陳敏強,汪 強,周永列,呂火烊,胡慶豐,葛玉梅
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耐萬古霉素腸球菌臨床菌株毒力基因攜帶情況及差異
陳敏強1,汪 強2,周永列1,呂火烊1,胡慶豐1,葛玉梅1
目的 檢測不同種類耐萬古霉素腸球菌(VRE)毒力基因攜帶情況及其差異,為研究VRE致病機制提供基礎(chǔ)。方法 采用微量稀釋法檢測浙江地區(qū)490株屎腸球菌和862株糞腸球菌臨床分離菌株對萬古霉素的耐藥性。采用PCR檢測VRE菌株ace、asa1、cylA、efaA、esp、gelE、hyl七種毒力基因。結(jié)果 10%(49/490)屎腸球菌株和0.8%(7/862)糞腸球菌株為VRE。萬古霉素耐藥屎腸球菌株中,5株未檢出任何毒力基因,其余44株僅可檢出asa1、esp、gelE和hyl基因,其中esp基因(73.5%,36/49)和hyl基因(53.1%,26/49)為優(yōu)勢基因,以單或雙基因為主要攜帶模式。萬古霉素耐藥糞腸球菌株中可檢出除hyl基因以外其他6種毒力基因,且每株菌均同時攜帶3~6種致病基因。結(jié)論 本地區(qū)VRE以屎腸球菌為主,耐萬古霉素屎腸球菌和糞腸球菌毒力基因攜帶率、攜帶種類和模式均有明顯差異。
耐萬古霉素腸球菌;屎腸球菌;糞腸球菌;毒力基因
腸球菌屬(Enterococcus)細菌為革蘭陽性兼性厭氧球菌,廣泛分布于人和動物腸道以及自然環(huán)境中[1]。由于腸球菌有較強的生存力及耐藥性,近年來已成為院內(nèi)感染的重要機會性病原菌,可引起皮膚、尿路感染以及更為嚴重的敗血癥、心內(nèi)膜炎、腦膜炎等疾病[2-5]。根據(jù)抗生素種類不同,具有較強耐藥性的腸球菌可分為高水平氨基糖苷類耐藥腸球菌(high-level aminoglycoside-resistant,HLAR)和萬古霉素耐藥腸球菌(vancomycin-resistant enterococci,VRE)[6]。但有文獻報道,VRE定值率較高的歐洲人群感染率低于VRE定值率較低的美國人群[7],提示耐藥性不是腸球菌致病的唯一因素。
Shankar等(2002)首先發(fā)現(xiàn),腸球菌基因組中有一個大小約為150 kb、被稱為致病島的基因片段,感染菌株的致病島中具有多種致病基因,非感染株則否[8]。目前較為肯定的腸球菌致病基因及其產(chǎn)物主要有:ace基因產(chǎn)物輔助定植因子(accessory colonization factor)、asa1基因產(chǎn)物聚集性物質(zhì)(aggregation substance)、cylA基因產(chǎn)物溶細胞素(cytolysin)、efaA基因產(chǎn)物心內(nèi)膜炎抗原(endocarditis antigen)、esp基因產(chǎn)物腸球菌表面蛋白(enterococci surface protein)、gelE基因產(chǎn)物明膠酶(gelatinase)和hyl基因產(chǎn)物透明質(zhì)酸酶(hayluronidase)[8-12]。此外,有文獻報道不同地區(qū)人群中分離的VRE菌株攜帶的致病基因有差異[13-14]。因此,我們檢測了腸球菌臨床分離株對萬古霉素的耐藥性,采用PCR檢測了VRE上述7種致病基因攜帶率,同時分析了不同VRE攜帶致病基因種類和模式差異。
1.1 腸球菌菌株來源 從2011年6月至2014年1月本院臨床病人標(biāo)本中分離腸球菌并用VITEK 2-compact型法國梅里埃(BioMérieux)全自動細菌檢測分析系統(tǒng)及其GN細菌鑒定卡進行鑒定。
1.2 VRE菌株鑒定 參照國內(nèi)臨床通用的美國臨床和實驗室(CLSI)手冊中介紹的藥敏實驗方法及判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),采用微量二倍液體稀釋法檢測上述腸球菌臨床菌株對萬古霉素(Sigma)的敏感性,若萬古霉素對腸球菌最低抑菌濃度(MIC)≥8,該菌株判為VRE[15]。實驗中采用北京中國食品藥品檢定研究院提供的金黃色葡萄球菌ATCC25923、大腸埃希菌ATCC25922和糞腸球菌ATCC29212為質(zhì)控菌株。
1.3 致病基因檢測 采用細菌基因組DNA提取試劑盒(Axygen)提取56株VRE(屎腸球菌49株、糞腸球菌7株)基因組DNA,紫外分光光度法測定其濃度和純度[16]。根據(jù)文獻報道引物序列(表1)[8-12],委托上海生工生物公司合成各引物。采用PCR檢測上述VRE菌株基因組DNA中ace、asa1、cylA、efaA、esp、gelE和hyl基因片段。反應(yīng)體積25 μl,內(nèi)含:10 μL Premix Taq混合液(含反應(yīng)緩沖液、dNTP及DNA聚合酶)、10 μmol/L上游和下游引物、100 ng DNA模板。反應(yīng)參數(shù):94 ℃ 4 min;94 ℃ 40 s、58 ℃ 30 s、72 ℃ 1 min,35個循環(huán);72 ℃ 5 min。采用溴乙錠預(yù)染色的1.5%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測各目的基因擴增片段后委托上海生工生物公司測序,采用Blast軟件進行序列比對。
表1 擴增VRE致病基因引物序列
Tab.1 Sequences of primers for amplifying pathogenic genes of VRE
