追施不同形態(tài)氮肥對(duì)不同鉀效率基因型棉花生長(zhǎng)及產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)的影響

劉愛忠，鄭蒼松，李鵬程，孫淼，劉敬然，趙新華，董合林*，石書兵

（1.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院棉花研究所／棉花生物學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，河南安陽(yáng)455000；2.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)，烏魯木齊830052)

追施不同形態(tài)氮肥對(duì)不同鉀效率基因型棉花生長(zhǎng)及產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)的影響

劉愛忠1,2﹟，鄭蒼松1﹟，李鵬程1，孫淼1，劉敬然1，趙新華1，董合林1*，石書兵2

（1.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院棉花研究所／棉花生物學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，河南安陽(yáng)455000；2.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)，烏魯木齊830052)

【目的】探討高、低供鉀水平下，追施氮肥形態(tài)對(duì)棉花生長(zhǎng)、鉀素吸收利用以及產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)的影響?！痉椒ā窟x擇鉀高效棉花品種遼棉18、冀棉958和鉀低效棉花品種新棉99B為材料，進(jìn)行營(yíng)養(yǎng)缽培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn)，設(shè)置38.01 mg·kg－1和152.24 mg·kg－1兩個(gè)供鉀水平，追施銨態(tài)氮肥（硫酸銨）和硝態(tài)氮肥（硝酸鈣）兩種形態(tài)氮素肥料。【結(jié)果】供鉀不足會(huì)降低棉花果枝始節(jié)和單株成鈴數(shù)，高鉀處理棉花干物質(zhì)積累量、鉀累積量、鉀利用指數(shù)以及產(chǎn)量顯著高于低鉀處理；與追施硝態(tài)氮肥相比，追施銨態(tài)氮肥會(huì)降低棉株高度、果枝數(shù)和單株成鈴數(shù)，減少籽棉產(chǎn)量和總干物質(zhì)積累量；追施銨態(tài)氮肥處理棉花對(duì)鉀素的吸收和利用顯著低于追施硝態(tài)氮肥處理?！窘Y(jié)論】鉀低效基因型品種棉花在鉀素供應(yīng)不足時(shí)對(duì)追施銨態(tài)氮肥更敏感，且棉花成熟越晚受到追施肥料氮素形態(tài)影響越大。

棉花；鉀水平；氮素形態(tài)；生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育；產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)

鉀是棉花生長(zhǎng)必需的礦質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素，它影響棉株的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和籽棉產(chǎn)量，還與棉纖維品質(zhì)關(guān)系密切[1-3]；嚴(yán)重缺鉀會(huì)引起棉花早衰[4]，導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)量降低，品質(zhì)下降。棉花對(duì)鉀元素需求較大[5]，并且對(duì)含鉀量較低的土壤較為敏感[6]，國(guó)內(nèi)棉田管理上長(zhǎng)期重施氮磷肥、輕施鉀肥，導(dǎo)致農(nóng)田土壤鉀素消耗增大，部分棉田出現(xiàn)鉀素虧損。研究表明增施鉀肥能夠促進(jìn)棉花生長(zhǎng)，有效提高籽棉與皮棉產(chǎn)量[5,7-9]。此外，有報(bào)道指出合理增施氮肥能夠促進(jìn)雜交棉對(duì)鉀的吸收[10]；氮鉀配施可提高棉花盛鈴期主莖功能葉生理活性，有效延緩衰老[11]，也可提高棉花的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)[12-13]；鄭德明等[14]研究表明，氮鉀肥料的交互作用對(duì)雜交棉皮棉產(chǎn)量影響顯著，且大于氮磷和磷鉀的交互作用。氮素可以被作物以陰離子（NO3－）或陽(yáng)離子（NH4＋）形態(tài)吸收。然而，當(dāng)培養(yǎng)介質(zhì)中的NH4＋濃度達(dá)到一定水平時(shí)，水稻、煙草、甜椒和大麥等植物對(duì)K+的吸收受到顯著的抑制[15-21]；Rubio等[22]研究也表明，在水培營(yíng)養(yǎng)液中，NH4＋抑制了擬南芥對(duì)K+吸收。目前，不同形態(tài)的氮素對(duì)棉花吸收利用鉀素影響的研究較少，王春霞等[23]通過水培試驗(yàn)研究棉花苗期的干物質(zhì)積累在受NH4＋影響的程度。但是，田間條件下NH4＋、K＋相互作用會(huì)受到土壤性質(zhì)及施肥方法的影響，所以營(yíng)養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果不能夠完全反映田間結(jié)果，而且苗期只是棉花生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的前期，對(duì)于棉花產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)影響不能做出反映。由于不同棉花品種間鉀吸收利用效率存在著明顯差異[24-28]，本文采用盆栽試驗(yàn)對(duì)不同鉀效率品種棉花進(jìn)行全生育期研究，探討在不同供鉀條件下追施不同形態(tài)的氮素對(duì)棉花生長(zhǎng)和產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)的影響，為棉花后期選擇追施氮肥種類提供建議，并為深入研究棉花氮與鉀互作機(jī)理提供一定的研究基礎(chǔ)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)材料

