(語言學家):比德當時寫了一部英國的教會史,他所處的年代是7世紀,他確確實實是寫下誰來過不列顛群島的第一人。他在書中談到盎格魯人、撒克遜人和朱特人,并討論英國各地的各種語言。
在古羅馬人離開后,有不少語言相繼抵達英國。這些新加入的是盎格魯人、撒克遜人和朱特人。他們抵英時發(fā)現這里已經有多種語言,有各式凱爾特語,還有古羅馬雇傭兵留下的零零星星的各種語言。這也解釋了英語為什么從一開始就是一種混合語言。純正的英語嘛,從來不曾存在。
這一波接一波的移民形成了你今天在英語中依然可以聽到的各式方言。平均每隔25英里(約40公里),你就會聽到不一樣的方言。
這也是比德留下的書如此有價值的其中一個原因,因為它幫助語言學家追溯當今各種方言的源頭。當然了,移民并沒有就此打住。其后維京人、諾曼人來了,過了很久之后,又來了愛爾蘭人、牙買加人、印度人,等等,他們都給英語的種種方言留下了不同的印記。英語就像過去和今天使用它的人一樣,是一盆妙不可言的大雜燴。