基因gene基因產(chǎn)物geneproduct引物序列(5’-3’)primersequence擴增產(chǎn)物(bp)amplificationproductace輔助定植因子F:GGAATGACCGAGAACGATGGC616accessorycolonizationfactorR:GCTTGATGTTGGCCTGCTTCCGasa1聚集性物質(zhì)F:CACGCTATTACGAACTATGA375aggregationR:TAAGAAAGAACATCACCACGAcylA溶細胞素F:ACTCGGGGATTGATAGGC688cytolysinR:GCTGCTAAAGCTGCGCTTefaA心內(nèi)膜炎抗原F:CTACTAACACGTCACGAATG499endocarditisantigenR:CGTGAGAAAGAAATGGAGGAesp腸球菌表面蛋白F:AGATTTCATCTTTGATTCTTGG510enterococcalsurfaceproteinR:AATTGATTCTTTAGCATCTGGgelE明膠酶F:TATGACAATGCTTTTTGGGAT213gelatinaseR:AGATGCACCCGAAATAATATAhyl透明質(zhì)酸酶F:ACAGAAGAGCTGCAGGAAATG276hyaluronidaseR:GACTGACGTCCAAGTTTCCAA
F: upstream primer; R: downstream primer
2.1 VRE檢出率 從217 024例臨床病人標(biāo)本中分離出1391株腸球菌,其中屎腸球菌(Enterococcusfaecium)490株、糞腸球菌(Enterococcusfaecalis)862株。根據(jù)藥物敏感試驗結(jié)果,上述490株屎腸球菌和862株糞腸球菌中分別有49株和7株為VRE。
2.2 VRE致病基因檢出率 49株耐萬古霉素屎腸球菌中,5株未檢出致病基因,73.5%(36/49)、53.1%(26/49)和8.2%(4/49)菌株分別檢出esp、hyl和gelE基因,1株檢出asa1基因,但均未檢出ace、cylA和efaA基因;7株耐萬古霉素糞腸球菌中,100%(7/7)、85%(6/7)、85%(6/7)、71.4%(5/7)、57.1%(4/7)和42.9%(3/7)菌株分別檢出efaA、asa1、gelE、cylA、esp和ace基因,但均未檢出hyl基因(表2)。
表2 VRE菌株中不同致病基因檢出率
Tab.2 Detection rates of different pathogenic genes of VRE isolates
細菌bacteria株數(shù)(n)amounts致病基因陽性株數(shù)/百分率(n/%)pathogenicgenes-positiveamounts/percentageaceasa1cylAefaAespgelEhyl屎腸球菌E.faecium490/01/2.00/00/036/73.54/8.226/53.1糞腸球菌E.faecalis73/42.96/85.75/71.47/1004/57.16/85.70/0合計total563/5.47/12.55/8.97/12.540/71.410/17.926/46.4
2.3 VRE致病基因攜帶模式 49株耐萬古霉素屎腸球菌中有5株未檢出上述7種致病基因,其余44株檢出1或2種致病基因,其中esp-hyl雙基因(40.9%,18/44)、esp單基因(31.8%,14/44)攜帶率明顯高于hyl單基因(18.2%,8/44)、esp-gelE雙基因(6.8%,3/44)和esp-asa1雙基因(2.3%,1/44)(表3)。7株糞腸球菌均攜帶efaA、asa1、gelE、cylA、esp或ace基因,且每株菌均同時攜帶3~6種致病基因(表3)。
表3 VRE菌株致病基因攜帶模式
Tab.3 Carrying model of pathogenic genes of VRE isolates
菌株(n)amounts致病基因攜帶模式portablemodelsofpathogenicgenes攜帶菌株數(shù)(n)bacterialamountsofcarryingpathogenicgenes屎腸球菌(44)*esp-hyl18E.faeciumesp-gelE3asa1-esp1esp14hyl8糞腸球菌(7)ace-asa1-cylA-efaA-esp-gelE1E.faecalisasa1-cylA-efaA-esp-gelE2ace-asa1-efaA-gelE1asa1-cylA-efaA-esp1asa1-cylA-efaA-gelE1ace-efaA-gelE1
*: another five genes were not detected
國內(nèi)外大量研究結(jié)果表明,腸球菌已成為主要的院內(nèi)感染機會性病原菌之一,尤以糞腸球菌最為常見,其次為屎腸球菌,但屎腸球菌耐藥性及獲得耐藥的能力均比糞腸球菌強,近年來我國其他地區(qū)臨床標(biāo)本中分離的糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌也不例外[4,17-18]。我們的實驗結(jié)果顯示,浙江地區(qū)臨床病人標(biāo)本中分離的1 391株腸球菌中,36.2%(490/1391)為屎腸球菌,63.8%(862/1391)為糞腸球菌。藥物敏感試驗結(jié)果顯示,上述490株屎腸球菌和862株糞腸球菌中分別有49株和7株為VRE。上述實驗結(jié)果表明,本地區(qū)人群感染的腸球菌與其他地區(qū)不同,主要以屎腸球菌為主,其次為糞腸球菌。
腸球菌不產(chǎn)生內(nèi)、外毒素,其致病機制迄今未完全明了,但有研究證實ace基因產(chǎn)物輔助定植因子、asa1基因產(chǎn)物聚集性物質(zhì)、cylA基因產(chǎn)物溶細胞素、efaA基因產(chǎn)物心內(nèi)膜炎抗原、esp基因產(chǎn)物腸球菌表面蛋白、gelE基因產(chǎn)物明膠酶和hyl基因產(chǎn)物透明質(zhì)酸酶在腸球菌侵入宿主和引起組織損傷過程中發(fā)揮了主要作用[8-12]。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不同種類腸球菌致病基因的檢測結(jié)果差異較大[13-14]。我們的檢測結(jié)果顯示:49株耐萬古霉素屎腸球菌中,5株未檢出致病基因,其余44株也僅檢出esp、hyl和gelE基因,其中esp基因(73.5%,36/49)和hyl基因(53.1%,26/49)為優(yōu)勢基因;7株耐萬古霉素糞腸球菌雖未檢出hyl基因,但均檢出efaA、asa1、gelE、cylA、esp和/或ace基因。上述實驗結(jié)果表明,耐萬古霉素屎腸球菌和糞腸球菌致病基因攜帶率和種類確有明顯差異。
