田鴻旭+焉妍+王毅
[摘要] 目的 全酸蝕與自酸蝕粘接系統(tǒng)處理下脫敏劑對牙本質(zhì)小管封閉效果的研究。 方法 搜集新鮮拔除的無齲壞牙齒制作成牙本質(zhì)模型,共分四組:A組:氫氧化鈣Lonosit Baseline組;B組:Gluma脫敏劑組;C組:奧威爾脫敏劑組; D組:空白對照組。先按分組不同,使用相應(yīng)的脫敏劑處理牙本質(zhì)模型表面,每組再分別用Single Bond 2和SE Bond處理牙本質(zhì)表面。掃描電鏡下觀察全酸蝕與自酸蝕粘接系統(tǒng)處理下脫敏劑對牙本質(zhì)小管的封閉效果。結(jié)果 掃描電鏡下見,使用自酸蝕粘接劑或全酸蝕粘接劑處理下,同種脫敏劑對牙本質(zhì)小管的封閉效果基本相同。氫氧化鈣組樣本的牙本質(zhì)表面粗糙,僅部分小管內(nèi)有沉積物封閉,管口大部分外露。Gluma 組樣本牙本質(zhì)表面平坦,少數(shù)牙本質(zhì)小管管口外露,沉積物幾乎全部堵塞牙本質(zhì)小管,結(jié)合較緊密。奧威爾組—牙本質(zhì)小管大部分都有沉積物,其小管管徑明顯縮小。對照組樣本牙本質(zhì)表面可見牙本質(zhì)小管開口完全敞開,管口無阻塞或覆蓋物??v截面小管內(nèi)無沉積物,可見網(wǎng)狀交織的管間牙本質(zhì)膠原纖維清晰,小管管徑增大明顯。 結(jié)論 使用自酸蝕粘接劑或全酸蝕粘接劑處理下,同種脫敏劑對牙本質(zhì)小管的封閉效果基本相同,都能較好地封閉牙本質(zhì)小管。其中,奧威爾脫敏劑對牙本質(zhì)小管的封閉效果最好。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 深齲;牙本質(zhì)過敏癥;脫敏劑;酸蝕粘接系統(tǒng);牙本質(zhì)小管通透性
[中圖分類號] R781.2 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] B [文章編號] 1673-9701(2017)15-0066-04
[Abstract] Objective To study the effect of desensitizer on dentinal tubule closure under total etching and self-etching bonding system. Methods Freshly removed teeth without caries were collected to make dentin model and divided into four groups including group A(Calcium hydroxide Lonosit Baseline group), group B(Gluma desensitization group), group C(Oravive desensitization group) and group D(control group). The surface of dentin model was treated with the corresponding desensitizer according to the different grouping. And the dentin surface was treated with Single Bond 2 and SE Bond, respectively. The effect of desensitizer on dentinal tubules under total etching and self-etching bonding system was observed under scanning electron microscopy(TEM). Results Under the scanning electron microscope, the effect of the same desensitizer on the dentinal tubules was similar under total etching and self-etching bonding system. The dentin surface of samples in Calcium hydroxide group was rough, with sediment in only part of the tubules and exposure of most of the mouth. The dentin surface in Gluma group was flat, with a small number of dentin tubules mouth exposed and almost all of dentin tubules blocked with the deposits, and the bonding was close. Most of the dentinal tubules in Oravive group had sediment,and the small tube diameter significantly reduced. In the control group, the dentin tubules were open and the mouth was free of obstruction or covering on the surface. There was no sediment in the longitudinal section of the tube, and the interstitial collagen fibers were clear and the diameter of the tubules increased obviously. Conclusion The effect of the same desensitizer on the dentin tubules is similar under total etching and self-etching bonding system, and the dentinal tubules can be well sealed. Among them, the effect of Oravive desensitizer on dentinal tubules is the best.
