沖擊兩大“世界難題”，“臥佛”修復(fù)將面對哪些挑戰(zhàn)？本刊記者專訪大足石刻研究院院長黎方銀

□文、圖/本刊記者 曾睿

沖擊兩大“世界難題”，“臥佛”修復(fù)將面對哪些挑戰(zhàn)？本刊記者專訪大足石刻研究院院長黎方銀

□文、圖/本刊記者 曾睿

黎方銀

一直以來，世界文化遺產(chǎn)大足石刻的文物保護修復(fù)工作備受社會各界關(guān)注，在成功地對“千手觀音”進行了搶救性修復(fù)后，對于“臥佛”的修復(fù)工程又在緊鑼密鼓的開展中。在2017年國際博物館日到來前夕，記者就相關(guān)問題對大足石刻研究院院長黎方銀進行了專訪。

常年裸露在外病害數(shù)量多

大足寶頂山的臥佛全長31米，是全世界最大的石雕半身臥佛像，也是整個寶頂山石刻的中心，歷史價值、藝術(shù)價值、宗教價值巨大。然而，在南宋距今近千年的歲月中，臥佛一直暴露在露天環(huán)境中，常年遭受多種病害侵蝕，石刻表面風化較為嚴重，臥佛表面彩繪顏色幾乎全部脫落，本體也殘缺不全，“已經(jīng)到了不修不行的程度”，必須對它進行修復(fù)。

據(jù)了解，對于“臥佛”初步的病害調(diào)查現(xiàn)在已結(jié)束，根據(jù)目前已經(jīng)了解到的情況，“臥佛”一共涉及6種材質(zhì)的47種病害，比有保護性建筑的“千手觀音”修復(fù)之前整整多了13種。

同時沖擊兩大“世界難題”

黎方銀院長介紹，國家文物局已把對四川和重慶的石窟的保護作為一個重大專項，列入“十三五”國家重大文物保護項目，其中，大足寶頂山“臥佛”保護維修工程，列為了國家文物保護的重大示范工程來開展。

在全世界范圍內(nèi)，石窟、石刻文物的最大危害是“水”，“臥佛”目前已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)確定的47種類病害中大部分也是與水有關(guān)，“水害”是全世界石窟、石刻文物面對的最大保護難題。因此，國家文物局和相關(guān)部門要求在“臥佛”修復(fù)過程中，要重點突破兩大“水害”難題—“潮濕環(huán)境下的石窟寺彩繪保護修復(fù)技術(shù)”和“潮濕環(huán)境下的砂巖石窟的加固技術(shù)”。黎方銀表示，這是兩個非常重要的關(guān)鍵性技術(shù)，是全球性難題，希望通過對大足石刻“臥佛”的修復(fù)，能為全球同類型文物的保護修復(fù)提供一些參考。

為便于開展修復(fù)工作，已在“臥佛”外搭起施工腳手架。

① “臥佛”造像上嚴重的石質(zhì)風化。

② “臥佛”造像上大量的彩繪脫落。

大量修復(fù)工作需要雕刻藝術(shù)家完成

“寶相莊嚴、慈悲肅穆、法相金身”是人們對佛教造像的普遍印象，如何將已經(jīng)病害纏身的“臥佛”進行現(xiàn)狀修復(fù)的同時又能盡可能地保留歷史的厚重，是文物保護修復(fù)專家們面對的又一大難點。

黎方銀稱：“臥佛”修復(fù)將大量涉及面像和人體形態(tài)的修復(fù)，對修復(fù)技術(shù)的要求更高。在“千手觀音”手的修復(fù)中，經(jīng)過專業(yè)培訓(xùn)的一般工作人員就可以進行造型的工作，而在“臥佛”的修復(fù)過程中，造型工作需要由專業(yè)的雕塑藝術(shù)家來完成，要求是大大高于“千手觀音”。他預(yù)計這一部分工作在整個修復(fù)的工作量中將達到90%。