試驗(yàn)于2015年在中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院棉花研究所試驗(yàn)農(nóng)場(chǎng)（河南省安陽(yáng)縣白璧鎮(zhèn)）防雨棚中進(jìn)行，供試材料為土壤農(nóng)化課題組篩選得到的鉀高效基因型棉花品種遼棉18號(hào)（LM18）、冀棉958（JM958），鉀低效基因型棉花品種新棉 99B（XM99B）。遼棉18為非轉(zhuǎn)基因特早熟品種，生育期120～125 d；冀棉958為轉(zhuǎn)基因抗蟲棉中熟品種，生育期139 d；新棉99B為轉(zhuǎn)基因抗蟲棉中熟棉花品種，生育期130 d。各品種種子均由中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院棉花研究所種質(zhì)資源庫(kù)提供。

1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

供試盆缽為黑色厚壁塑料大桶，桶高32 cm，桶口內(nèi)徑34 cm，桶底內(nèi)徑32 cm，每桶盛裝25 kg混合土 （砂質(zhì)壤土與細(xì)河沙體積比為1∶1）?；旌贤粱A(chǔ)養(yǎng)分狀況為有機(jī)質(zhì)含量5.49 g·kg－1、全氮0.37 g·kg－1、速效磷8.29 mg·kg－1、速效鉀為38.01 mg·kg－1。

試驗(yàn)設(shè)置3因素，即3個(gè)棉花品種、2個(gè)鉀水平和2種氮肥追施形態(tài)。2個(gè)鉀水平，分別為低鉀水平K1（速效鉀38.01 mg·kg－1）和高鉀水平K2（向混合土中添加硫酸鉀）進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)，平衡15 d測(cè)定速效鉀152.24 mg·kg－1）。每個(gè)盆缽施用5.95 g磷肥（重過磷酸鈣含P2O542%），全部基施；基施尿素3.27 g（含N 46%）。兩個(gè)氮處理，分別為開花期后（7月15日）追施含等量氮的銨態(tài)氮肥和硝態(tài)氮肥，每個(gè)培養(yǎng)缽施硫酸銨（含N 21%）10.72 g或硝酸鈣（含N 11.8%）19.07 g。

每個(gè)品種試驗(yàn)各4個(gè)處理，重復(fù)3次。4月28日播種，三葉一心時(shí)定苗，果枝長(zhǎng)至12個(gè)左右時(shí)統(tǒng)一打頂，視墑情和蟲害情況澆水、打藥，陰雨天關(guān)閉遮雨棚，防止雨水落入。

1.3 測(cè)定項(xiàng)目與方法

重鉻酸鉀外加熱法測(cè)定土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)；濃硫酸-混合加速劑消化，凱氏法測(cè)定土壤全氮；Olsen法測(cè)定土壤速效磷；乙酸銨浸提-原子吸收分光光度法測(cè)定土壤速效鉀。植株各部位鉀含量，采用H2SO4-H2O2消化-原子吸收分光光度法測(cè)定。

10月21日進(jìn)行最終生育性狀的調(diào)查；并采集收獲期樣品，按部位分為根、莖、葉、鈴殼、籽棉；樣品105℃殺青30 min、70℃烘干至恒質(zhì)量，稱取干物質(zhì)質(zhì)量。籽棉烘干稱量后取50 g軋花，送至農(nóng)業(yè)部棉花品質(zhì)監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)測(cè)試中心測(cè)定纖維品質(zhì)。

1.4 數(shù)據(jù)分析

植株鉀素積累量 （K absorption amount of total plant，TKA，g·株－1）=植株干物質(zhì)質(zhì)量×植株鉀含量，表征棉花吸收鉀的能力[25]。

鉀利用指數(shù)（K utilization index of total plant，TKUI，g2·mg－1）=植株干物質(zhì)積累量/植株體內(nèi)單位鉀含量，表征棉花體內(nèi)的鉀利用能力[25]。

