石家莊市冬季大氣顆粒物中水溶性離子與重金屬成分研究

張鑒達(dá)，周美玲，楊小雨，康全影，于國強(qiáng)

(1.河北師范大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)院，河北石家莊 050024；2.河北省環(huán)境演變與生態(tài)建設(shè)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，河北石家莊 050024；3.河北省環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院，河北石家莊 050000)

石家莊市冬季大氣顆粒物中水溶性離子與重金屬成分研究

張鑒達(dá)1，2，周美玲1，2，楊小雨1，2，康全影3，于國強(qiáng)1，2

(1.河北師范大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)院，河北石家莊 050024；2.河北省環(huán)境演變與生態(tài)建設(shè)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，河北石家莊 050024；3.河北省環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院，河北石家莊 050000)

大氣污染防治工程；石家莊市；大氣顆粒物；重金屬；離子

從以上研究可以看出，國內(nèi)外對(duì)于大氣顆粒物化學(xué)組分的研究主要集中在PM2.5中無機(jī)元素、重金屬、水溶性無機(jī)離子以及有機(jī)物等的研究。但是關(guān)于石家莊市大氣顆粒物中的水溶性離子和重金屬含量的報(bào)道較少，本文針對(duì)石家莊市大氣顆粒物PM10和PM2.5中水溶性離子和重金屬含量以及相關(guān)性進(jìn)行了分析研究，以期為石家莊市的空氣污染防治提供依據(jù)。

1 采樣和分析

1.1 樣品采集

大氣采樣點(diǎn)設(shè)置在河北師范大學(xué)校園內(nèi)(東經(jīng)114 °10′,北緯37°59′)，采樣點(diǎn)周邊無大型高層建筑遮擋，環(huán)境較潔凈。大氣采樣器采用武漢天虹智能儀表廠提供的TH-150型中流量采樣器，流量為100 L/min，采樣器上放置PM10和PM2.5的切割器，采樣濾膜為90 mm石英纖維濾膜(英國Whatman公司提供)，采樣前將濾膜放置于恒溫恒濕環(huán)境中24 h，采樣時(shí)間為2015-01-05到2015-01-18，每天采樣時(shí)間不少于20 h。

1.2 樣品處理與分析

將濾膜樣品剪碎后放置于塑料試管中，加入10 mL去離子水后采用超聲振蕩60 min，取上清液經(jīng)0.22 μm濾膜過濾器過濾后進(jìn)入離子色譜進(jìn)行分析。對(duì)樣品的陽離子分析采用美國戴安公司提供的Dionex 600型離子色譜儀，CS12A 分離色譜柱和CSRS 抑制器，使用20 mmol/L的甲磺酸溶液作為淋洗液，流速為1 mL/min；陰離子分析采用ASRS抑制器(美國戴安公司提供)，AS14分離柱，3.5 mmol/L的Na2CO3作為淋洗液。

濾膜樣品的重金屬分析(Cr，Cu，Zn，Cd，Pb，Ni)采用ICP-MS(Agilent 7500a，美國安捷倫科技有限公司提供)測(cè)定。用HNO3-HClO4方法進(jìn)行消解，將濾膜樣品剪碎后放置于燒杯中，加入20 mL的HNO3和2 mL的HClO4(均由美國Sigma公司提供)，在加熱板上消化分解，將溶液蒸發(fā)完以后冷卻，加純凈水過濾后定容至25 mL待測(cè)。

2 結(jié)果與討論

2.1 重金屬與水溶性離子的質(zhì)量濃度

2015-01-05到2015-01-18石家莊市大氣PM10和PM2.5中6種重金屬元素和8種水溶性離子的平均質(zhì)量濃度水平見表1。

表1 石家莊市大氣顆粒物中重金屬和水溶性離子的質(zhì)量濃度

Tab.1 Water soluble inorganic ions and heavy metal in different diametric atmospheric particles in Shijia- zhuang City μg/m3

