紀(jì)國(guó)業(yè),林冬云,朱冬卉,廖永華
廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第六醫(yī)院//清遠(yuǎn)市人民醫(yī)院兒科,廣東 清遠(yuǎn) 511500
不同年齡兒童中腺病毒所致喘息性支氣管炎分析
紀(jì)國(guó)業(yè),林冬云,朱冬卉,廖永華
廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第六醫(yī)院//清遠(yuǎn)市人民醫(yī)院兒科,廣東 清遠(yuǎn) 511500
目的通過(guò)分析兒童各年齡段喘息性支氣管炎中腺病毒感染所致的比例特點(diǎn),指導(dǎo)臨床診治。方法收集1132例于2014年1月~2016年7月在清遠(yuǎn)市人民醫(yī)院兒科門急診就診或住院部治療,臨床并結(jié)合胸片結(jié)果診斷為喘息性支氣管炎的兒童,依據(jù)年齡分為5組:<6個(gè)月組、≥6個(gè)月且<1歲組、≥1歲且<3歲組、≥3歲且<6歲組、≥6歲且<14歲組,分別根據(jù)呼吸道病毒檢測(cè)結(jié)果,記錄各組腺病毒陽(yáng)性例數(shù),計(jì)算腺病毒感染率并予統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。結(jié)果各組腺病毒感染率差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,以≥6歲且<14歲組腺病毒感染率最高(38.2%,χ2=35.216,P=0.000)。結(jié)論腺病毒感染所致兒童喘息性支氣管炎在≥6歲且<14歲年齡段所占喘息性支氣管炎比例最高,臨床中應(yīng)引起重視。
腺病毒;兒童;喘息性支氣管炎;年齡
喘息性支氣管炎在各年齡段兒童中均可發(fā)病,臨床表現(xiàn)為低到中度發(fā)熱,呼氣時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)、伴有哮鳴音及粗濕啰音;與過(guò)敏、感染等因素有關(guān),部分病例可發(fā)展為支氣管哮喘,與兒童哮喘惡化密切相關(guān)[1]。多種病原體,如病毒、細(xì)菌、支原體等感染均可引起。其中,作為導(dǎo)致兒童喘息性支氣管炎其中的一種重要病原體,腺病毒在臨床中逐漸被重視[2-3]。腺病毒共有42個(gè)血清型,免疫功能低下、特應(yīng)性體質(zhì)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)障礙、佝僂病和支氣管結(jié)構(gòu)異常均為其感染的危險(xiǎn)因素[4]。然而,隨著兒童各年齡段生理等各方面因素的差異,腺病毒感染所致喘息性支氣管炎是否也存在年齡差異?各年齡段喘息性支氣管炎腺病毒感染比例是否不同?目前國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)尚未有相關(guān)報(bào)道,也是臨床醫(yī)生迫切需解決的問(wèn)題。
1.1 研究對(duì)象
收集2014年1月~2016年7月期間,年齡≥28 d且<14歲,癥狀以喘息為主,體查雙肺可聞及明顯哮鳴音,經(jīng)胸片證實(shí)為支氣管炎,且在本院兒科門急診就診或住院部治療,經(jīng)臨床醫(yī)生明確診斷為喘息性支氣管炎患兒。所有患兒均行呼吸道病毒7項(xiàng)檢測(cè)、血清降鈣素原濃度及痰培養(yǎng)檢測(cè)。
1.2 分組
根據(jù)兒童喘息性支氣管炎發(fā)病特點(diǎn)[5],按照年齡共分為5組:<6個(gè)月組、≥6個(gè)月且<1歲組、≥1歲且<3歲組、≥3歲且<6歲組、≥6歲且<14歲組。共1132例符合條件患兒。
1.3 試劑
呼吸道病毒檢測(cè)(鼻咽拭子定性檢測(cè)),呼吸道7項(xiàng)試劑盒(免疫熒光法),采用日本尼康E100熒光顯微鏡檢測(cè)。檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目有常見呼吸道病毒:腺病毒、甲型流感病毒、乙型流感病毒、副流感病毒1型、副流感病毒2型、副流感病毒3型、呼吸道合胞病毒。降鈣素原檢測(cè) ,降鈣素原檢測(cè)試劑盒(電化學(xué)發(fā)光法)(廠家:上海羅氏診斷產(chǎn)品有限公司,產(chǎn)品編號(hào):YZB/GER 1542-2015,規(guī)格:100測(cè)試/盒)。細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)基,由廣州迪景公司提供,鑒定儀器為法國(guó)梅里埃公司的ATB細(xì)菌鑒定儀。
1.4 結(jié)果觀察
根據(jù)分組及咽拭子呼吸道病毒7項(xiàng)結(jié)果,分別統(tǒng)計(jì)各組腺病毒陽(yáng)性例數(shù)并計(jì)算腺病毒陽(yáng)性率。為排除混合感染干擾,如果患兒腺病毒結(jié)果陽(yáng)性,同時(shí)又有其他呼吸道病毒陽(yáng)性或者痰培養(yǎng)陽(yáng)性、降鈣素原明顯升高(≥0.5 μg/mL),則不列入統(tǒng)計(jì)范圍。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
利用SPSS17.0軟件,采用R×C表資料卡方分析方法比較各組腺病毒感染率差異,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
5組不同年齡段腺病毒感染率有顯著性差異。其中以≥6歲且<14歲組腺病毒感染率最高(38.2%),<6個(gè)月組腺病毒感染率最低(14.0%),差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=35.216,P=0.000,表1,圖1)。
表1 不同年齡組兒童喘息性支氣管炎腺病毒感染率比較(n=1132,α=0.05)
