高考題型突破：閱讀七選五

⊙ 籍萬(wàn)杰

山東省臨沂市費(fèi)縣第一中學(xué)高級(jí)教師

高考題型突破：閱讀七選五

⊙ 籍萬(wàn)杰

山東省臨沂市費(fèi)縣第一中學(xué)高級(jí)教師

不同于常規(guī)閱讀理解題，閱讀七選五主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章的整體內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)、上下文邏輯的理解和掌握。通過(guò)研究近五年全國(guó)卷的閱讀七選五，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)規(guī)律：高考考查的體裁都是說(shuō)明文，其題目類(lèi)型分為段落主題句、篇章主題句、承上啟下句、段落總結(jié)句和篇章總結(jié)句五種。

段落主題句

根據(jù)說(shuō)明文題材的特點(diǎn)，如果空格位于段首，通常就是考查段落主題句。解題的方法是首先觀察其他段落主題句的特點(diǎn)，找出可能的選項(xiàng)；然后通讀全段，把握該段內(nèi)容，注意備選項(xiàng)和段落中的原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)或同義復(fù)現(xiàn)，便可鎖定正確答案。

例1（2016年全國(guó)卷II）

37

Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and masses of color. Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers(肥料). 38 . However, there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden. One of them comes from our earliest years.

A. Know why you garden

B. Find a good place for your own garden

C. It’s our experience of the garden that matters

D. It’s delightful to see so many beautiful fowers

E. Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants

F. You can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden, too

G. For each of those gardens, write down the strongest memory you have

解析：第37題空格位于段首，應(yīng)為段落主題句。觀察另一段的段落主題句是Recall(回憶) your childhood memories，是祈使句形式，而七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中使用祈使句的有A和B兩項(xiàng)，我們?cè)偻ㄗx一遍，通過(guò)there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden可知，該段主要說(shuō)明人們從事園藝的原因，故選A項(xiàng)。第38題是承上啟下句。由前面的Some people may think… Others are concerned about…可知此處表達(dá)的是人們從事園藝的不同原因，而E項(xiàng)的Still others…與上文銜接自然，故選E項(xiàng)。

篇章主題句

說(shuō)明文首段的末句一般是全文的主題所在，說(shuō)明本文將探討哪些內(nèi)容或?qū)δ骋粏?wèn)題或現(xiàn)象給出一些建議，然后在下文中以要點(diǎn)的形式進(jìn)行呈現(xiàn)。如果首段的末句設(shè)空，我們就可以?xún)?yōu)先考慮篇章主題句。

例2（2014年北京卷）

Making good choices about your own health requires reasonable evaluation. A key first step in bettering your evaluation ability is to look carefully at your sources of health information. Reasonable evaluation includes knowing where and how to fnd relevant information, how to separate fact from opinion, how to recognize poor reasoning, and how to analyze information and the reliability of sources. 71

A. Make choices that are right for you.

B. The goal of an ad is to sell you something.

C. Be sure to work through the critical questions.

D. And examine the fndings of the original research.

E. Distinguish between research reports and public health advice.

F. Be aware that information may also be incorrectly explained by an author’s point of view.

G. The following suggestions can help you sort through the health information you receive from common sources.

承上啟下句

這是七選五中考查較多的一類(lèi)。該類(lèi)型在文章或段落的中間挖空，所挖掉的句子通常在語(yǔ)境和邏輯兩方面和上下文有著密切的關(guān)系。解題時(shí)應(yīng)“瞻前顧后”，注意查找是否有一些關(guān)鍵詞的重復(fù)，是否有轉(zhuǎn)折、遞進(jìn)、因果、讓步、順承等邏輯關(guān)系，以及下一句中是否有代詞的指代和替代等。

例3（2016年全國(guó)卷I）

A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 39 For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out”might stand for “me.” The message “Bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” 40 However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.

A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.

B. In any language, some letters are used more than others.

C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.

天道酬勤。通過(guò)對(duì)日光溫室原理、栽培模式和不同作物栽培技術(shù)開(kāi)展系統(tǒng)研究，郝哲逐步摸索出了一套與榆林自然氣候條件相匹配的日光溫室基本原理和環(huán)境調(diào)控技術(shù)，確定了日光溫室的周年栽培模式，掌握了主要蔬菜作物的設(shè)施栽培技術(shù)。他首批種植的黃瓜、番茄、西葫蘆、萵筍等蔬菜在1992年底成功上市，改寫(xiě)了榆林冬季不能生產(chǎn)喜溫蔬菜的歷史。

D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.