[Key words] Deep caries; Dentin hypersensitivity; Desensitizer; Etching bonding system; Dentin tubule permeability
深齲病損可達(dá)牙本質(zhì)深層,行常規(guī)方法治療容易出現(xiàn)術(shù)后牙本質(zhì)過敏等癥狀,甚至進(jìn)展成牙髓炎癥狀導(dǎo)致治療失敗。在充填深齲窩洞前先使用脫敏劑處理窩洞壁,既防止外界刺激直接傳入牙本質(zhì)小管內(nèi),同時阻隔了復(fù)合樹脂充填時酸蝕粘接劑對牙髓的刺激,能夠預(yù)防牙本質(zhì)過敏癥的發(fā)生[1],提高深齲治愈率。本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用三種不同脫敏劑通過掃描電鏡下觀察全酸蝕與自酸蝕粘接系統(tǒng)處理下脫敏劑對牙本質(zhì)小管的封閉效果,為臨床窩洞預(yù)備后預(yù)先應(yīng)用脫敏劑,預(yù)防深齲充填治療后發(fā)生牙本質(zhì)過敏癥提供理論依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 離體牙的收集
在實(shí)驗(yàn)前1個月,2016年8~9月收集完整無齲壞、僅因正畸需要拔除的年輕上頜前磨牙128顆。徹底清潔后,在1%麝香草酚溶液中浸泡保存24 h[2]。取出干燥后流水下低速磨除其頜面釉質(zhì),完全暴露牙本質(zhì)。耐水砂紙?jiān)诹魉麓蚰パ辣举|(zhì)表面1 min后超聲清洗10 min,備用。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
將上述處理的樣本隨機(jī)分為4組,每組32顆。A組:Lonosit Baseline(氫氧化鈣)脫敏劑組;B組:Gluma脫敏劑組;C組:Oravive脫敏劑組;D組:對照組。按分組使用相應(yīng)的脫敏劑處理牙本質(zhì)樣本表面,再每組分別用Single Bond 2和SE Bond處理牙本質(zhì)表面,掃描電鏡下觀察全酸蝕與自酸蝕粘接系統(tǒng)處理下脫敏劑對牙本質(zhì)小管的封閉效果。
1.3 離體牙牙本質(zhì)表面處理過程
按說明書對相應(yīng)組樣本粘接牙本質(zhì)進(jìn)行處理。37℃人工唾液中保存一周。
1.4 實(shí)驗(yàn)主要儀器和材料
低速切割機(jī)(SYJ150, MTI KJ Group,China),掃描電鏡(S-4800,Hitachi,Japan),全酸蝕粘接劑Single Bond 2(3M,USA),自酸蝕粘接劑SE Bond(CLEARFIL,Japan),奧威爾牙齒脫敏劑(Sun Medical Co.Ltd.,Japan),Gluma(Heraues Kulzer,Germany),氫氧化鈣Lonosit-Baseliner(DMG,Germany)
2 結(jié)果
2.1 使用全酸蝕粘接劑Single Bond 2電鏡觀察
酸蝕15 s后,氫氧化鈣處理組可觀察到牙本質(zhì)小管被部分封閉,但表面仍不平坦,管口外露較多(封三圖5A)。Gluma組可觀察到牙本質(zhì)表面較平坦,沉積物幾乎堵塞牙本質(zhì)小管,小管口有少部分外露(封三圖5B)。奧威爾脫敏劑處理組可觀察到牙本質(zhì)小管基本全部被封閉,小管管徑縮?。ǚ馊龍D5C)。對照組可觀察到牙本質(zhì)小管開口完全敞開,其內(nèi)空洞無物,小管管徑明顯增大(封三圖5D)。縱面見小管內(nèi)無沉淀物,小管管徑增大(封三圖5D)。
2.2 使用自酸蝕粘接劑后的電鏡觀察
氫氧化鈣處理組可觀察到牙本質(zhì)小管表面凹凸不平,大部分管口外露(封三圖6A)。Gluma組可觀察到牙本質(zhì)表面較平坦,沉積物幾乎堵塞牙本質(zhì)小管,但仍有部分小管口外露(封三圖6B)。奧威爾脫敏劑處理組可觀察到牙本質(zhì)小管大部分被封閉,小管管徑縮?。ǚ馊龍D6C)。對照組可見牙本質(zhì)小管開口完全敞開,其內(nèi)空洞無物,清晰可見管間牙本質(zhì)膠原纖維交織成網(wǎng)狀(封三圖6D)。
3討論
深齲常規(guī)充填治療后很容易出現(xiàn)牙本質(zhì)敏感癥[3](dentin hypersensitiveness,DH),即牙體在受到外界理化刺激下所引起的一種酸痛癥狀,銳利且持時短暫[4]。為減少這一并發(fā)癥,采用樹脂修復(fù)前預(yù)先脫敏治療,以封閉牙本質(zhì)小管,降低或避免激惹牙髓神經(jīng)[5,6],臨床上取得滿意的效果。本實(shí)驗(yàn)所用敏感牙本質(zhì)模型采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制作方法[7,8]。利用掃描電鏡觀察全酸蝕與自酸蝕粘接系統(tǒng)處理下脫敏劑對牙本質(zhì)小管的封閉效果,為深齲窩洞預(yù)備后預(yù)先應(yīng)用脫敏劑預(yù)防術(shù)后發(fā)生牙本質(zhì)過敏癥提供理論依據(jù)。