我們對耐萬古霉素屎腸球菌和糞腸球菌致病基因攜帶模式分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),屎腸球菌以esp-hyl雙基因(40.9%,18/44)、esp單基因(31.8%,14/44)為致病基因主要攜帶模式,但糞腸球菌每株菌均同時攜帶至少3種致病基因,兩種VRE在致病基因攜帶率、攜帶的致病基因類型和模式上均有較大差異,與以往一些文獻報道相似[12-14,19]。
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Distribution characteristics and diversity of virulence genes in clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci
CHEN Min-qiang1,WANG Qiang2,ZHOU Yong-lie1,LYU Huo-yang1,HU Qing-feng1,GE Yu-mei1
(1.ZhejiangProvincialPeople’sHospital,Hangzhou310014,China; 2.XinhuaHospitalofZhejiangProvince,Hangzhou310005,China)
The aim of this study is to determine the diversity of virulence genes carried by different vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE),which will provides a basis for studying pathogenic mechanism of VRE. Microdilution-based drug sensitivity test was applied to detect the vancomycin resistance of 490Enterococcusfaeciumisolates and 862Enterococcusfaecalisisolates in Zhejiang area. The seven virulence genes (ace,asa1,cylA,efaA,esp,gelEandhyl) in the isolates of VRE were detected by PCR. According to the results of drug sensitivity test,10% of theE.faeciumisolates (49/490) and 0.8% of theE.faecalis(7/862) were identified as VRE. In the vancomycin-resistantE.faeciumisolates,five isolates were negative for any of the target genes and the other 44 isolates were positive forasa1,esp,gelEandhylgenes alone,in which the esp (73.5%,36/49) andhyl(53.1%,26/49) were the predominant genes and single or double virulence genes acted as the major carrying models. Except for thehylgene,the vancomycin-resistantE.faecalisisolates were positive for the other six pathogenic genes,and the isolates could carry 3-6 pathogenic genes. All the data indicate thatE.faeciumis the major species of VRE in the local area,and the carrying rate,types and models of virulence genes in the vancomycin-resistantE.faeciumandE.faecalisisolates are obviously different.
vancomycin-resistant enterococci;Enterococcusfaecium;Enterococcusfaecalis; virulence genes
Ge Yu-mei,Email: geyumei1990@hotmail.com
10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2017.05.007
浙江省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生科技計劃項目(2017KY004)資助
葛玉梅,Email:geyumei1990@hotmail.com
1.浙江省人民醫(yī)院檢驗中心,杭州 310014; 2.浙江省新華醫(yī)院,杭州 310005
R378.1
A
1002-2694(2017)05-0423-04
2016-12-07 編輯:劉岱偉
Supported by the Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Zhejiang Province (No. 2017KY004)