歡迎國際監(jiān)督與國際合作

“大足石刻研究院歡迎各種形式的國際合作，并一直在按照聯(lián)合國教科文組織等國際組織的相關(guān)規(guī)定在自覺接受國際監(jiān)督?！崩璺姐y告訴記者，世界文化遺產(chǎn)有一個規(guī)定，聯(lián)合國教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)委員會對列入世界文化遺產(chǎn)名錄的遺產(chǎn)要進行長期監(jiān)測，所謂監(jiān)測就是通過公眾和專業(yè)機構(gòu)對保護管理情況進行監(jiān)督，“那個規(guī)定是非常嚴格的。全球任何一個國家的公民在遺產(chǎn)保護地看到了認為不符合遺產(chǎn)保護管理要求的情況都可以直接投訴，向世界遺產(chǎn)委員會投訴或投訴到國際古跡遺跡理事會，接到投訴后他們會以多種形式到現(xiàn)場進行檢查核實?！彼栽凇芭P佛”保護修復(fù)工作過程中，大足石刻研究院將一如既往地重視和歡迎與國際機構(gòu)的合作與溝通，也會邀請國際文物保護專家來參與或向他們進行專業(yè)咨詢。

“小佛灣”將同時修復(fù)后正式開放

很少有人知道，目前開放給公眾參觀的寶頂山石刻區(qū)域并不是全部，在寶頂山石刻中最早被修建，被稱為“大佛灣”藍本的“小佛灣”一直沒有對外開放。據(jù)了解，此次在寶頂山啟動的修復(fù)工程的全稱為“大足石刻寶頂山臥佛、小佛灣摩崖造像保護修繕工程”，系全國文物重大保護示范性工程。這一修復(fù)工程所涉及的文物涉及位于大足寶頂山石刻中心處的“臥佛”和“小佛灣”兩處。黎方銀介紹，位于“圣壽寺”旁的“小佛灣”是大足寶頂山石刻的重要組成部分，“小佛灣”是寶頂山石刻中是最早雕刻的，是整個寶頂山石刻“大佛灣”的藍本，“小佛灣”在寶頂山石刻主持修建者趙智鳳的構(gòu)思中是核心中的核心，是作為僧徒修行的場所，非常重要。這一次的修復(fù)工程結(jié)束后，“小佛灣”將正式對公眾開放。屆時，觀眾才能真正欣賞到寶頂山石刻藝術(shù)的全部。

已成功修復(fù)的大足石刻“千手觀音”造像。（圖片由大足區(qū)旅游局提供）

黎方銀最后表示：大足石刻是公認的在世界范圍內(nèi)石窟保存得最為完整的。大足石刻能夠保存到現(xiàn)在，前人做了大量的工作，我們今天的人都應(yīng)該有一種使命感和責任感，在前人的基礎(chǔ)上把大足石刻更好地保護下去。

① 小佛灣內(nèi)密集的淺龕造像等待修復(fù)后向公眾開放。

② 暫未對外開放的小佛灣“隱身”于寶頂山這個安靜的院落里。

③ 為文物修復(fù)進行的材料實驗。

④ 正在修繕中的大足石刻小佛灣祖師法身經(jīng)目塔。

All the time, the protection and restoration of cultural relics of Dazu Rock Carvings, the world cultural heritage, have drawn great attention from all walks of life.After the successful saving repair of “Thousand-Armed Guanyin”, the restoration work of “Reclining Buddha” is carried out intensely.Before the arrival of the 2017 International Museum Day, the journalist made an exclusive interview with Li Fangyin, head of the Research Institution of Dazu Rock Carvings, on some related issues.

The reasons that have caused the damage are of great number because the “Reclining Buddha” is exposed to the air year in and year out

The “Reclining Buddha” of Baoding Mountain, 31 meters in length, is the largest half-bodied reclining Buddha carved in stone with a tremendous value of history, art and religion, which is also the center of stone carvings on Baoding Mountain.However, in the past one thousand years, which could be dated back to the Southern Song Dynasty, the “Reclining Buddha”has been exposed to the open air and suffered various damages ever since.The weathering of its surface is relatively serious and the painted color of its surface is almost all off.And the body of it is no longer complete.“If without repair, it would be hopeless to reserve it any longer.” So it has to be fi xed.

According to Li, the preliminary investigation of the damages to the “Reclining Buddha” is already over.According to the already known situation, 47 kinds of damages to the “Reclining Buddha” involving 6 kinds of material are investigated.There are 13 more kinds of damages compared with the protective “Thousandarmed Guanyin” before repair.

In order to carry out repair work, the construction scaffolding has been set up outside the “Reclining Buddha”.