2.2 水溶性離子的相關(guān)性分析

表2 PM10中水溶性離子相關(guān)性分析

注：**表示P<0.01時(shí)極顯著相關(guān)。

表3 PM2.5中水溶性離子相關(guān)性分析

注：**表示P<0.01時(shí)極顯著相關(guān)。

2.3 重金屬的相關(guān)性分析

PM10和PM2.5樣品中重金屬含量的相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果見表4和表5。大氣顆粒物中重金屬相關(guān)性分析是確定大氣顆粒物中重金屬來源的依據(jù)之一，如：重金屬中汽車尾氣排放和冶金行業(yè)的特征元素是Pb和Cu，石油燃燒表征元素是Ni，Cd和Cr可認(rèn)為是煤燃燒的特征元素，Zn是焚燒垃圾和輪胎磨損的特征元素。由表4和表5可以看出，PM10和PM2.5樣品中重金屬的相關(guān)性基本一致，Cr和Ni的相關(guān)性較好，表明其可能來源于同一污染源，Cu，Zn和Ni之間的顯著性相關(guān)說明這3個(gè)元素有可能同源，原因很可能是交通運(yùn)輸需要消耗大量的燃油且伴隨輪胎的磨損，會(huì)同時(shí)釋放出Cu，Zn，Ni等元素。

表4 PM10中各重金屬元素間的相關(guān)性分析

注：**表示P<0.01時(shí)極顯著相關(guān)。

表5 PM2.5中各重金屬元素間的相關(guān)性分析

注：**表示P<0.01時(shí)極顯著相關(guān)。

3 結(jié) 論

本文通過對(duì)石家莊市冬季大氣顆粒物中PM10和PM2.5中水溶性離子和重金屬進(jìn)行采樣分析，得到如下結(jié)論。

3)PM10和PM2.5樣品中重金屬的相關(guān)性基本一致，Cr和Ni的相關(guān)性較好，表明可能來源于同一污染源，Cu，Zn和Ni之間的顯著性相關(guān)說明這3個(gè)元素有可能同源。

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Study on water soluble ions and heavy metals in atmospheric particulates in winter in Shijiazhuang City

ZHANG Jianda1,2, ZHOU Meiling1,2， YANG Xiaoyu1,2， KANG Quanying3， YU Guoqiang1,2

(1.College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China； 2. Hebei Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Ecological Construction, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China； 3. Hebei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000,China)

In order to study the composition of atmospheric particulates in Shijiazhuang, PM10and PM2.5samples are collected in Shijiazhuang in January， 2015. Ion chromatography and ICP-MS are used to determine the contents of 8 kinds of water soluble ions and 6 kinds of heavy metal elements. The results show that the concentrations of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni in PM10are in the range of 0.02～1.72 μg/m3. The average concentration of water-soluble inorganic ions is 125.5 μg/m3, and Cl-, NO-3, SO2-4and NH+4are the main components, whose ion mass fraction are 11.6%, 7.8%, 43.4% and 19.0%, a total of 81.8%. The concentration range of 6 kinds of heavy metals in PM2.5is 0.01～1.23 μg/m3, and the average concentration of water-soluble inorganic ions is 104.9 μg/m3. Cl-, NO3, SO2-4and NH+4are the main components, whose ion mass fraction are 12.5%, 7.2%, 43.3% and 18.7%, a total of 81.7%. NH+4has good correlation with SO2-4in PM10and PM2.5, and NH+4may exist mainly as sulfate. The correlation of heavy metals in PM10and PM2.5samples is basically the same. The correlation between Cr and Ni is good and may be derived from the same source, and the significant correlation between Cu, Zn and Ni indicates that these three elements are likely to be homologous.

air pollution prevention and control engineering； Shijiazhuang City； atmospheric particulate matter； heavy metals； ions

1008-1534(2017)03-0202-06

2017-04-13;

2017-04-27；責(zé)任編輯：王海云

國家自然科學(xué)基金(41401562)；河北省高等學(xué)校青年拔尖人才計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(BJ2014041)；中國博士后基金(2014M561197)；河北省自然科學(xué)基金(E2013205067)；河北師范大學(xué)校內(nèi)科研基金(L2013Z04)

張鑒達(dá)(1981—)，男，河北東光人，副教授，博士，主要從事區(qū)域環(huán)境污染分析評(píng)價(jià)方面的研究。

E-mail:zjdrf@163.com

X513

A

10.7535/hbgykj.2017yx03009

張鑒達(dá)，周美玲，楊小雨，等.石家莊市冬季大氣顆粒物中水溶性離子與重金屬成分研究[J].河北工業(yè)科技,2017,34(3):202-207. ZHANG Jianda, ZHOU Meiling， YANG Xiaoyu，et al.Study on water soluble ions and heavy metals in atmospheric particulates in winter in Shijiazhuang City[J].Hebei Journal of Industrial Science and Technology,2017,34(3):202-207.