國內(nèi)外研究均表明,牙本質(zhì)越通透牙本質(zhì)越敏感[9,10]。進(jìn)行活髓基牙預(yù)備后立即涂布脫敏劑[11]的做法能夠封閉牙本質(zhì)小管開口,減少外界刺激傳入,并保護(hù)牙髓免受細(xì)菌侵?jǐn)_[12],已在牙體修復(fù)領(lǐng)域被證實(shí)確實(shí)有效。
有學(xué)者提出[13]的流體動力學(xué)說最為大多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)同,并不斷有其他學(xué)者[14]將之補(bǔ)充完善。根據(jù)這一理論,牙本質(zhì)過敏癥的治療以隔絕外界刺激,降低小管內(nèi)神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)或避免激惹牙髓神經(jīng)為主,而且牙本質(zhì)小管封閉效果的持久性很重要。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,無論經(jīng)全酸蝕還是自酸蝕粘接劑處理,空白對照組結(jié)果均表現(xiàn)為牙本質(zhì)小管口開放,暴露,管內(nèi)空虛。當(dāng)牙釉質(zhì)被磨除后,上百萬的牙本質(zhì)小管暴露[15],與本實(shí)驗(yàn)所顯示情況相符。這意味著常規(guī)的去腐備洞增加了牙髓損傷的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。對于樹脂充填修復(fù)使用的牙本質(zhì)粘接劑,Cehreli等[16]研究認(rèn)為有較好的組織相容性,但更多學(xué)者認(rèn)為牙本質(zhì)粘接材料本身對牙髓組織存在較強(qiáng)的刺激[17]。因而臨床上深齲在直接充填術(shù)后很容易出現(xiàn)敏感。奧威爾組牙本質(zhì)模型表現(xiàn)為小管封閉較均勻,平坦,管徑縮小。說明封閉作用完善,與空白對照組空虛的牙本質(zhì)小管對比鮮明。奧威爾脫敏劑是一種生物玻璃活性材料,首先用于口腔種植領(lǐng)域。作為脫敏劑,具有誘導(dǎo)牙本質(zhì)小管自身及周圍組織鈣化的作用。其主要成分-磷硅酸鈣鈉、聚乙二醇能迅速、持續(xù)地與水及唾液發(fā)生反應(yīng),生成的結(jié)晶狀物—羥基磷酸鹽灰石層穩(wěn)定致密,沉積并阻塞牙本質(zhì)小管[18,19]。Gillam等[20]曾發(fā)現(xiàn),即使經(jīng)過酸蝕處理沉積物依然穩(wěn)定存在,完全阻塞牙本質(zhì)。在本實(shí)驗(yàn)中可見牙本質(zhì)小管呈現(xiàn)致密平坦的表面。說明封閉牙本質(zhì)小管的作用嚴(yán)密穩(wěn)定。Gluma組有沉積物進(jìn)入牙本質(zhì)小管內(nèi),形成阻塞,但有個別外露,說明酸蝕處理后Gluma組仍有脫敏作用。Gluma脫敏劑[21]的有效脫敏成分—戊二醛在HEMA的輔助下能進(jìn)入牙本質(zhì)小管內(nèi)部,起變性凝固小管蛋白質(zhì)并沉積封閉小管末梢阻礙神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)的作用。本實(shí)驗(yàn)鏡下見牙本質(zhì)小管有個別外露,相比奧威爾的封閉效果稍差。氫氧化鈣除了有明確的抗菌功效,還能夠誘導(dǎo)牙本質(zhì)小管內(nèi)牙本質(zhì)橋的形成[22],誘導(dǎo)牙本質(zhì)修復(fù)對牙髓有保護(hù)作用[23]。氫氧化鈣組小管外露較多,管內(nèi)封閉物不均勻。氫氧化鈣在深齲充填治療中常用作蓋髓劑置于完全去凈腐質(zhì)后的近髓牙本質(zhì)上,通過再礦化作用[24]阻礙外界刺激傳入。但其護(hù)髓作用是一個緩慢的過程,治療后早期仍不可避免地會出現(xiàn)牙本質(zhì)過敏癥,甚至經(jīng)常并發(fā)牙髓和根尖周病變[25]。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,無論使用全酸蝕粘接劑或自酸蝕粘接劑,掃描電鏡下觀察同種脫敏劑組牙本質(zhì)小管的封閉作用相似。因此,深齲充填治療中預(yù)先使用脫敏劑能夠起到預(yù)防術(shù)后牙本質(zhì)過敏癥發(fā)生的作用。
使用全酸蝕或自酸蝕粘接系統(tǒng)下,同種脫敏劑對牙本質(zhì)小管有相似的封閉作用。三種脫敏劑中,奧威爾脫敏劑對牙本質(zhì)小管的封閉效果最好。
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