數(shù)據(jù)采用MS Excel 2013和PASW Statistics 18進(jìn)行整理和統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 供鉀水平和不同形態(tài)的氮素肥料對(duì)棉花生育性狀的影響

表1表明，與低鉀水平相比，高鉀水平處理的棉株果枝始節(jié)、株高和成鈴數(shù)呈增加趨勢(shì)，遼棉18的高、低鉀水平間除株高外其他生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)無顯著差異。說明鉀營(yíng)養(yǎng)不足時(shí)棉花株高和果枝始節(jié)降低，促使棉株提前現(xiàn)蕾；而且鉀素水平對(duì)中熟品種棉花結(jié)鈴特性的影響高于對(duì)特早熟品種棉花的影響。同一鉀水平，追施硝態(tài)氮肥處理棉株果枝數(shù)顯著高于追施銨態(tài)氮肥處理，株高和成鈴數(shù)呈現(xiàn)高于追施銨態(tài)氮肥處理的趨勢(shì)，表明追施硝態(tài)氮肥更利于棉株生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。當(dāng)供鉀水平較低，棉株受到追施不同形態(tài)的氮素影響就越顯著。

表1 不同供鉀條件下追施不同形態(tài)氮素肥料對(duì)棉花生育性狀的影響Table 1 Effects of applied different nitrogen forms on cotton growth in different soil potassium levels

2.2 供鉀水平和不同形態(tài)的氮素肥料對(duì)棉花干物質(zhì)積累的影響

由圖1可知，不同鉀處理棉花各部位以及全株干物質(zhì)積累量差異較大，高鉀水平棉株各部位干物質(zhì)積累量顯著高于低鉀水平；供鉀水平對(duì)棉花根系干物質(zhì)積累量影響最大。追施硝態(tài)氮肥處理棉花總干物質(zhì)積累量顯著高于追施銨態(tài)氮肥處理；與硝態(tài)氮肥相比，追施銨態(tài)氮肥對(duì)籽棉影響最大，其次是莖、葉、鈴殼，對(duì)根系影響最小。

2.3 供鉀水平和不同形態(tài)的氮素肥料對(duì)棉花各部位鉀含量的影響

由表2可知，高鉀水平棉花各部位鉀含量顯著高于低鉀水平，且對(duì)莖、葉、根影響較大，對(duì)籽棉和鈴殼影響較小，說明棉花在鉀素供應(yīng)不足時(shí)，會(huì)優(yōu)先供應(yīng)生殖器官。與追施硝態(tài)氮肥相比，追施銨態(tài)氮肥料棉株鈴殼鉀含量較低，但葉片鉀含量較高；籽棉鉀含量受不同形態(tài)的氮素影響較小。不同鉀效率基因型棉花品種對(duì)追施不同形態(tài)的氮素肥料表現(xiàn)不同，鉀高效棉花基因型棉花品種如遼棉18對(duì)不同形態(tài)的氮素肥料不敏感，而鉀低效棉花基因型棉花品種如新棉99B對(duì)不同形態(tài)的氮素肥料較為敏感。

圖1 不同供鉀條件下追施不同形態(tài)氮素肥料對(duì)棉花干物質(zhì)積累的影響Fig.1 Effects of applied different nitrogen forms on dry matter accumulation in different soil potassium levels

表2 不同供鉀水平下追施不同形態(tài)氮素肥料對(duì)棉花鉀含量的影響Table 2 Effects of applied different nitrogen forms on K concentration in different soil potassium levels g·kg－1

2.4 供鉀水平和不同形態(tài)的氮素肥料對(duì)棉花鉀累積量和鉀利用指數(shù)的影響

由圖2可知，棉花鉀累積量和鉀利用指數(shù)受供鉀水平影響較大，高鉀水平下遼棉18、冀棉958、新棉99B鉀累積量比低鉀水平分別增加200%，239%，285%，鉀利用指數(shù)分別比低鉀處理增加50%，72%，104%，說明棉花吸收和利用鉀素能力隨著供鉀水平的提高而增加。與追施硝態(tài)氮肥相比，追施銨態(tài)氮肥遼棉18、冀棉958、新棉99B鉀累積量降低19%，26%，28%，鉀利用指數(shù)降低20%，20%，26%，說明追施銨態(tài)氮肥降低棉花對(duì)鉀的吸收和利用。品種間鉀累積量和鉀利用指數(shù)也存在差異，鉀低效基因型棉花品種新棉99B相對(duì)鉀高效基因型棉花品種遼18、冀棉958對(duì)銨態(tài)氮肥比較敏感。