E. You can hide a message by having the frst letters of each word spell it out.

F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.

G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specifc letters of the alphabet.

解析：這兩個(gè)空格都位于段中，應(yīng)為承上啟下句。通過(guò)瀏覽全段，我們判斷出這一段都在介紹code book，在七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有A和F是關(guān)于code book的內(nèi)容。如果一時(shí)無(wú)法確定第39題應(yīng)該如何選擇，我們可以先看看第40題。通過(guò)下一句的However, it is also hard to…，我們很容易判斷出A項(xiàng)的It is very hard to…更符合上下文邏輯，故40題應(yīng)選A項(xiàng)——由此倒推39題應(yīng)選F項(xiàng)，此處講的是code book和word的關(guān)系，和下一句的單詞舉例相合。

段落總結(jié)句

如果空格位于段末，設(shè)題可分為兩種情況：一種是承接邏輯，考查空格與前文的邏輯關(guān)系；另一類(lèi)則可能是段落總結(jié)，該類(lèi)通常是結(jié)論、概括性語(yǔ)句。考生應(yīng)注意在選項(xiàng)中查找表示結(jié)果、結(jié)論、總結(jié)等的信號(hào)詞，或前文的同義句。

例4（2015年北京卷）

Finally, you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away. 75 A. Having interesting things to think about also helps. B. They stare off into space and wander by themselves. C. Without wandering minds, we wouldn’t have relativity, Coke or Post-it notes.

D. At one time, daydreaming was thought to be a cause of some mental illnesses. E. It involves slow, steady breathing for self-control that helps people stay calm and attentive. F. Daydreams are often very simple and direct, quite unlike sleep dreams, which may be hard to understand.

G. Therefore, it’s a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when you’re in the daydream zone.

解析：空格位于段末，前一句說(shuō)精彩的想法隨時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)，而G項(xiàng)有一個(gè)明顯的信號(hào)詞Therefore，可與前文構(gòu)成合乎邏輯的因果和總結(jié)關(guān)系，故選G項(xiàng)。

篇章總結(jié)句

如果最后一段不是與前面幾段并列的要點(diǎn)，而是對(duì)整篇文章的總結(jié)，空格又位于段末，則極有可能是篇章總結(jié)句。此時(shí)所填選項(xiàng)要呼應(yīng)前文主題，并且總結(jié)概括，得出結(jié)論。

例5（2012年新課標(biāo)卷）

These steps aren’t magic, but they do work. And if you can stay positive as you make your way through a tough time, you’ll help yourself feel better even faster. 75

A. Ask for a helping hand to get you through the tough situation.

B. Notice your friends’ feelings and fnd a way to help them.

C. Different people feel stress in different ways. D. Ah, it feels so good when the stress is gone. E. You need to fgure out what the problem is. F. And don’t forget about your friends. G. Then, fnd a way to calm down.

解析：前文介紹了克服壓力的四個(gè)步驟：獲取支持、避免自責(zé)、解決問(wèn)題和保持積極情緒。最后一段說(shuō)這些措施并不是萬(wàn)能的，但是的確會(huì)起作用——可見(jiàn)這是對(duì)整個(gè)篇章的總結(jié)，而空格位于段尾，則此題考查的是篇章總結(jié)句。在七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有D項(xiàng)是一個(gè)概括性的結(jié)尾。

小結(jié)

在考試中，以上這五種考題類(lèi)型不一定全部出現(xiàn)，考查較多的是段落主題句和承上啟下句。在答題時(shí)，我們可以快速瀏覽全文和選項(xiàng)，做到縱觀全局，心中有數(shù)，先確定哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)適合放在文章的什么位置，然后根據(jù)考查類(lèi)型的特點(diǎn)作答，便可輕松突破。

籍萬(wàn)杰

山東省臨沂市費(fèi)縣第一中學(xué)高級(jí)教師，縣模范備課組長(zhǎng)、優(yōu)秀班主任；曾獲臨沂市人民政府教學(xué)成果二等獎(jiǎng)、臨沂市優(yōu)秀教學(xué)成績(jī)獎(jiǎng)、縣教學(xué)特等獎(jiǎng)；指導(dǎo)學(xué)生多次獲得全國(guó)中學(xué)生英語(yǔ)能力競(jìng)賽一等獎(jiǎng)，獲山東省優(yōu)秀教育科研成果一等獎(jiǎng)。