Face Two worldwide difficulties simultaneously

Li Fangyin told the journalist that, State Administration of Cultural Heritage has regarded the protection of thegrottoes of Sichuan and Chongqing as a major project and listed them into the protection project of national major cultural relics in the “13th Five-Year”, in which the protection and restoration work of “Reclining Buddha” of the Baoding Mountain in Dazu is also listed as the major demonstration project of national cultural heritage conservation.In the whole world, the biggest damage to the grottoes and stone carvings is “water”.Most of the 47 kinds of damages are also related to “water”.“Water” is the biggest problem for the protection of grottoes and stone carvings in the world.

Therefore, State Administration of Cultural Heritage and related departments require that during the restoration, two big problems of “water damage” have to be overcome specifically including “the protection and repair technology of painted grottoes in the moist environment” and “the reinforcement technology of sandstone grottoes in the moist environment”.Li said, those are two key technologies and two global difficulties.He hopes that through the repair of “Reclining Buddha”, some references could be provided for the protection and repair of the same type cultural relics in the world.

A good deal of repair work needs to be done by carving artists

“The figure of the Buddha is solemn and benevolent with a glided appearance.” This is people’s general impression of Buddhist statues.It is another difficulty for the experts of cultural relics protection and repair about how to do the restoration work of“Reclining Buddha” that is already damaged seriously while reserve the intense sense of history as much as possible at the same time.Li Fangyin said, the repair of “Reclining Buddha” would largely involve the restoration of facial image and human shape, which require an even higher restoration technique.The general staff that is professionally trained could do the shaping work in the restoration of hands of “Thousand-armed Guanyin”.However, the shaping work of “Reclining Buddha” has to be done by the professional carving artists in the restoration.The requirement is much higher than that of “Thousand-arm Guanyin”.He expected that this part of work would occupy 90% of the repair work.

Welcome the international supervision and cooperation

Li Fangyin said, the Research Institution of Dazu Rock Carvings welcomes international cooperation in various forms and consciously accepts the international supervision in accordance with the related regulations of international organizations including UNESCO and etc.He told the journalist that the repair work of world cultural heritage has to accept the international supervision for there is a rule of the world cultural heritage.The World Heritage Committee of UNESCO will carry out a long-term supervision to the heritage that is listed in the World Cultural Heritage List.The so-called supervision is to supervise your protection and management through the public and professional institutions, which is very strict.Any citizen of any country could address complaint to World Heritage Committee or International Council on Monuments and Sites when they see the situations that may do not meet the requirements of heritage protection management.After receiving the complaint, they will make an on-site check and investigation in various forms.Therefore, in the restoration work of“Reclining Buddha”, Research Institution of Dazu Rock Carvings will continue to attach importance to and welcome cooperation and communication with international institutions and invite international experts of protection of cultural relics to join us or ask them for some professional suggestions.

“Xiaofowan” will also be off cially opened after repair

Few people know about the current areas of “stone carvings” that are opened to the public don’t include the whole stone carvings of “Baoding Mountain”.“Xiaofowan”, called as the blueprint of “Dafowan”, is not opened to the public even though it was first built among the stone carvings of Baoding Mountain.It is understood that the full name of this restoration work started in Baoding Mountain is “The Protection and Restoration Project of the Reclining Buddha and the Cliff Carvings of Xiaofowan of Baoding Mountain, Dazu Rock Carvings”, which is the major protection and demonstration project of national cultural relics.There are two cultural relics including “Reclining Buddha” and“Xiaofowan” involved in this project.Li Fangyin introduced that“Xiaofowan”, next to the “Shengshou Temple”, is an important part of the stone carvings of Baoding Mountain.As the first carved stone carving of Baoding Mountain, “Xiaofowan” is the blueprint of the whole stone carvings of “Dafowan”.In the conception of Zhao Zhifeng who presided over the construction of stone carvings of Baoding Mountain, “Xiaofowan” is the center of them, which is very important as it is the place for monks to perform Buddhist practices.After the restoration project, “Xiaofowan” will be officially opened to the public.By then, the public could really enjoy the whole stone carvings of “Baoding Mountain” which also means that Baoding Mountain will be completely opened to the public after the restoration work.

Li Fangyin said finally, Dazu Rock Carvings are recognized as the most complete preservation of grottoes in the world.Dazu rock carvings can be preserved to the present only for the lot of work done by the predecessors.All of us today should have a sense of mission and responsibility to continue to preserve the stone carvings on the basis of the previous.

Two Worldwide Difficulties; What Challenges will Be Dealt with in the Repair of the “Reclining Buddha”? an exclusive interview with Li Fangyin, head of the Research Institution of Dazu Rock Carvings

□ Article/ Journalist Zeng Rui