2.5 供鉀水平和不同形態(tài)的氮素肥料對(duì)棉花鈴重及品質(zhì)的影響

由表3可知，鈴重隨供鉀水平的提高而顯著增加。追施銨態(tài)氮肥比追施硝態(tài)氮肥處理棉花鈴重低，且在高鉀條件下存在顯著差異。供鉀水平對(duì)纖維長(zhǎng)度和斷裂比強(qiáng)度有一定影響。衣分和馬克隆值受供鉀水平、不同形態(tài)的氮素肥料影響較小。供鉀水平、不同形態(tài)的氮素肥料以及品種對(duì)纖維伸長(zhǎng)率無顯著影響。提高供鉀水平可顯著提高新棉99B纖維整齊度，在低鉀水平，追施銨態(tài)氮肥顯著降低新棉99B纖維整齊度；但供鉀水平與不同形態(tài)的氮素肥料對(duì)遼棉18和冀棉958纖維整齊度無顯著影響。

3 討論與結(jié)論

3.1 供鉀水平對(duì)棉花生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育、鉀素吸收及產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)的影響

圖2 不同供鉀條件下追施不同形態(tài)氮素肥料對(duì)棉花鉀累積量和鉀利用指數(shù)的影響Fig.2 Effects of applied different nitrogen forms on TKA and TKUI in different soil potassium levels

表3 不同供鉀條件下追施不同形態(tài)氮素肥料對(duì)棉花鈴重及品質(zhì)的影響Table 3 Effects of applied different nitrogen forms on boll weight and fiber quality in different soil potassium levels

本研究結(jié)果表明，高鉀水平棉株株高、單株結(jié)鈴數(shù)較高。與高鉀水平相比，低鉀水平各品種表現(xiàn)出果枝始節(jié)下降趨勢(shì)，提前現(xiàn)蕾，說明鉀素供應(yīng)不足時(shí)棉花生育進(jìn)程提前[29]，進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致棉花提早衰老。與Mullins[4]、王春霞[23]和王曉茹[30]等報(bào)道結(jié)果相同，本研究中高鉀水平棉花干物質(zhì)積累量顯著高于低鉀水平，從而提高鉀累積量和鉀利用指數(shù)，但不同鉀水平下籽棉和鈴殼的鉀含量變異最小，說明鉀供應(yīng)不足時(shí)，棉花把鉀優(yōu)先供給生殖器官[4]；由于品種特性的影響，不同鉀效率基因型品種的耐低鉀能力不同，文中3個(gè)品種的耐低鉀能力為遼棉18＞冀棉958＞新棉99B。郭英等[31]研究表明雖然施鉀可以增加棉花株高，并對(duì)棉花單株成鈴數(shù)和鈴重影響較大；但鉀水平對(duì)衣分影響較小[6-8]。本試驗(yàn)研究表明，高鉀水平棉株鈴重和籽棉產(chǎn)量顯著高于低鉀水平，但處理間衣分無顯著差異，進(jìn)一步證明了土壤中鉀素水平的高低直接影響著棉花生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和籽棉產(chǎn)量。宋美珍等[1]和Cassman等[2]研究均表明，施用鉀肥不但能夠提高皮棉產(chǎn)量，還能夠在一定程度上改善棉纖維品質(zhì)，但是顯著程度受品種影響較大[32]。本研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)，高鉀水平棉纖維品質(zhì)優(yōu)于低鉀水平，主要體現(xiàn)在上半部纖維平均長(zhǎng)度、斷裂比強(qiáng)度[33]和長(zhǎng)度整齊度指數(shù)等指標(biāo)，但不同品種表現(xiàn)不同。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，鉀素水平對(duì)中熟棉花品種結(jié)鈴特性的影響程度大于對(duì)特早熟棉花品種的影響。

3.2 追施不同形態(tài)的氮素肥料對(duì)棉花生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及鉀素吸收的影響