喘息性疾病是小兒常見性疾病,嚴(yán)重喘息可導(dǎo)致呼吸衰竭。而呼吸道病毒是誘發(fā)喘息發(fā)作的主要因素[6]。而引起兒童喘息性支氣管炎的呼吸道病毒已證明有呼吸道合胞病毒、鼻病毒、副流感病毒、腺病毒等[7-8]。目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外鮮有腺病毒所致兒童喘息性支氣管炎年齡特點(diǎn)的報(bào)道。
本研究中結(jié)果顯示,在腺病毒感染所致兒童喘息性支氣管炎年齡分布中,≥6歲且<14歲年齡段,即年長(zhǎng)兒中腺病毒感染率最高(38.2%),越往小年齡組統(tǒng)計(jì),腺病毒感染所致喘息性支氣管炎比例越低。其原因可能與低年齡兒童,特別是引起嬰幼兒(3歲以下)喘息性支氣管炎最主要為呼吸道合胞病毒有關(guān)[9],其次為人偏肺病毒、鼻病毒[10]等,而腺病毒僅為較次要病原體,這與Heymann[11]及Turunen[12]等報(bào)道一致。一方面,隨著年齡增長(zhǎng),呼吸道合胞病毒感染明顯減少;腺病毒隨年齡增長(zhǎng)而下呼吸道感染率相對(duì)下降幅度小,從而導(dǎo)致腺病毒感染所致喘息性支氣管炎比例相對(duì)增多;另一方面,有國(guó)外學(xué)者指出,3~18歲兒童所發(fā)生喘息性疾病中,特應(yīng)性體質(zhì)具有重要的影響因素[9],該類年長(zhǎng)兒往往具有氣道高反應(yīng)性[13]、特異性IgE致敏[14]、濕疹[15]、家族遺傳史傾向[16-17],說(shuō)明年長(zhǎng)兒發(fā)生喘息性支氣管炎可能是腺病毒與過(guò)敏、免疫因素相互作用所致。
從總體上看,腺病毒致喘息性支氣管炎從絕對(duì)數(shù)量上仍以低年齡段兒童(3歲以下)為主,且最低年齡組(<6個(gè)月)腺病毒感染率為14.0%,這與Maffey等[5]所報(bào)道的小年齡段喘息性支氣管炎兒童腺病毒感染所占比例僅為3%不同,說(shuō)明腺病毒仍為導(dǎo)致低年齡段(<3歲)兒童發(fā)生喘息性支氣管炎重要的病原體之一[18-19];這一現(xiàn)象也符合呼吸道病毒致兒童下呼吸道感染好發(fā)于嬰幼兒的年齡分布規(guī)律[20]。
綜上所述,在兒童喘息性支氣管炎中,≥6歲且<14歲(年長(zhǎng)兒)年齡段腺病毒感染率最高;故在臨床工作中,應(yīng)對(duì)此年齡段兒童較其他年齡兒童更應(yīng)重點(diǎn)考慮腺病毒感染所致喘息性支氣管炎,從而及早做出臨床應(yīng)對(duì)策略。這或應(yīng)引起臨床兒科工作者的重視。
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Asthmatic bronchitis induced by adenovirus in children of different ages
JI Guoye, LIN Dongyun, ZHU Donghui, LIAO Yonghua
Department of Pediatrics, Qingyuan People' Hospital, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical university, Qingyuan 511500,China
ObjectiveTo analyze the characteristics of the proportion of the adenovirus infection in children with asthmatic bronchitis in different ages, and to guide the clinical diagnosis and treatment.MethodsA total of 1132 cases from January 2014 to July 2016 in Qingyuan City People's Hospital pediatrics outpatient and emergency department or hospital treatment were chosed, with clinical and chest X-ray diagnosis for children of asthmatic bronchitis. According to ages,they were divided into 5 groups (<6 months, ≥6 months and <1 year old, ≥1 year old and <3 years old, ≥3 years of age and <6 years old, ≥6 years old and <14 years old), respectively according to the detection of respiratory viruses and they were recorded each adenovirus positive cases, calculate the positive rate of adenovirus and were given statistical analysis.ResultsSignificant differences were found in the positive rate of each group of adenovirus. Adenovirus positive rate in group of ≥6 years old and <14 years old was the highest (x2=35.216, P=0.000).ConclusionThe highest proportion of the adenovirus infection in children with asthmatic bronchitis were in the ages of ≥6 years old and <14 years old group (elder age group), which in clinical diagnosis should be paid attention.
adenovirus; children; asthmatic bronchitis; age
2017-01-12
紀(jì)國(guó)業(yè),碩士,E-mail: jgyut@163.com;