在本試驗(yàn)中，花期追施銨態(tài)氮肥棉花株高、果枝數(shù)、單株成鈴數(shù)以及鈴重低于追施硝態(tài)氮肥；當(dāng)土壤有效鉀含量較低時(shí)，追施銨態(tài)氮肥對(duì)棉花單株結(jié)鈴數(shù)影響較大，且對(duì)鉀低效品種新棉99B影響最顯著。追施硝態(tài)氮肥的棉株各部位干物質(zhì)積累量高于追施銨態(tài)氮肥，可能因?yàn)樽肥┫鯌B(tài)氮肥減少了離子拮抗作用[22]，植物吸收了較多的K＋、Ca2＋、Mg2＋等陽(yáng)離子[34]，增加了細(xì)胞的滲透勢(shì)，有利于細(xì)胞的伸長(zhǎng)和植株的生長(zhǎng)[35]；由于低效品種的鉀敏感性高，追施銨態(tài)氮肥增加了離子拮抗作用，與鉀高效基因型棉花品種（冀棉958和遼棉18）相比，新棉99B追施硝態(tài)氮肥的干物質(zhì)積累量增加比例最大。追施不同形態(tài)氮素肥料對(duì)棉花各部位鉀含量影響不同，本研究中棉株的莖和籽棉鉀含量受不同形態(tài)的氮素肥料影響較小，差異不顯著；但追施銨態(tài)氮肥有降低鈴殼鉀含量趨勢(shì)。王春霞等研究表明，NH4＋存在條件下抑制了棉花對(duì)K＋吸收和利用[23]，Szczerba等的研究也暗示NH4＋可能影響K＋的利用[36]。本文研究表明追施銨態(tài)氮肥會(huì)降低不同品種的鉀累積量和鉀利用指數(shù)，這進(jìn)一步證明追施銨態(tài)氮肥會(huì)降低棉花對(duì)鉀的吸收和利用效率。

綜上，花期追施不同形態(tài)的氮素肥料能夠影響棉花的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育，鉀低效基因型棉花品種新棉99B在鉀素供應(yīng)不足時(shí)對(duì)追施銨態(tài)氮肥較鉀高效基因型棉花品種遼棉18和冀棉958敏感；此外，棉花品種生育期越長(zhǎng)受到追施氮素形態(tài)影響越大。

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Effects of Different Nitrogen Applied on the Growth,Yield,and Fiber Quality of Cotton Genotypes with Different Potassium-Use Efficiency in Florescence

Liu Aizhong1,2﹟,Zheng Cangsong1﹟,Li Pengcheng1,Sun Miao1,Liu Jingran1,Zhao Xinhua1,Dong Helin1*, Shi Shubing2
(1.Institute of Cotton Research,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology,Anyang, Henan455000,China;2.Xinjiang Agricultural University,Urumqi830052,China)

[Objective]The purpose of this study was to characterize the changes to cotton growth,yield,and fiber quality induced by different nitrogen applied in florescence under different soil available potassium(K)concentrations.[Method]High K-use efficiency cotton genotypes(Jimian 958 and Liaomian 18)and a low K-use efficiency cotton genotype (NuCOTN99B)were grown in pots with low(38.01 mg·kg-1)or high(152.24 mg·kg-1)soil K concentrations.Ammonium sulfate(as ammonium nitrogen)or calcium nitrate(as nitrate nitrogen)was applied in florescence,respectively.[Result]The plants grown under low soil K conditions had lower first fruit node and fewer bolls than the plants exposed to high soil K contents.Additionally,the whole plant dry weight,total K accumulation,total K utilization index,and seed cotton yield were significantly higher in plants treated with a high soil K concentration.Furthermore,the NH4+treatment produced shorter stems,fewer fruit branches and bolls,and lower seed cotton yields and the whole plant dry weight than the NO3-treatment.The NH4+treatment also resulted in a lower accumulation of total K and a lower total K utilization index.[Conclusion]The low K-use efficiency cotton genotype was sensitive to the adverse effects of NH4+applied in florescence,which had more serious consequences for the later mature cotton cultivar.

cotton;K level;N form;growth and development;yield and quality

S562.01

A

1002-7807（2017）04-0356-09

10.11963/1002-7807.lazdhl.20170602

2016-10-05

劉愛忠 （1985―），男，碩士研究生，zhongzhong1028@126.com，ORCID: 0000-0002-3553-7815；鄭蒼松（1986―），男，博士，zhengcangsong@163.com；﹟同等貢獻(xiàn)。*通信作者，donghl668@sina.com，ORCID:0000-0002-0658-9341

國(guó)家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系棉花產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系項(xiàng)目（CARS-18-17）；棉花高產(chǎn)液態(tài)肥技術(shù)的引進(jìn)與成果應(yīng)用(2016ZX08010005)；農(nóng)業(yè)部行業(yè)專項(xiàng)(201503121)